adenocarcinoma of the colon &/or rectum

Introduction

The second leading cause of death due to cancer in the US, in men after lung cancer & in women after breast cancer.

Etiology

diet: proposed predisposing factors include
- consumption of red meat & processed meat increases risk^[2]
- low-fiber diets^[18]^[40]
  - whole grain & cereal fibers linked with lower risk for colorectal cancer
  - fruits, vegetables reduce risk, but less so
  - legumes with largest risk reduction (RR=0.62), but risk reduction highly variable (RR=0.27-1.42)^[40]
  - ultra-processed foods are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer^[134]
- low Ca+2 & low Mg+2^[16] diets (low dairy intake)^[2]
- low vitamin 25-OH vitamin D^[32]^[103], low vitamin B6^[31]
- diet of fat & sweets associated with recurrence^[24]
- coffee & soda not risk factors; tea maybe^[33]
- proinflammatory foods associated with increased risk^[93]
lifestyle
- alcohol compsumption increases risk^[2]
- smoking increases risk^[2]
- excess body weight increases risk^[2]
  - obesity in adolescent males^[68]
  - obesity in women < 50 years^[106]
- sedentary lifestyle associated with increased risk
- physical fitness in midlife associated with reduced risk of colorectal cancer after age 65 (RR=0.5)^[65]
genetics
- intestinal polyposis syndromes confer highest risk
- inflammatory bowel disease
  - ulcerative colitis
    - patients with pancolitis at highest risk^[2]
    - risk is negigible with proctitis^[2]
    - risk further increased with comorbid primary sclerosing cholangitis^[2]
  - Crohn's disease
- first degree relatives: 2-3 fold increased risk in the absence of other associated syndromes
adenomatous polyps; serrated, tubular, villous;
- not hyperplastic polyps^[29]
history of other cancer
other etiologic &/or risk factors:
- ureterosigmoidostomy
- bacteremia
  - bacteremia in hospitalized patients^[99], especially B fragilis & S gallolyticus
  - Streptococcus bovis bacteremia
  - bacteria may enter the bloodstream due to a perturbed intestinal barrier^[99]
- alterations in the gut microbiome^[127]
  - Fusobacterium species, particularly F. nucleatum, may play a role^[39]
- peridiodontal disease^[130]
- cholecystectomy
- acromegaly
- diabetes mellitus type 2^[2]
- radiation injury to colon
- black ethnicity
- taller height is a risk factor; RR=1.06 for each 10 cm increase in height^[132]
- maternal overweight & obesity during pregnancy increased the risk for colorectal cancer in offspring later on in life (RR=2.12 & 2.51)^[126]
- appendicitis increases risk within 1 year 4-fold^[141]
older age (> 50 years) & male sex are risk factors^[44]
antibiotic use
- linked to early-onset colon cancer (RR=1.5)^[125]
  - oral penicillin use (RR=1.03%)^[116]
- linked to colon cancer; risk was highest in proximal colon (RR=1.2 high use)^[128]
- inversely associated with rectal cancer (RR=0.91)^[128]

Epidemiology

11% of solid tumors in men
14% of solid tumors in women
2nd most common cause of death from cancer in men
2nd most common cause of death from cancer in women^[2]
incidence race-dependent 31-57/100,000, blacks > non-Hispanic > whites > Hispanic > Asian/Pacific Islanders > American Indian/Alaska Natives^[30]
- survival disparity between blacks & whites largely due to later diagnosis & comorbid conditions^[64]
75% of colorectal cancers diagnosed in average-risk persons^[2]
15% of colorectal cancer diagnosed before age 50^[82]
incidence rates for colon cancer & rectal cancer in young persons (age 20-34) may increase 90% & 124%, respectively by 2030^[62]*
- obesity may play a role^[88]
colorectal cancer mortality among U.S. adults 20-54 years of age
- 6.3/100,000 in 1970; 3.9/100,000 in 2004; 4.3/100,000 in 2014
  - only white adults saw an increase 2004-2014^[90]
metastatic colorectal cancer increased 3% 1995-2015 in persons 40-49%^[115]
10% of colon cancers & 25% of rectal cancers will occur in adults < 50 years^[127]
- younger patients tend to present with advanced disease & unfavorable histopathological features
- distal colon & rectum most commonly involved in younger patients^[127]
- genetic predisposition plays a role in early-onset colorectal cancer, but most cases are sporadic^[127]

* absolute risk of non-hereditary colon cancer in young persons still quite low^[62]

Pathology

the majority of colorectal carcinomas begin as adenomatous polyps
prevalence of adenomatous polyps increases with age to > 25% in patients over the age of 50 years
most lesions are left sided, but not all right-sided lesions have synchronous left-sided lesions^[5]
42% of all tumors were located in the proximal colon^[30]
- tumors arising in the proximal colon have & different pathology & worse prognosis than tumors in the distal colon^[2]
metastases
- regional lymph nodes (53)
  - rectal carcinomas metastasize early because of extensive lymphatic drainage
- liver via the portal venous circulation (44%)
- lungs (16%)
  - rectal carcinoma may metastasize via the paravertebral venous plexus to the lungs & supraclavicular nodes
- bone (27%)
- brain (11%)
- skin (5%)
- adrenal (31%)
- kidney (16%)
37% diagnosed as localized disease, 55% as regional or distant disease, 7% unstaged
increased abundance of Fusobacterium (odds ratio = 4.11); & Porphyromonas species (odds ratio = 5.7); decreased abundance of Clostridium species (69 vs 78%) in patients with colorectal cancer^[56]
fusobacterial DNA in 50%^[92] majority^[143] of colorectal cancers
- fusobacterial DNA found primarily within malignant cells
- fusobacterial DNA also found colorectal cancer metastases
- Fusobacterium nucleatum animalis C2 contains a unique adhesion antigen (FadA) on its surface that binds to cell surface E-cadherin, activating beta-catenin signaling & stimulating both inflammation & carcinogenesis^[39]^[143]
western-style diet is associated with higher incidence of colorectal cancer containing abundant pks+ E coli, linking diet, intestinal microbiota, & colorectal cancer^[133]

* images^[136]

* seen low power histopathology & high power histopathology

Genetics

chromosomal instability in 85% of colorectal cancers
- familial adenomatous polyposis coli (APC-gene)
- deleted in colon carcinoma (DCC) gene
- mutated in colon carcinoma (MCC) gene
- mutation in KRAS proto-oncogene^[147] & NRAS proto-oncogene
- V600E BRAF mutation associated with poorest prognosis in patients with liver metastases^[100]
- P53 tumor suppressor gene
- defects in PDGFRL are associated with colorectal cancer
- mutations in PIK3CA (aspirin-sensitive)
- mutations in PTEN gene (MMAC1 gene)
- mismatch repair genes
  - MLH1 (hereditary non-polyposis coli)
  - MLH3, MSH2, MSH6, PMS1, PMS2^[83] (case report)
  - AXIN2
- base excision repair genes: MYH
microsatellite instability
- occurs in the germline of patients with hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer & in 15% of sporadic colorectal cancers
- may be associated with defects in mismatch repair genes
- may be associated with defects in AIM2
hypermethylation of CpG islands of promoter regions associated with tumor suppressor genes
- precursor lesions are serrated polyps^[2]
other genetic predispositions
- oncogenes involved in sporadic colon cancer
  - c-myc, c-src, ras, erbB2^[2]
- susceptibility to colorectal cancer
  - SMAP7 (type 3)
- abnormal transcripts of FHIT found in ~50%
- overexpression of SMYD3, TPBG, AAMP, NAV2, PLXNB1, TNFRSF6B, ADAMTS20, BIRC5, ARHGEF4, TDGF1
- underexpression of LLGL1, PDCD4, B3GNT6, CEACAM1
other implicated genes ACRBP, WFDC2, SPECC1, ATAD2, GCNT3, KAAG1, RNF43, CHRDL2, HES2, PHF20, REG4, RET, ANLN, PRAF2, ARID4B, LEMD1, TAK1L, B3GNT8, ARHGAP8, PRR5, LRRC26, VWA2, LETMD1, OLFM4, MINA, PRAP1, SFRS19, MTUS1, TTYH2, TKT2, MAP2K3, MAP1D, BCL9L, KRT24, NF1, PHF19, XRRA1, PTPRH, CTNNB1, CCNDBP1, CASC2, CLCA1, CLCA2, PCNXL2, SLC5A8, UCHL3, PTPN12, PPAP2A, RUNX1T1, TP63, LEF1, EED, ZNF146, CCKBR, CD97, PPARG, EPHA3, WRN, MMP25, RAC1, EREG, WISP1, TSPAN8, AgSK1, SMAD2, SMAD3, SMAD7, MT-CO1, MTHFD1, DYRK1B, ENPP7, ZNF306, TCF7L2
increased risk of colon cancer in first degree relatives of patient with colon cancer, especially if diagnosis at an early age &/or other 1st degree relative affected^[80]
- risk conferred by affected half-sibling is similar to that conferred by first-degree relatives^[114]

Clinical manifestations

often asymptomatic until late stages
bowel-specific manifestations
- changes in bowel habits - tenesmus
- hematochezia (rectal bleeding)
- abdominal pain, abdominal distension, pelvic pain
- palpable abdominal mass, rectal mass
- fistulas are rare
- right-sided lesions may not cause obstruction until late due to liquid nature of stool entering cecum
- digital rectal exam
  - guaiac positive stool
  - rectal may be felt, 30% of colorectal carcinomas arise from rectosigmoid area
hepatomegaly
systemic manifestations
- anemia
- fatigue
- weight loss
- fever may occur with metastasis to the liver
early red flags beginning as early as 2 years prior to diagnosis
- abdominal pain
- persistent diarrhea
- rectal bleeding
- iron-deficiency anemia^[139]

Laboratory

complete blood count (CBC) may show microcytic anemia
iron studies may show iron-deficiency anemia
- serum iron, TIBC
- serum ferritin
test all patients for Lynch syndrome^[73]
- DNA mismatch repair gene mutations^[2]
- microsatellite instability^[2]
metastatic workup
- liver function tests
- serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
  - direct relationship between CEA & Duke's stage
  - CEA > 50 ng/mL is associated with poor prognosis
  - elevated CEA is associated with greater likelihood of recurrence
  - do not institute therapy for metastatic disease based upon elevated serum CEA alone^[2]
- genetic testing for metastatic colon cancer
  - DNA mismatch repair gene mutations
  - microsatellite instability
  - NRAS gene mutation in colorectal cancer
  - KRAS gene mutation in colorectal cancer
    - Kras gene mutation & Nras gene mutation for cetuximab & panitumumab eligibility ^[2]^[60]^[76]^[78]
    - cancers that carry these mutations will not respond to anti-EGFR agents cetuximab or panitumumab (50%)^[2]
  - BRAF gene mutation^[2]
    - BRAF V600E mutation for prognosis (NGC, weak evidence)
  - PIK3CA gene mutation in colorectal cancer
  - PTEN gene mutation in colorectal cancer
elevated levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase, serum AST, serum ALT, & neutrophil count predict 60 day mortality in patients presenting with metastatic colorectal cancer who undergo primary tumor resection^[129]
monitoring response to therapy
- liver function tests every 6 months
- serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) every 6 months for 1st 3 years, then annually therafter (see Management)
- stool guaiac every 6 months
loincs for pathology reports
investigational:
- chromosome region 8q23.3-24.13 deletion (DCC)
- no benefit in tumor expression of thymidylate synthetase or TP53^[21]
- VWA2 may be serologic marker
- increased micro RNA expression associated with poor prognosis^[26]
- colon cancer 12 mRNA expression analysis (CPT)
- fusobacterium DNA
see ARUP consult^[41]

Diagnostic procedures

colonoscopy with polypectomy
- diagnostic procedure of choice
- staging of colorectal carcinoma
- screening & yearly monitoring response to therapy
- colonoscopy 1 & 3 years after colectomy, then at 5 year intervals^[2]^[48]^[81]
- colonoscopy 3-6 months after polypectomy of > 2 cm well- differentiated adenocarcinoma with clean margins^[2]
sigmoidoscopy every 6 months for rectal carcinoma monitoring response to therapy

* images^[136]

Radiology

screening (see screening for colon cancer)
staging of colorectal cancer
- contrast-enhanced CT of abdomen & pelvis^[2]
- contrast-enhanced CT of thorax
- CT staging not needed if surgical margins are clear
- rectal cancers require MRI of rectum^[2]
follow-up of treated colorectal cancer
- CT of chest & abdomen annually for 1st 3-5 years if patient would be eligible for surgical resection of metastases^[2]^[19]^[72]
- include pelvis if rectal cancer^[2]^[72]
- of no benefit in follow-up over serum CEA alone to identify curable recurrences^[58]
chest X-ray (metastatic workup) & every 6 months monitoring response to therapy
preoperative PET scan does not improve staging^[2]
- do not obtain PET scan for initial staging^[2]
postoperative PET scan not routinely indicated^[2]
- do not obtain PET scan to follow patient for recurrent disease^[2]

* images^[136]

Staging

see staging of colorectal carcinoma

Complications

Streptococcus bovis bacteremia
Clostridium septicum sepsis, gas gangrene^[63]
60 day mortality highest in patients presenting with metastatic colorectal cancer undergoing resection of primary right-sided tumor prior to chemotherapy^[129]

disease interaction(s) of renal transplantation with colorectal cancer

Differential diagnosis

Management

treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

surgery
- surgical resection for cure stage 1 & 2
- metastatic workup prior to surgery (see laboratory)
  - neoadjuvant chemotherapy + radiation therapy prior to surgery in patients presenting with stage 3 or stage 4 (metastases)^[129]
  - 4-week course of neoadjuvant ipilimumab (Yervoy) + nivolumab (Opdivo) prior to surgery in patients with DNA mismatch repair deficient colon cancer shows 95% of patients with major pathologic response & 67% with complete response^[135]
- surgical resection (colectomy) generally indicated unless
  - well-differentiated adenocarcinoma with clean margins on examination of polypectomy specimen^[2]
  - preoperative evidence of metastatic disease^[124]
- metastases precludes surgical cure, but surgery may
  - relieve obstruction
  - prevent bleeding^[2]
  - some patients with metastatic colon cancer confined to a single organ may be cured by resecting both the primary tumor & the metastases^[2]
  - tumor debulking does not improve survival in metastatic colorectal cancer^[145]
- RT-PCR for guanylate cyclase-C (intestinal-specific) in lymph nodes during surgery may predict metastases
- surgical resection of primary tumor & regional lymph nodes
- laparoscopic-assisted resection may be an option^[17]
- limited distant recurrence may be amenable to for a second attempt at surgical cure in 25% of patients
- heated chemotherapy during surgery of no benefit^[102]
- surgery almost never results in a need for permanent colostomy^[2]

* see prognosis after surgical resection of colorectal carcinoma

chemotherapy
- stage 1 without benefit from chemotherapy (surgery alone)
- stage 2 without microsatellite instability or high risk features unlikely to benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy
- stage 2 with high risk of recurrence is treated similarly to stage 3^[2]
- neoadjuvant chemotherapy + radiation therapy prior to surgery & adjuvant chemotherapy following surgery for stage 3 & stage 4 (metastases)
  - role is primarily palliative
  - neoadjuvant chemotherapy may obviate need for adjuvant chemotherapy for stage 3
  - 4-week course of neoadjuvant ipilimumab (Yervoy) + nivolumab (Opdivo) prior to surgery effective in patients with DNA mismatch repair deficient colon cancer^[135]
- stage 3 colon cancer
  - neoadjuvant ipilimumab (Yervoy) + nivolumab (Opdivo) effective in stage 3 colon cancer with minimal disease recurrence at 1 year^[135] (see above)
  - prolongs disease-free survival (Stage 3)^[2]^[11]
  - standard of care (Stage 3)^[2]^[11]
  - 5-fluorouracil, leucovorin & oxaliplatin (FOLFOX)^[2]^[46] for 3 months (low-risk)^[6]
  - in the elderly, no added benefit of oxaliplatin^[66]
  - capecitabine/oxaliplatin (CAPOX, CAPEOX, XELOX) for 3 months^[38]^[96]
  - high-risk stage III: treat for 6 months with CAPEOX or FOLFOX (risk of neurotoxicity < 1/2 for 3 vs 6 months of therapy)^[96]
  - levamisole (Ergamisole) has immunomodulatory activity
  - irinotecan (CPT-11) for 5-FU refractory disease
  - hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy with mitomycin C plus complete cytoreduction may improve locoregional control in patients with locally advanced colorectal cancer^[142]
- metastatic colon cancer
  - combination chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil & oxaliplatin^[2]
  - combination chemotherapy consisting of 5-fluorouracil & leucovorin with addition of irinotecan (FOLFIRI) or oxaliplatin (FOLFOX) in combination with bevacizumabor, cetuximab or panitumumab if the tumor contains a wild-type RAS gene is the standard of care^[67]
  - 5-FU + leucovorin + irinotecan (CPT-11) (FOLFIRI)^[11]
  - fluorouracil + leucovorin + irinotecan + bevacizumab^[51]
    - bevacizumab potentiates efficacy of 5-FU combined with leucovorin or irinotecan at a cost of increasing risk for hypertension, arterial thrombosis, poor wound healing, gastrointestinal perforation & fistulas^[2]
  - capecitabine is an alternative to 5-fluorouracil^[2]
  - bevacizumab & cetuximab in combination with standard therapy improves survival^[2]
  - bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy^[2]^[52]
  - cetuximab as single agent
    - increases survival^[25] 6.1 vs 4.6 months for supportive care; no benefit in survival^[51]
    - benefit only in KRAS mutation negative tumors^[27]^[51]
  - no benefit of bevacizumab maintenance monotherapy^[95]
  - panitumumab & cetuximab (EGFR monoclonal Abs) of benefit only in the absence of KRAS, NRAS & BRAF mutations^[22]^[76]^[78]
  - panitumumab-FOLFOX4 useful for metastatic colorectal cancer without RAS mutations^[78]
  - ramucirumab in combination with FOLFIRI (after ramucirumab) improves survival (13.3 vs. 11.7 months)^[70]
  - tipiracil/trifluridine (Lonsurf) improves overall & progression-free survival in patients with disease progression after treatment with fluorouracil-containing combination chemotherapy^[67]
  - fruquintinib may improve survival in refractory metastatic colorectal cancer^[104]
  - treatment of asymptomatic patients with small volume, metastatic cancer discovered incidentally does not improve outcomes^[2]
  - an oligometastatic lesion confined to a single organ may be cured with surgical resection of the primary tumor & the metastasis^[2]
  - metastatic DNA mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancer
    - checkpoint inhibitor may benefit patients; nivolumab + ipilimumab^[94]; pembrolizumab may be alternative^[2]
- not recommended^[2]^[11]
  - aflibercept in combination with irinotecan & fluorouracil is not recommended [NGC]
  - do not use anti-VEGF & anti-EGFR Ab together^[2]
- benefits of chemotherapy became much less marked for progressively older patients, particularly >= 70 years of age^[113]
- frail elderly may not benefit from chemotherapy^[38]
radiation therapy
- useful in conjunction with neoadjuvant chemotherapy & surgical excision of Dukes'stage B2 & C (stage 3) colorectal carcinoma
- inhibits metastasis to regional lymph nodes
- especially useful for rectal carcinoma^[11]
  - rectum lacks peritoneal covering
  - local recurrence rate is high
  - see rectal cancer

follow-up, prognosis, prevention, screening

follow-up
- colonoscopy 1 & 3 years after surgical resection, then at 5 year intervals^[2]^[48] (non-metastatic colon cancer)
- air-contrast barium enema along with sigmoidoscopy may be an alternative to colonoscopy^[2]
- serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)^[2]^[48]
- every 6 months for 2 years^[2] (MKSAP19)
  - CEA alone inadequate because serum CEA is not elevated in all patients with recurrent colorectal cancer; imaging needed^[2]
- every 3-6 months for 2 years, then every 6 months for an additional 3 years^[72]
- if serum CEA > 10 ng/mL, colonoscopy vs abdominal CT^[11]
- CT of chest & abdomen & pelvis annually for 1st 5 years if patient would be eligible for surgical resection of metastases^[2]^[19]^[72]
  - applies to stage 2, stage 3 & stage 4^[2]
    - CT alone insufficient for stage 2 & stage 3; CEA needed^[2]
  - of no benefit over serum CEA alone in identifying curable recurrences^[58]
  - include pelvis if rectal cancer^[2]^[72]
  - liquid biopsy for circulating tumor DNA detects relapse months before CT of chest & abdomen^[120]
- serum CEA + CT of chest & abdomen at 6, 12, 18, 24, & 36 months after surgery does not confer 5 year survival advantage vs these tests at 12 & 36 months after surgery^[101]
  - editorialist suggests best evidence supports annual surveillance^[101]
- history & physical exam every 3-6 months for 2 years, then every 6 months for an additional 3 years^[72]
  - screen for cognitive problems, depression, anxiety, psychosocial stress, mucositis, loss of taste, dry mouth, fatigue, neuropathy, sexual dysfunction, constipation, diarrhea, urinary disease
- surgical resection is the treatment of choice with solitary lung metastasis^[2]^[43]
- surgical resection of a few isolated metastatic lesions may be curative^[2]
  - radiologic evidence of metastatic recurrence precludes need for needle biopsy
  - a negative needle biopsy would not change management
  - resection is 1st line therapy if feasible^[2]
  - outcomes similar for laparoscopic vs open surgery for liver metastases^[119]
- conversion chemotherapy may offer hope to patients with initially unresectable liver metastases^[2]^[77]
- monitor patients treated with pelvic radiation for chronic proctitis^[72]
- aspirin 75-160 mg QD reduces colorectal cancer-specific mortality (RR=8.85) & overall mortality (RR=0.95)^[86] -guidelines to do not yet recommend
- no benefit or Ca+2 or vitamin D in preventing recurrence of colorectal cancer^[79]
prognosis
- 5 year survival by stage (most important prognostic factor)^[2]
  - stage 1: 90-95%
  - stage 2: 70-85%
  - stage 3: 25-70%
  - stage 4: 0-10% (metastatic disease)
  - survival better for left-sided cancer vs right-sided cancer, but can be improved by removal of more lymph nodes during surgery^[2]^[105]
- median survival with metastatic colorectal cancer is < 30 months^[67]
- higher post-operative plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D is associated with better survival^[61] & with better survival in patients with metastatic colon cancer^[69]
- a healthy lifestyle including diet, physical activity, & moderation in alcohol intake can lower risk of death or cancer recurrence by 42% during follow-up 7-10 years^[89]
- adherence to a healthy lifestyle after diagnosis of colorectal cancer may improve survival^[97]
  - includes healthy body weight, regular physical activity, & high intake of fruits, vegetables, & whole grains^[97]
- high fiber intake after diagnosis of colorectal cancer is associated with improved survival
  - fiber from cereals appear particularly effective^[91]
prophylaxis
- aspirin, NSAIDs may diminish risk of colon cancer^[13]^[14]^[34]^[35]^[71]^[84]
  - USPSTF recommends prevention of both cardiovascular disease & colorectal cancer in adults 50-59 years of age with a 10-year cardiovascular risk of >= 10%^[74]^[85]
    - adults 60-69 years of age should discuss risks & benefits with their clinicians^[74]^[85]
    - for patients < 50 or > 69 years, there is not enough evidence to make recommendations^[85]
    - starting use of aspirin to prevent colorectal cancer after age 70 years of no benefit^[123]
  - USPSTF previously recommended against the routine use of aspirin & NSAIDs to prevent colorectal cancer^[28]
  - aspirin does not reduce mortality from colon cancer^[28]^[34]^[35]
  - dose-independent reduction in mortality due to proximal colon cancer & rectal cancer, but not distal colon cancer^[37]
  - aspirin diminished mortality in patients that harbor PIK3CA mutations^[42]
  - aspirin lowers risk of colorectal cancer in patientswith wild-tyep BRAF but not mutated BRAF^[49]
  - low-dose aspirin 100 mg QOD for 10 years lowers risk of colorectal cancer in women^[53]
    - 53 fewer cancer cases vs 193 more GI bleeds & 214 more peptic ulcers
  - risk reduction 27% for low-dose aspirin, 35% for other NSAIDs^[71]
  - aspirin at least twice weekly for > 6 years reduces risk for colorectal cancer (RR=0.81)^[84]
  - only nonaspirin NSAIDs reduce risk of recurrent invasive colon cancer^[87] 16.3% vs 6.7%
  - also see Nurses Health Study
  - also see aspirin & colorectal polyps
- magnesium, folate, fiber, dairy products, fruits, vegetables & soy reduce risk of colorectal cancer^[118]
  - higher intakes of dietary fiber, dietary calcium, & yogurt & lower intakes of alcohol & red meat may reduce risk of colorectal cancer^[121]
- Ca+2 & vitamin D
  - may reduce risk of colorectal adenomas & colon cancer^[15]^[22]
  - no benefit in Women's Health Initiative
    - 1000 mg Ca+2 plus 400 IU of vitamin D3 per
  - no benefit &/or Ca+2 & vitamin D +/- 81 mg of aspirin in preventing recurrence of colorectal cancer^[79]
  - of no benefit it prevention of colon cancer^[118]
  - no benefit of high-dose vitamin D supplementation with standard chemotherapy plus bevacizumab^[146]
- higher intakes of dietary fiber, dietary calcium, & yogurt & lower intakes of alcohol & red meat reduce colorectal cancer risk^[122]
- vitamin B6 may reduce risk of colon cancer^[31]
- one-a-day multivitamin use after a diagnosis of nonmetastatic colorectal cancer is associated with a 45% lower colorectal cancer-specific & overall mortality^[144]
- high-fat dairy products reduce risk, speculation that linoleic acid may be protective^[20]
- high intake of marine omega-3 fatty acids & dark fish after diagnosis of colon cancer may prolong disease-free survival^[98]
- coffee may reduce risk of colorectal cancer (both caffeinated & decaffeinated) & reduces risk of mortality & disease progression in patients with colorectal cancer with a dose-response relationship^[117]
- about a quarter of <A385219>colorectal cancers</A385219> may be prevented by simple lifestyle choices^[36]^[138]
  - not smoking
  - daily physical activity (30 minutes/day)
  - no excessive drinking
  - healthy diet
    - healthy plant-based diet reduces risk of colorectal cancer in men^[137]
  - waist circumference control
    - < 40 inches men
    - < 35 inches women
- alteration in microbial flora may prove useful^[56]^[57]
  - lactic acid-producing bacteria (Bifidobacterium) appear promising in animal studes^[57]
screening, including screening of family members
- see screening for colorectal cancer

Comparative biology

when mice with colorectal tumors containing bacterial DNA were treated with metronidazole (to which Fusobacteria are sensitive), tumor growth & load decreased^[92]

Notes

Multi-omics Multi-cohort Assessment (MOMA) platform (AI technology) provides clinically actionable predictions that can inform treatment for colorectal cancer^[140]

More general terms

More specific terms

secondary colorectal carcinoma

Additional terms

References

↑ Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 332-33
↑ ^2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 ^2.17 ^2.18 ^2.19 ^2.20 ^2.21 ^2.22 ^2.23 ^2.24 ^2.25 ^2.26 ^2.27 ^2.28 ^2.29 ^2.30 ^2.31 ^2.32 ^2.33 ^2.34 ^2.35 ^2.36 ^2.37 ^2.38 ^2.39 ^2.40 ^2.41 ^2.42 ^2.43 ^2.44 ^2.45 ^2.46 ^2.47 ^2.48 ^2.49 ^2.50 ^2.51 ^2.52 ^2.53 ^2.54 ^2.55 ^2.56 ^2.57 ^2.58 ^2.59 ^2.60 ^2.61 ^2.62 ^2.63 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021.
Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022
↑ Mayo Internal Medicine Board Review, 1998-99, Prakash UBS (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1998, pg 670-671
↑ Journal Watch 20(23):154-55, 2000
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Journal Watch 20(23):182-183, 2000 Sonnenberg A et al Cost-effectiveness of colonoscopy in screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 133:573, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11033584
Frazier AL et al Cost-effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer in the general population. JAMA 284:1954, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11035892 Inciardi JF et al Incidence trends for colorectal cancer in California: implications for current screening practices. Am J Med 109:277, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10996577
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Journal Watch 20(24):189, 2000 Ahlquist DA et al Colorectal cancer screening by detection of altered human DNA in stool: feasibility of a multitarget assay panel. Gastroenterology 119:1219, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11054379
↑ Mandel JS et al The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 343:1603, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11096167
↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. Fauci et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1998, pg 521, 539
↑ Wikipedia; Colorectal cancer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancer
↑ Journal Watch 22(5):38, 2002 Traverso G et al Detection of APC mutations in fecal DNA from patients with colorectal tumors. N Engl J Med 346:311, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11821507
↑ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 ^11.6 Geriatrics Review Syllabus, American Geriatrics Society, 5th edition, 2002-2004; 7th edition 2010
↑ Journal Watch 23(8):63, 2003 Cui H et al Loss of IGF2 imprinting: a potential marker of colorectal cancer risk. Science 299:1753, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637750
Ranshohoff DF et al Cancer. Developing molecular biomarkers for cancer. Science 299:1679, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637728
↑ ^13.0 ^13.1 Journal Watch 23(8):62, 2003 Sandler RS et al, A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas in patients with previous colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 348:883, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12621132
Baron JA et al, A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 348:891, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12621133 Imperiale, N Engl J Med 348:879, 2003
↑ ^14.0 ^14.1 Journal Watch 24(1):12, 2004 Pickhardt PJ et al, N Engl J Med 349:2191, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657426 Morrin MM & LaMont JT N Engl J Med 349:2261, 2003
↑ ^15.0 ^15.1 Journal Watch 24(3):27, 2004 Grau MV et al, Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and colorectal adenomas: results of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:1765, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14652238
↑ ^16.0 ^16.1 Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Magnesium intake in relation to risk of colorectal cancer in women. JAMA. 2005 Jan 5;293(1):86-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15632340
↑ ^17.0 ^17.1 Journal Watch 25(14):113, 2005 Guillou PJ, Quirke P, Thorpe H, Walker J, Jayne DG, Smith AM, Heath RM, Brown JM; MRC CLASICC trial group. Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic- assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 May;365(9472):1718-26. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15894098
↑ ^18.0 ^18.1 Park Y, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Bergkvist L, Berrino F, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Colditz GA, Freudenheim JL, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Harnack L, Hartman AM, Jacobs DR Jr, Kato I, Krogh V, Leitzmann MF, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Pietinen P, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA. Dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. JAMA. 2005 Dec 14;294(22):2849-57. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16352792
Baron JA. Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer. An ongoing saga. JAMA 2005; 294:2904 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16352800
↑ ^19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Veterans Administration, Hematology/Oncology
↑ ^20.0 ^20.1 Larsson SC et al, High-fat dairy food and conjugated linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:894 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210722
↑ ^21.0 ^21.1 Popat S, Chen Z, Zhao D, Pan H, Hearle N, Chandler I, Shao Y, Aherne W, Houlston R. A prospective, blinded analysis of thymidylate synthase and p53 expression as prognostic markers in the adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2006 Dec;17(12):1810-7. Epub 2006 Sep 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971666
↑ ^22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 Baron JA et al Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):101-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9887161
Grau MV et al Prolonged effect of calcium supplementation on risk of colorectal adenomas in a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Jan 17;99(2):129-36. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17227996
↑ Grau MV et al, Prolonged effect of calcium supplementation on risk of colorectal adenomas in a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99:129 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17227996
↑ ^24.0 ^24.1 Meyerhardt JA et al, Association of dietary patterns with cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer. JAMA 2007, 298:754 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17699009
↑ ^25.0 ^25.1 Jonker DJ et al, Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:2040 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18003960
↑ ^26.0 ^26.1 Scheffer AJ et al, MicroRNA expression profiles associated with prognosis and therapeutic outcome in colon adenocarcinoma. JAMA 2008, 299:425 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18230780
↑ ^27.0 ^27.1 Lievre A et al. KRAS mutations as an independent prognostic factor in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab. J Clin Oncol 2008 Jan 20; 26:374. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202412
↑ ^28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 Cole BF et al Aspirin for the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas: Meta-analysis of the randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009 Feb 18; 101:256. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19211452
Grau MV et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use after 3 years of aspirin use and colorectal adenoma risk: Observational follow-up of a randomized study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009 Feb 18; 101:267. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19211442
The use of aspirin for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.Dube C, Rostom A, Lewin G et al Ann Intern Med. 2007 Mar 6;146(5):365-75. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17339622
↑ ^29.0 ^29.1 Li D et al. Association of large serrated polyps with synchronous advanced colorectal neoplasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2009 Mar; 104:695. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19223889
↑ ^30.0 ^30.1 ^30.2 Rim SH et al Colorectal cancer incidence in the United States, 1999-2004: An updated analysis of data from the National Program of Cancer Registries and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer 2009 May 1; 115:1967. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19235249
↑ ^31.0 ^31.1 ^31.2 Larsson SC et al. Vitamin B6 and risk of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 2010 Mar 17; 303:1077. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233826
↑ ^32.0 ^32.1 Hartman TJ, Albert PS, Snyder K, Slattery ML, Caan B, Paskett E, Iber F, Kikendall JW, Marshall J, Shike M, Weissfeld J, Brewer B, Schatzkin A, Lanza E; Polyp Prevention Study Group. The association of calcium and vitamin D with risk of colorectal adenomas. J Nutr. 2005 Feb;135(2):252-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671222
Harris DM, Go VL. Vitamin D and colon carcinogenesis. J Nutr. 2004 Dec;134(12 Suppl):3463S-3471S. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15570055
↑ ^33.0 ^33.1 Zhang X et al, Risk of Colon Cancer and Coffee, Tea, and Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drink Intake: Pooled Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies Journal of the National Cancer Institute Advance Access (JNCI) published online on May 7, 2010 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453203 doi:10.1093/jnci/djq107
↑ ^34.0 ^34.1 ^34.2 Din FVN et al Effect of aspirin and NSAIDs on risk and survival from colorectal cancer Gut doi:10.1136/gut.2009.203000 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844293 <Internet> http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2010/08/12/gut.2009.203000.abstract
↑ ^35.0 ^35.1 ^35.2 Din FVN et al. Effect of aspirin and NSAIDs on risk and survival from colorectal cancer. Gut 2010 Sep 15; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844293 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.203000
↑ ^36.0 ^36.1 Kirkegaard H et al, Association of adherence to lifestyle recommendations and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective Danish cohort study BMJ 2010; 341:c5504 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20978063 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c5504.full
↑ ^37.0 ^37.1 Rothwell PM et al. Long-term effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year follow-up of five randomised trials. Lancet 2010 Nov 20; 376:1741 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20970847
Rothwell PM et al Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials Lancet. 2011 Jan 1;377(9759):31-41. Epub 2010 Dec 6. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21144578 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62110-1/abstract
↑ ^38.0 ^38.1 ^38.2 Seymour MT et al. Chemotherapy options in elderly and frail patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS2): An open-label, randomised factorial trial. Lancet 2011 May 21; 377:1749. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570111
↑ ^39.0 ^39.1 ^39.2 Kostic AD et al. Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res. 2012 Feb;22(2):292-8. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009990 <Internet> http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/10/04/gr.126573.111
Castellarin M et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res. 2012 Feb;22(2):299-306 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009989 <Internet> http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/10/05/gr.126516.111
Rubinstein MR et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by modulating E-cadherin/beta-catenin signaling via its FadA adhesin. Cell Host Microbe 2013 Aug 14; 14:195. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23954158
Kostic AD et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment. Cell Host Microbe 2013 Aug 14; 14:207. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23954159
Rubinstein MR et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by modulating E-cadherin/beta-catenin signaling via its FadA adhesin. Cell Host Microbe 2013 Aug 14; 14:195. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23954158
Kostic AD et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment. Cell Host Microbe 2013 Aug 14; 14:207. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23954159
↑ ^40.0 ^40.1 ^40.2 Aune D et al. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2011 Nov 10; 343:d6617. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22074852 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d6617.full
↑ ^41.0 ^41.1 ARUP Consult: Colorectal Cancer The Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation https://www.arupconsult.com/content/colorectal-cancer
↑ ^42.0 ^42.1 Liao X et al Aspirin Use, Tumor PIK3CA Mutation, and Colorectal-Cancer Survival N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1596-1606October 25, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2309472 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1207756
Pasche B Aspirin - From Prevention to Targeted Therapy N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1650-1651October 25, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23094728 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1210322
↑ ^43.0 ^43.1 Hornbech K, Ravn J, Steinbruchel DA. Outcome after pulmonary metastasectomy: analysis of 5 years consecutive surgical resections 2002-2006. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Oct;6(10):1733-40 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869715
↑ ^44.0 ^44.1 Hassan C et al Computed tomographic colonography for colorectal cancer screening. Risk factors for the detection of advanced neoplasia. Cancer. June 10, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23754679 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.28007/abstrac
↑ Sargent DJ, Patiyil S, Yothers G et al End points for colon cancer adjuvant trials: observations and recommendations based on individual patient data from 20,898 patients enrolled onto 18 randomized trials from the ACCENT Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 10;25(29):4569-74 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17876008
↑ ^46.0 ^46.1 Andre T, Boni C, Navarro M et al Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jul 1;27(19):3109-16 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451431
↑ House MG, Ito H, Gonen M, Fong Y et al Survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: trends in outcomes for 1,600 patients during two decades at a single institution. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20421043
↑ ^48.0 ^48.1 ^48.2 ^48.3 Desch CE, Benson AB, Somerfield MR et al Colorectal cancer surveillance: 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 20;23(33):8512-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16260687
↑ ^49.0 ^49.1 Nishihara R et al. Aspirin use and risk of colorectal cancer according to BRAF mutation status. JAMA 2013 Jun 26; 309:2563 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23800934
↑ Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W et al Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 3;350(23):2335-42. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175435
↑ ^51.0 ^51.1 ^51.2 ^51.3 Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ et al K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 23;359(17):1757-65 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946061
↑ ^52.0 ^52.1 Saltz LB, Clarke S, Diaz-Rubio E et al Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Apr 20;26(12):2013-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421054
↑ ^53.0 ^53.1 Cook NR et al. Alternate-day, low-dose aspirin and cancer risk: Long-term observational follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2013 Jul 16; 159:77 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23856681
↑ Rex DK, Kahi CJ, Levin B, Smith RA et al Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: a consensus update by the American Cancer Society and US Multi- Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006 May-Jun;56(3):160-7; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16737948
↑ Huxley RR, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Clifton P et al The impact of dietary and lifestyle risk factors on risk of colorectal cancer: a quantitative overview of the epidemiological evidence. Int J Cancer. 2009 Jul 1;125(1):171-80 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19350627
↑ ^56.0 ^56.1 ^56.2 Ahn J, Sinha R, Pei Z et al Human Gut Microbiome and Risk of Colorectal Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst (2013) Dec 6 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24316595 <Internet> http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/11/27/jnci.djt300.abstract
Mai V and Morris JG Need for Prospective Cohort Studies to Establish Human Gut Microbiome Contributions to Disease Risk. Natl Cancer Inst (2013) Dec 6 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24316594 <Internet> http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/11/27/jnci.djt349.full
↑ ^57.0 ^57.1 ^57.2 Singh J, Rivenson A, Tomita M et al Bifidobacterium longum, a lactic acid-producing intestinal bacterium inhibits colon cancer and modulates the intermediate biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18(4):833 http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/833.abstract
↑ ^58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 Primrose JN et al. Effect of 3 to 5 years of scheduled CEA and CT follow-up to detect recurrence of colorectal cancer: The FACS randomized trial. JAMA 2014 Jan 15; 311:263. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24430319
↑ Saif MW1, Lichtman SM. Chemotherapy options and outcomes in older adult patients with colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2009 Nov;72(2):155-69 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19356946
↑ ^60.0 ^60.1 Thierry AR et al. Clinical validation of the detection of KRAS and BRAF mutations from circulating tumor DNA. Nat Med 2014 Apr; 20:430 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24658074 <Internet> http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n4/full/nm.3511.html
↑ ^61.0 ^61.1 Zgaga L, Theodoratou E, Farrington SM et al Plasma Vitamin D Concentration Influences Survival Outcome After a Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014 July 7 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25002714
↑ ^62.0 ^62.1 ^62.2 Bailey CE et al Increasing Disparities in the Age-Related Incidences of Colon and Rectal Cancers in the United States, 1975-2010. JAMA Surg. Published online November 05, 2014. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372703 <Internet> http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1920838
Turaga KK Screening Young Adults for Nonhereditary Colorectal Cancer. JAMA Surg. Published online November 05, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372305 <Internet> http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1920835
↑ ^63.0 ^63.1 Kurylo JC, Schmidt AH Gas Gangrene of a Prosthetic Hip N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1917. November 13, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25390742 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm1400498
↑ ^64.0 ^64.1 Silber JH et al Racial Disparities in Colon Cancer Survival: A Matched Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(12):845-854 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25506853 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2023008
↑ ^65.0 ^65.1 Lakoski SG et al Midlife Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Incident Cancer, and Survival After Cancer in MenThe Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. JAMA Oncol. Published online March 26, 2015. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26181028 <Internet> http://oncology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2203829
↑ ^66.0 ^66.1 Papamichael D, Audisio RA, Glimelius B et al Treatment of colorectal cancer in older patients: International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) consensus recommendations 2013. Ann Oncol. 2015 Mar;26(3):463-76 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25015334
↑ ^67.0 ^67.1 ^67.2 ^67.3 Rothaus C Refractory Metastatic Colon Cancer Now@NEJM. May 15, 2015 http://blogs.nejm.org/now/index.php/refractory-metastatic-colon-cancer/2015/05/15/
↑ ^68.0 ^68.1 Kantor ED et al Adolescent body mass index and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in relation to colorectal cancer risk. Gut. May 18, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25986947 <Internet> http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2015/04/28/gutjnl-2014-309007.abstract
↑ ^69.0 ^69.1 Ng K, Venook AP, Sato V, et al. Vitamin D status and survival of metastatic colorectal cancer patients: Results from CALGB/SWOG 80405 (Alliance). Program and abstracts of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting; May 29-June 2, 2015; Chicago, Illinois. Abstract 3503
↑ ^70.0 ^70.1 Tabernero J et al. Ramucirumab versus placebo in combination with second-line FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma that progressed during or after first-line therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and a fluoropyrimidine (RAISE): A randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2015 May; 16:499-508 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25877855 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2815%2970127-0/abstract
↑ ^71.0 ^71.1 ^71.2 Friis S, Riis AH, Erichsen R et al Low-Dose Aspirin or Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Population-Based, Case-Control Study. Ann Intern Med. Published online 25 August 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26302241 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2430205
↑ ^72.0 ^72.1 ^72.2 ^72.3 ^72.4 ^72.5 ^72.6 ^72.7 El-Shami K et al American Cancer Society Colorectal Cancer Survivorship Care Guidelines. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. Sept. 8, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26348643 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21286/full
↑ ^73.0 ^73.1 Rubenstein JH et al American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Lynch Syndrome. Gastroenterology. July 28, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26226577 <Internet> http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2815%2901031-8/fulltext
↑ ^74.0 ^74.1 ^74.2 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Draft Recommendation Statement. 2015 Aspirin to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer
↑ Meyerhardt JA, Mangu PB, Flynn PJ et al Follow-up care, surveillance protocol, and secondary prevention measures for survivors of colorectal cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline endorsement. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Dec 10;31(35):4465-70. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24220554 (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Feb 2018)
↑ ^76.0 ^76.1 ^76.2 Peeters M, Douillard JY, Van Cutsem E et al Mutant KRAS codon 12 and 13 alleles in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: assessment as prognostic and predictive biomarkers of response to panitumumab. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Feb 20;31(6):759-65 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182985
↑ ^77.0 ^77.1 Adam R, Wicherts DA, de Haas RJ et al Patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases: is there a possibility of cure? J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 10;27(11):1829-35. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19273699
↑ ^78.0 ^78.1 ^78.2 ^78.3 Douillard JY, Oliner KS, Siena S et al Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013 Sep 12;369(11):1023-34. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24024839
↑ ^79.0 ^79.1 ^79.2 Editors Follow-Up: No Substantive Effect of Calcium or Vitamin D in Preventing Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence. Physician's First Watch, Oct 26, 2015 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Baron JA, Barry EL, Mott LA, et al. A trial of calcium and vitamin D for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 2015 Oct 15; 373:1519 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26465985
Pommergaard HC, Burcharth J, Rosenberg J, Raskov H. Aspirin, calcitriol, and calcium do not prevent adenoma recurrence in a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2015 Sep 21 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404953
↑ ^80.0 ^80.1 St John DJ, McDermott FT, Hopper JL et al Cancer risk in relatives of patients with common colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1993 May 15;118(10):785-90. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8470852
↑ ^81.0 ^81.1 ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Fisher DA, Shergill AK, Early DS et al Role of endoscopy in the staging and management of colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 Jul;78(1):8-1 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23664162
↑ ^82.0 ^82.1 Abdelsattar ZM et al Colorectal cancer outcomes and treatment patterns in patients too young for average-risk screening. Cancer. Jan 26, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26808454 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.29716/abstract
↑ ^83.0 ^83.1 Biller JA, Butros SR, Chan-Smutko G et al Case 6-2016 - A 10-Year-Old Boy with Abdominal Cramping and Fevers. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:772-781. February 25, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26933852 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcpc1408597
↑ ^84.0 ^84.1 ^84.2 Cao Y, Nishihara R, Wu K et al Population-wide Impact of Long-term Use of Aspirin and the Risk for Cancer. JAMA Oncol. Published online March 03, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940135 <Internet> http://oncology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2497878
Vilar E, Maresso KC, Hawk ET. Aspirin for Cancer Prevention. One Step Closer. JAMA Oncol. Published online March 03, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26939883 <Internet> http://oncology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2497876
↑ ^85.0 ^85.1 ^85.2 ^85.3 Bibbins-Domingo K on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Aspirin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. Published online 12 April 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27064677 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2513179
↑ ^86.0 ^86.1 Bains SJ et al. Aspirin as secondary prevention in patients with colorectal cancer: An unselected population-based study. J Clin Oncol 2016 Jul 20; 34:2501 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27247217
↑ ^87.0 ^87.1 Dulai PS et al. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer in individuals with previous colorectal neoplasia: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2016 Dec 5; 355:i6188 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27919915 Free PMC Article <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i6188
↑ ^88.0 ^88.1 Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Anderson WF Colorectal Cancer Incidence Patterns in the United States, 1974-2013. J Natl Cancer Inst (2017) 109 (8): djw322 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28376186 https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/109/8/djw322/3053481/Colorectal-Cancer-Incidence-Patterns-in-the-United
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA et al Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017 Mar 1. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28248415 Free Article
↑ ^89.0 ^89.1 Bankhead C ASCO: Healthy Lifestyle Adds to Colon Cancer Survival - Study results should not be interpreted as substitutes for standard care. MedPage Today. May 17, 2017 https://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/ASCO/65387
Van Blarigan E et al American Cancer Society (ACS) Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines after colon cancer diagnosis and disease-free (DFS), recurrence-free (RFS), and overall survival (OS) in CALGB 89803 (Alliance). American Society of Clinical Oncology ASCO 2017; Abstract 10006.
Fadelu T, et al Nut consumption and survival in stage III colon cancer patients: Results from CALGB 89803 (Alliance) American Society of Clinical Oncology ASCO 2017; Abstract 3517.
↑ ^90.0 ^90.1 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Colorectal Cancer Mortality Rates in Adults Aged 20 to 54 Years in the United States, 1970-2014. JAMA. 2017 Aug 8;318(6):572-574. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28787497
↑ ^91.0 ^91.1 Song M, Wu k, Meyerhardt JA et al Fiber Intake and Survival After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis. JAMA Oncol. Published online Nov 2, 2017 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29098294 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2661061
↑ ^92.0 ^92.1 ^92.2 Bullman S, Pedamallu CS, Sicinska E et al. Analysis of Fusobacterium persistence and antibiotic response in colorectal cancer. Science 2017 Dec 15; 358:1443 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170280 <Internet> http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6369/1443
↑ ^93.0 ^93.1 Tabung FK, Liu L, Wang W et al Association of Dietary Inflammatory Potential With Colorectal Cancer Risk in Men and Women. JAMA Oncol. Published online January 18, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346484 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2669777
↑ ^94.0 ^94.1 Bankhead C. Immunotherapy Combo Active in High-Risk CRC. Disease control in 80% with nivolumab-ipilimumab MedPage Today. January 22, 2018 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/mgics/70668
Andre T, et al Nivolumab + ipilimumab combination in patients with DNA mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability-high (DMMR/MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): First report of the full cohort from CheckMate-142 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium (GICS) 2018; Abstract 553.
↑ ^95.0 ^95.1 Jenkins K. No Survival Benefit with Bevacizumab Maintenance in CRC. Monotherapy no better than observation after induction chemo. MedPage Today. January 28, 2018 https://www.medpagetoday.com/hematologyoncology/coloncancer/70800
Aparicio T, Ghiringhelli F, Boige V et al Bevacizumab Maintenance Versus No Maintenance During Chemotherapy- Free Intervals in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Phase III Trial (PRODIGE 9). J Clin Oncol 2018; Jan 18:JCO2017752931 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346040
↑ ^96.0 ^96.1 ^96.2 Mulcahy N Biggest Change Since 2004 in NCCN Colon Cancer Chemo Guide Medscape. Mar 23, 2018. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/894371
Grothey A, Sobrero AF, Shields AF et al Duration of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage III Colon Cancer. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1177-1188. March 29, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29590544 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1713709
↑ ^97.0 ^97.1 ^97.2 Van Blarigan EL, Fuchs CS, Niedzwiecki D et al Cancer Society Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Cancer Survivors After Colon Cancer Diagnosis. The CALGB 89803/ Alliance Trial. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29710284 JAMA Oncol. Published online April 12, 2018. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2678094
Fisch MJ, McNeill LH, Basen-Engquist KM. Helping Colorectal Cancer Survivors Benefit From Changing Lifestyle Behaviors. Implementation Science and Private Industry Collaboration to the Rescue. JAMA Oncol. Published online April 12, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801068 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2678090
↑ ^98.0 ^98.1 Van Blarigan EL, Fuchs CS, Niedzwiecki D et al Marine omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Fish Intake after Colon Cancer Diagnosis and Survival: CALGB 89803 (Alliance). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2018 Apr;27(4):438-445. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29358223
↑ ^99.0 ^99.1 ^99.2 Kwong TNY, Wang X, Nakatsu G et al. Association between bacteremia from specific microbes and subsequent diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2018 May 2 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29729257 https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(18)30489-X/pdf
↑ ^100.0 ^100.1 Margonis GA, Buettner S, Andreatos N et al Association of BRAF Mutations With Survival and Recurrence in Surgically Treated Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Liver Cancer. JAMA Surg. Published online May 16, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29799910 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2680564
↑ ^101.0 ^101.1 ^101.2 Wille-Jorgensen P, Syk I, Smedh K et al Effect of More vs Less Frequent Follow-up Testing on Overall and Colorectal Cancer-Specific Mortality in Patients With Stage II or III Colorectal Cancer. The COLOFOL Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;319(20):2095-2103 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29800179 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2681744
Sanoff HK Best Evidence Supports Annual Surveillance for Resected Colorectal Cancer. JAMA. 2018;319(20):2083-2085 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29800158 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2681721
↑ ^102.0 ^102.1 Davenport L No Survival Benefit With Heated Chemo in CRC Surgery. Medscape. Jun 05, 2018. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/897628
↑ ^103.0 ^103.1 McCullough ML, Zoltick ES, Weinstein SJ et al Circulating Vitamin D and Colorectal Cancer Risk: An International Pooling Project of 17 Cohorts. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. June 14, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29912394 https://academic.oup.com/jnci/advance-article-abstract
↑ ^104.0 ^104.1 Li J, Qin D, Xu RH et al Effect of Fruquintinib vs Placebo on Overall Survival in Patients With Previously Treated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. The FRESCO Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;319(24):2486-2496 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2685988
↑ ^105.0 ^105.1 Nelson R Lymph Node Removal Ups Survival in Right-Sided Colon Cancer. Medscape. Aug 09, 2018. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/900477
↑ ^106.0 ^106.1 Liu PH, Wu K, Ng K et al Association of Obesity With Risk of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Among Women. JAMA Oncol. Published online October 11, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30326010 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2705608
↑ Allegra CJ, Rumble RB, Hamilton SR et al Extended RAS Gene Mutation Testing in Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma to Predict Response to Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Provisional Clinical Opinion Update 2015. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jan 10;34(2):179-85. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26438111
↑ Smith JJ, D'Angelica MI. Surgical management of hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2015 Feb;29(1):61-84. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25475573
↑ Dotan E, Cohen SJ. Challenges in the management of stage II colon cancer. Semin Oncol. 2011 Aug;38(4):511-20. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810510 Free PMC Article
↑ Andre T, de Gramont A, Vernerey D Adjuvant Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Oxaliplatin in Stage II to III Colon Cancer: Updated 10-Year Survival and Outcomes According to BRAF Mutation and Mismatch Repair Status of the MOSAIC Study. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Dec 10;33(35):4176-87. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26527776
↑ Inra JA, Syngal S. Colorectal cancer in young adults. Dig Dis Sci. 2015 Mar;60(3):722-33. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25480403
↑ American Gastroenterology Association. AGA institute guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: clinical decision tool. Gastroenterology. 2014 May;146(5):1413-4. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24742563
↑ ^113.0 ^113.1 Kerr DJ. More Proof That Less Chemo Is Best in Elderly Colorectal Cancer Patients. Medscape. Jan 24, 2019. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/907877
↑ ^114.0 ^114.1 Tian Y, Kharazmi E, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Brenner H, Fallah M. Familial colorectal cancer risk in half siblings and siblings: Nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2019;364:l803 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30872356 Free PMC Article https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l803
↑ ^115.0 ^115.1 Meester RGS, Mannalithara A, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I et al Trends in Incidence and Stage at Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer in Adults Aged 40 Through 49 Years, 1975-2015. JAMA. 2019;321(19):1933-1934. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31112249 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2733959
↑ ^116.0 ^116.1 Zhang J, Haines C, Watson AJM et al Oral antibiotic use and risk of colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom, 1989-2012: a matched case-control study. Gut microbiota. Aug 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31427405 https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2019/07/11/gutjnl-2019-318593
↑ ^117.0 ^117.1 Mackintosh C, Yuan C, Ou FS et al Association of Coffee Intake With Survival in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. JAMA Oncol. Published online September 17, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32940631 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2770262
Loftfield E, Gunter MJ, Sinha R Coffee and Colorectal CancerIs Improved Survival a "Perk" of Coffee Drinking? JAMA Oncol. Published online September 17, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32940627 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2770257
↑ ^118.0 ^118.1 ^118.2 Chapelle N et al. Recent advances in clinical practice: Colorectal cancer chemoprevention in the average-risk population. Gut 2020 Sep 28; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32989022 https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2020/09/08/gutjnl-2020-320990
↑ ^119.0 ^119.1 Aghayan DL et al. Long-term oncologic outcomes after laparoscopic versus open resection for colorectal liver metastases: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2020 Nov 17; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33197213 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-4011
↑ ^120.0 ^120.1 Bankhead C Liquid Biopsy Predicts Colon Cancer Relapse Months Before CT - Test for ctDNA outperformed existing biomarker, may help guide therapy. MedPage Today January 17, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/mgics/90745
Henriksen TV et al Circulating tumor DNA analysis for assessment of recurrence risk, benefit of adjuvant therapy, and early relapse detection after treatment in colorectal cancer patients. Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium (GICS) 2021
↑ ^121.0 ^121.1 Veettil SK, Wong TY, Loo YS et al Role of Diet in Colorectal Cancer Incidence. Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Prospective Observational Studies. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(2):e2037341 Feb 16. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33591366 Free article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2776517
↑ ^122.0 ^122.1 Nelson R Confirmed: Diet Influences Colorectal Cancer Risk. Medscape - Mar 04, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/946865
↑ ^123.0 ^123.1 Guo CG, Ma W, Drew DA et al Aspirin Use and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Among Older Adults. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(3):428-435 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33475710 PMCID: PMC7821085 (available on 2022-01-21) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2775175
↑ ^124.0 ^124.1 Kanemitsu Y, Shitara K, Mizusawa J et al. Primary tumor resection plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for colorectal cancer patients with asymptomatic, synchronous unresectable metastases (JCOG1007; iPACS): A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 2021 Apr 1; 39:1098 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33560877 https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.20.02447
↑ ^125.0 ^125.1 Davenport L Antibiotic Linked to Rise in Early-Onset Colon Cancer? Medscape - Jul 05, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/954225
Davenport L Antibiotic Use and Colon Cancer: More Evidence of Link. Medscape. September 14, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/958688
↑ ^126.0 ^126.1 D'Ambrosio A Mom's Obesity During Pregnancy Linked to Colon Cancer in Offspring. Findings highlight the potential importance of early life events on developing disease. MedPage Today August 23, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/obgyn/pregnancy/94179
Murphy CC, Cirillo PM, Krigbaum NY et al Maternal obesity, pregnancy weight gain, and birth weight and risk of colorectal cancer. Gut 2021 Aug 24;gutjnl-2021-325001 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34429385 https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2021/08/12/gutjnl-2021-325001
↑ ^127.0 ^127.1 ^127.2 ^127.3 ^127.4 REACCT Collaborative Characteristics of Early-Onset vs Late-Onset Colorectal Cancer. A Review JAMA Surg. 2021;156(9):865-874. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34190968 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2781485
↑ ^128.0 ^128.1 ^128.2 Lu SSM, Mohammed Z, Haggstrom C et al. Antibiotics use and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer: A Swedish nationwide population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021 Sep 1; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34467395 https://academic.oup.com/jnci/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jnci/djab125/6360113
↑ ^129.0 ^129.1 ^129.2 ^129.3 van der Kruijssen DEW, Elias SG, Vink GR et al Sixty-Day Mortality of Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Randomized to Systemic Treatment vs Primary Tumor Resection Followed by Systemic Treatment. The CAIRO4 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2021. October 6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34613339 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2784822
↑ ^130.0 ^130.1 Worcester S Gum Disease Linked to Colorectal Cancer: COLDENT Study. Medscape February 10, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/968247
Idrissi Janati A, Karp I, Latulippe JF et al Periodontal disease as a risk factor for sporadic colorectal cancer: results from COLDENT study. Cancer Causes Control. 2022. 33(3):463-472. Jan 26. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35079924 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-021-01541-y
↑ Elliott Knapp D No Improvement in CRC Outcomes With Vitamin E Supplementation Medscape. Feb 14, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/968454
↑ ^132.0 ^132.1 Brooks M Height is an 'Overlooked Risk Factor' for Colorectal Cancer? Medscape. March 8 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/969920
Zhou E, Wang L, Santiago CN et al Adult-Attained Height and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Cohort Study, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2022 Mar 1:cebp.0398.2021, March 11 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35247904 https://aacrjournals.org/cebp/article-abstract/doi/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-0398/681974/Adult-Attained-Height-and-Colorectal-Cancer-Risk-A
↑ ^133.0 ^133.1 Brooks M New Insight on How a Western Diet May Cause Colorectal Cancer. Medscape. July 1, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/976484
Arima K, Zhong R, Ugai T et al Western-style Diet, pks Island-Carrying Escherichia coli, and Colorectal Cancer: Analyses from Two Large Prospective Cohort Studies. Gastroenterology. 2022. June 24 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35760086 https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(22)00672-2/pdf
↑ ^134.0 ^134.1 Wang L, Du M, Wang K et al Association of ultra-processed food consumption with colorectal cancer risk among men and women: results from three prospective US cohort studies. BMJ 2022 Aug 31; 378:e068921. https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2021-068921
Bonaccio M et al. Joint association of food nutritional profile by Nutri-Score front-of-pack label and ultra-processed food intake with mortality: Moli-sani prospective cohort study. BMJ 2022 Aug 31; 378:e070688 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33957970 PMCID: PMC8101098 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2022-070688
Monteiro CA, Cannon G. The trouble with ultra-processed foods. BMJ 2022 Aug 31; 378:o1972 https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj.o1972
↑ ^135.0 ^135.1 ^135.2 ^135.3 Davenport L 'Unprecedented' Responses to Neoadjuvant Treatment in dMMR Colon Cancer. Medscape. Sept 11, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/980548
↑ ^136.0 ^136.1 ^136.2 ^136.3 Ahmad A Colorectal Cancer: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Options. Medscape. Oct 6, 2022 https://reference.medscape.com/slideshow/colorectal-cancer-6007241
↑ ^137.0 ^137.1 Brooks M Not All Plant-Based Diets Equal for CRC Risk Reduction. Medscape. Dec 5, 1022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/984981
Kim J, Boushey CJ, Wilkens LR et al. Plant-based dietary patterns defined by a priori indices and colorectal cancer risk by sex and race/ethnicity: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. BMC Med 2022. Nov 29;20(1):430 https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-022-02623-7 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36443779 PMCID: PMC9706862 Free PMC article
↑ ^138.0 ^138.1 Harrison L Lifestyle Changes May Reduce Colorectal Cancer Risk. Medscape. December 30, 2022. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986379
Botteri E, Peveri G, Berstad P et al Changes in Lifestyle and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022. Dec 2 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36227801 https://journals.lww.com/ajg/Abstract/9900/Changes_in_Lifestyle_and_Risk_of_Colorectal_Cancer.550.aspx
↑ ^139.0 ^139.1 Fritz CDL, Otegbeye EE, Zong X Red-flag Signs and Symptoms for Earlier Diagnosis of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2023. May 4 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37138415 https://academic.oup.com/jnci/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jnci/djad068/7147891
↑ ^140.0 ^140.1 Haelle T New AI Tool May Help Predict Best Treatments for Colorectal Cancer. Medscape.May 10, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/991800
Tsai PC, Lee TH, Kuo KC et al Histopathology images predict multi-omics aberrations and prognoses in colorectal cancer patients. Nature Communications. 2023. April 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37055393 PMCID: PMC10102208 Free PMC article https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-37179-4%20%0A
↑ ^141.0 ^141.1 Viennet M et al Increased Risk of Colon Cancer after Acute Appendicitis: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023 Aug 30;63:102196 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37680941 PMCID: PMC10480545 Free PMC article https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4436221
↑ ^142.0 ^142.1 Arjona-Sanchez A, Espinosa-Redondo E, Gutierrez-Calvo A et al Efficacy and Safety of Intraoperative Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer. A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2023;158(7):683-691 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37099280 PMCID: PMC10134040 (available on 2024-04-26) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2804110
↑ ^143.0 ^143.1 ^143.2 Zepeda-Rivera M, Minot SS, Bouzek H et al. A distinct Fusobacterium nucleatum clade dominates the colorectal cancer niche. Nature 2024 Apr 11; 628:424 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38509359 PMCID: PMC11006615 Free PMC article. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07182-w
↑ ^144.0 ^144.1 He MM, Wang K, Lo CH et al Post-diagnostic multivitamin supplement use and colorectal cancer survival: A prospective cohort study. Cancer. 2024. Feb 6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38319287 https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cncr.35234
↑ ^145.0 ^145.1 Otto MA Debulking Does Not Improve Survival in Multiorgan Metastatic CRC. Medscape. June 11, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/debulking-does-not-improve-survival-multiorgan-metastatic-2024a1000awl
↑ ^146.0 ^146.1 Brooks M High-Dose Vitamin D Disappoints in Metastatic CRC: SOLARIS. Medscape. September 19, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/high-dose-vitamin-d-disappoints-metastatic-crc-solaris-2024a1000h20
↑ ^147.0 ^147.1 Sumnners C What's new in KRAS mutation research? MD Anderson 2024. April 4 https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-s-new-in-kras-mutation-research-.h00-159696756.html
↑ NCCN Guidelines for Treatment of Cancer: Colon/Rectal Cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#colon

Patient information

colorectal adenocarcinoma information

Database

OMIM: https://mirror.omim.org/entry/114500
OMIM: https://mirror.omim.org/entry/612229

[ref1-1] Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 332-33

[ref2-2] 2.00 ^2.01 ^2.02 ^2.03 ^2.04 ^2.05 ^2.06 ^2.07 ^2.08 ^2.09 ^2.10 ^2.11 ^2.12 ^2.13 ^2.14 ^2.15 ^2.16 ^2.17 ^2.18 ^2.19 ^2.20 ^2.21 ^2.22 ^2.23 ^2.24 ^2.25 ^2.26 ^2.27 ^2.28 ^2.29 ^2.30 ^2.31 ^2.32 ^2.33 ^2.34 ^2.35 ^2.36 ^2.37 ^2.38 ^2.39 ^2.40 ^2.41 ^2.42 ^2.43 ^2.44 ^2.45 ^2.46 ^2.47 ^2.48 ^2.49 ^2.50 ^2.51 ^2.52 ^2.53 ^2.54 ^2.55 ^2.56 ^2.57 ^2.58 ^2.59 ^2.60 ^2.61 ^2.62 ^2.63 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021.
Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022

[ref3-3] Mayo Internal Medicine Board Review, 1998-99, Prakash UBS (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1998, pg 670-671

[ref4-4] Journal Watch 20(23):154-55, 2000

[ref5-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Journal Watch 20(23):182-183, 2000 Sonnenberg A et al Cost-effectiveness of colonoscopy in screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 133:573, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11033584
Frazier AL et al Cost-effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer in the general population. JAMA 284:1954, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11035892 Inciardi JF et al Incidence trends for colorectal cancer in California: implications for current screening practices. Am J Med 109:277, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10996577

[ref6-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Journal Watch 20(24):189, 2000 Ahlquist DA et al Colorectal cancer screening by detection of altered human DNA in stool: feasibility of a multitarget assay panel. Gastroenterology 119:1219, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11054379

[ref7-7] Mandel JS et al The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 343:1603, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11096167

[ref8-8] Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. Fauci et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1998, pg 521, 539

[ref9-9] Wikipedia; Colorectal cancer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colon_cancer

[ref10-10] Journal Watch 22(5):38, 2002 Traverso G et al Detection of APC mutations in fecal DNA from patients with colorectal tumors. N Engl J Med 346:311, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11821507

[ref11-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 ^11.5 ^11.6 Geriatrics Review Syllabus, American Geriatrics Society, 5th edition, 2002-2004; 7th edition 2010

[ref12-12] Journal Watch 23(8):63, 2003 Cui H et al Loss of IGF2 imprinting: a potential marker of colorectal cancer risk. Science 299:1753, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637750
Ranshohoff DF et al Cancer. Developing molecular biomarkers for cancer. Science 299:1679, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637728

[ref13-13] 13.0 ^13.1 Journal Watch 23(8):62, 2003 Sandler RS et al, A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas in patients with previous colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 348:883, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12621132
Baron JA et al, A randomized trial of aspirin to prevent colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 348:891, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12621133 Imperiale, N Engl J Med 348:879, 2003

[ref14-14] 14.0 ^14.1 Journal Watch 24(1):12, 2004 Pickhardt PJ et al, N Engl J Med 349:2191, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14657426 Morrin MM & LaMont JT N Engl J Med 349:2261, 2003

[ref15-15] 15.0 ^15.1 Journal Watch 24(3):27, 2004 Grau MV et al, Vitamin D, calcium supplementation, and colorectal adenomas: results of a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 95:1765, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14652238

[ref16-16] 16.0 ^16.1 Larsson SC, Bergkvist L, Wolk A. Magnesium intake in relation to risk of colorectal cancer in women. JAMA. 2005 Jan 5;293(1):86-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15632340

[ref17-17] 17.0 ^17.1 Journal Watch 25(14):113, 2005 Guillou PJ, Quirke P, Thorpe H, Walker J, Jayne DG, Smith AM, Heath RM, Brown JM; MRC CLASICC trial group. Short-term endpoints of conventional versus laparoscopic- assisted surgery in patients with colorectal cancer (MRC CLASICC trial): multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2005 May;365(9472):1718-26. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15894098

[ref18-18] 18.0 ^18.1 Park Y, Hunter DJ, Spiegelman D, Bergkvist L, Berrino F, van den Brandt PA, Buring JE, Colditz GA, Freudenheim JL, Fuchs CS, Giovannucci E, Goldbohm RA, Graham S, Harnack L, Hartman AM, Jacobs DR Jr, Kato I, Krogh V, Leitzmann MF, McCullough ML, Miller AB, Pietinen P, Rohan TE, Schatzkin A, Willett WC, Wolk A, Zeleniuch-Jacquotte A, Zhang SM, Smith-Warner SA. Dietary fiber intake and risk of colorectal cancer: a pooled analysis of prospective cohort studies. JAMA. 2005 Dec 14;294(22):2849-57. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16352792
Baron JA. Dietary fiber and colorectal cancer. An ongoing saga. JAMA 2005; 294:2904 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16352800

[ref19-19] 19.0 ^19.1 ^19.2 Veterans Administration, Hematology/Oncology

[ref20-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Larsson SC et al, High-fat dairy food and conjugated linoleic acid intakes in relation to colorectal cancer incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort Am J Clin Nutr 2005, 82:894 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16210722

[ref21-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Popat S, Chen Z, Zhao D, Pan H, Hearle N, Chandler I, Shao Y, Aherne W, Houlston R. A prospective, blinded analysis of thymidylate synthase and p53 expression as prognostic markers in the adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol. 2006 Dec;17(12):1810-7. Epub 2006 Sep 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971666

[ref22-22] 22.0 ^22.1 ^22.2 Baron JA et al Calcium supplements for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. Calcium Polyp Prevention Study Group. N Engl J Med. 1999 Jan 14;340(2):101-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9887161
Grau MV et al Prolonged effect of calcium supplementation on risk of colorectal adenomas in a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2007 Jan 17;99(2):129-36. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17227996

[ref23-23] Grau MV et al, Prolonged effect of calcium supplementation on risk of colorectal adenomas in a randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007, 99:129 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17227996

[ref24-24] 24.0 ^24.1 Meyerhardt JA et al, Association of dietary patterns with cancer recurrence and survival in patients with stage III colon cancer. JAMA 2007, 298:754 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17699009

[ref25-25] 25.0 ^25.1 Jonker DJ et al, Cetuximab for the treatment of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 2007, 357:2040 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18003960

[ref26-26] 26.0 ^26.1 Scheffer AJ et al, MicroRNA expression profiles associated with prognosis and therapeutic outcome in colon adenocarcinoma. JAMA 2008, 299:425 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18230780

[ref27-27] 27.0 ^27.1 Lievre A et al. KRAS mutations as an independent prognostic factor in patients with advanced colorectal cancer treated with cetuximab. J Clin Oncol 2008 Jan 20; 26:374. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18202412

[ref28-28] 28.0 ^28.1 ^28.2 Cole BF et al Aspirin for the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas: Meta-analysis of the randomized trials. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009 Feb 18; 101:256. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19211452
Grau MV et al. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use after 3 years of aspirin use and colorectal adenoma risk: Observational follow-up of a randomized study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2009 Feb 18; 101:267. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19211442
The use of aspirin for primary prevention of colorectal cancer: a systematic review prepared for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force.Dube C, Rostom A, Lewin G et al Ann Intern Med. 2007 Mar 6;146(5):365-75. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17339622

[ref29-29] 29.0 ^29.1 Li D et al. Association of large serrated polyps with synchronous advanced colorectal neoplasia. Am J Gastroenterol 2009 Mar; 104:695. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19223889

[ref30-30] 30.0 ^30.1 ^30.2 Rim SH et al Colorectal cancer incidence in the United States, 1999-2004: An updated analysis of data from the National Program of Cancer Registries and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program. Cancer 2009 May 1; 115:1967. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19235249

[ref31-31] 31.0 ^31.1 ^31.2 Larsson SC et al. Vitamin B6 and risk of colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis of prospective studies. JAMA 2010 Mar 17; 303:1077. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233826

[ref32-32] 32.0 ^32.1 Hartman TJ, Albert PS, Snyder K, Slattery ML, Caan B, Paskett E, Iber F, Kikendall JW, Marshall J, Shike M, Weissfeld J, Brewer B, Schatzkin A, Lanza E; Polyp Prevention Study Group. The association of calcium and vitamin D with risk of colorectal adenomas. J Nutr. 2005 Feb;135(2):252-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15671222
Harris DM, Go VL. Vitamin D and colon carcinogenesis. J Nutr. 2004 Dec;134(12 Suppl):3463S-3471S. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15570055

[ref33-33] 33.0 ^33.1 Zhang X et al, Risk of Colon Cancer and Coffee, Tea, and Sugar-Sweetened Soft Drink Intake: Pooled Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies Journal of the National Cancer Institute Advance Access (JNCI) published online on May 7, 2010 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20453203 doi:10.1093/jnci/djq107

[ref34-34] 34.0 ^34.1 ^34.2 Din FVN et al Effect of aspirin and NSAIDs on risk and survival from colorectal cancer Gut doi:10.1136/gut.2009.203000 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844293 <Internet> http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2010/08/12/gut.2009.203000.abstract

[ref35-35] 35.0 ^35.1 ^35.2 Din FVN et al. Effect of aspirin and NSAIDs on risk and survival from colorectal cancer. Gut 2010 Sep 15; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20844293 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.2009.203000

[ref36-36] 36.0 ^36.1 Kirkegaard H et al, Association of adherence to lifestyle recommendations and risk of colorectal cancer: a prospective Danish cohort study BMJ 2010; 341:c5504 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20978063 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c5504.full

[ref37-37] 37.0 ^37.1 Rothwell PM et al. Long-term effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year follow-up of five randomised trials. Lancet 2010 Nov 20; 376:1741 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20970847
Rothwell PM et al Effect of daily aspirin on long-term risk of death due to cancer: analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials Lancet. 2011 Jan 1;377(9759):31-41. Epub 2010 Dec 6. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21144578 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62110-1/abstract

[ref38-38] 38.0 ^38.1 ^38.2 Seymour MT et al. Chemotherapy options in elderly and frail patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (MRC FOCUS2): An open-label, randomised factorial trial. Lancet 2011 May 21; 377:1749. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21570111

[ref39-39] 39.0 ^39.1 ^39.2 Kostic AD et al. Genomic analysis identifies association of Fusobacterium with colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res. 2012 Feb;22(2):292-8. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009990 <Internet> http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/10/04/gr.126573.111
Castellarin M et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum infection is prevalent in human colorectal carcinoma. Genome Res. 2012 Feb;22(2):299-306 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22009989 <Internet> http://genome.cshlp.org/content/early/2011/10/05/gr.126516.111
Rubinstein MR et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by modulating E-cadherin/beta-catenin signaling via its FadA adhesin. Cell Host Microbe 2013 Aug 14; 14:195. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23954158
Kostic AD et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment. Cell Host Microbe 2013 Aug 14; 14:207. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23954159
Rubinstein MR et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by modulating E-cadherin/beta-catenin signaling via its FadA adhesin. Cell Host Microbe 2013 Aug 14; 14:195. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23954158
Kostic AD et al. Fusobacterium nucleatum potentiates intestinal tumorigenesis and modulates the tumor-immune microenvironment. Cell Host Microbe 2013 Aug 14; 14:207. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23954159

[ref40-40] 40.0 ^40.1 ^40.2 Aune D et al. Dietary fibre, whole grains, and risk of colorectal cancer: Systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2011 Nov 10; 343:d6617. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22074852 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/343/bmj.d6617.full

[ref41-41] 41.0 ^41.1 ARUP Consult: Colorectal Cancer The Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation https://www.arupconsult.com/content/colorectal-cancer

[ref42-42] 42.0 ^42.1 Liao X et al Aspirin Use, Tumor PIK3CA Mutation, and Colorectal-Cancer Survival N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1596-1606October 25, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2309472 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1207756
Pasche B Aspirin - From Prevention to Targeted Therapy N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1650-1651October 25, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23094728 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1210322

[ref43-43] 43.0 ^43.1 Hornbech K, Ravn J, Steinbruchel DA. Outcome after pulmonary metastasectomy: analysis of 5 years consecutive surgical resections 2002-2006. J Thorac Oncol. 2011 Oct;6(10):1733-40 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21869715

[ref44-44] 44.0 ^44.1 Hassan C et al Computed tomographic colonography for colorectal cancer screening. Risk factors for the detection of advanced neoplasia. Cancer. June 10, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23754679 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.28007/abstrac

[ref45-45] Sargent DJ, Patiyil S, Yothers G et al End points for colon cancer adjuvant trials: observations and recommendations based on individual patient data from 20,898 patients enrolled onto 18 randomized trials from the ACCENT Group. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Oct 10;25(29):4569-74 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17876008

[ref46-46] 46.0 ^46.1 Andre T, Boni C, Navarro M et al Improved overall survival with oxaliplatin, fluorouracil, and leucovorin as adjuvant treatment in stage II or III colon cancer in the MOSAIC trial. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Jul 1;27(19):3109-16 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19451431

[ref47-47] House MG, Ito H, Gonen M, Fong Y et al Survival after hepatic resection for metastatic colorectal cancer: trends in outcomes for 1,600 patients during two decades at a single institution. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20421043

[ref48-48] 48.0 ^48.1 ^48.2 ^48.3 Desch CE, Benson AB, Somerfield MR et al Colorectal cancer surveillance: 2005 update of an American Society of Clinical Oncology practice guideline. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Nov 20;23(33):8512-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16260687

[ref49-49] 49.0 ^49.1 Nishihara R et al. Aspirin use and risk of colorectal cancer according to BRAF mutation status. JAMA 2013 Jun 26; 309:2563 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23800934

[ref50-50] Hurwitz H, Fehrenbacher L, Novotny W et al Bevacizumab plus irinotecan, fluorouracil, and leucovorin for metastatic colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2004 Jun 3;350(23):2335-42. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15175435

[ref51-51] 51.0 ^51.1 ^51.2 ^51.3 Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ et al K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008 Oct 23;359(17):1757-65 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946061

[ref52-52] 52.0 ^52.1 Saltz LB, Clarke S, Diaz-Rubio E et al Bevacizumab in combination with oxaliplatin-based chemotherapy as first-line therapy in metastatic colorectal cancer: a randomized phase III study. J Clin Oncol. 2008 Apr 20;26(12):2013-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18421054

[ref53-53] 53.0 ^53.1 Cook NR et al. Alternate-day, low-dose aspirin and cancer risk: Long-term observational follow-up of a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2013 Jul 16; 159:77 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23856681

[ref54-54] Rex DK, Kahi CJ, Levin B, Smith RA et al Guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: a consensus update by the American Cancer Society and US Multi- Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. CA Cancer J Clin. 2006 May-Jun;56(3):160-7; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16737948

[ref55-55] Huxley RR, Ansary-Moghaddam A, Clifton P et al The impact of dietary and lifestyle risk factors on risk of colorectal cancer: a quantitative overview of the epidemiological evidence. Int J Cancer. 2009 Jul 1;125(1):171-80 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19350627

[ref56-56] 56.0 ^56.1 ^56.2 Ahn J, Sinha R, Pei Z et al Human Gut Microbiome and Risk of Colorectal Cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst (2013) Dec 6 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24316595 <Internet> http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/11/27/jnci.djt300.abstract
Mai V and Morris JG Need for Prospective Cohort Studies to Establish Human Gut Microbiome Contributions to Disease Risk. Natl Cancer Inst (2013) Dec 6 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24316594 <Internet> http://jnci.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/11/27/jnci.djt349.full

[ref57-57] 57.0 ^57.1 ^57.2 Singh J, Rivenson A, Tomita M et al Bifidobacterium longum, a lactic acid-producing intestinal bacterium inhibits colon cancer and modulates the intermediate biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis. 1997;18(4):833 http://carcin.oxfordjournals.org/content/18/4/833.abstract

[ref58-58] 58.0 ^58.1 ^58.2 Primrose JN et al. Effect of 3 to 5 years of scheduled CEA and CT follow-up to detect recurrence of colorectal cancer: The FACS randomized trial. JAMA 2014 Jan 15; 311:263. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24430319

[ref59-59] Saif MW1, Lichtman SM. Chemotherapy options and outcomes in older adult patients with colorectal cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 2009 Nov;72(2):155-69 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19356946

[ref60-60] 60.0 ^60.1 Thierry AR et al. Clinical validation of the detection of KRAS and BRAF mutations from circulating tumor DNA. Nat Med 2014 Apr; 20:430 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24658074 <Internet> http://www.nature.com/nm/journal/v20/n4/full/nm.3511.html

[ref61-61] 61.0 ^61.1 Zgaga L, Theodoratou E, Farrington SM et al Plasma Vitamin D Concentration Influences Survival Outcome After a Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2014 July 7 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25002714

[ref62-62] 62.0 ^62.1 ^62.2 Bailey CE et al Increasing Disparities in the Age-Related Incidences of Colon and Rectal Cancers in the United States, 1975-2010. JAMA Surg. Published online November 05, 2014. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372703 <Internet> http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1920838
Turaga KK Screening Young Adults for Nonhereditary Colorectal Cancer. JAMA Surg. Published online November 05, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25372305 <Internet> http://archsurg.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1920835

[ref63-63] 63.0 ^63.1 Kurylo JC, Schmidt AH Gas Gangrene of a Prosthetic Hip N Engl J Med 2014; 371:1917. November 13, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25390742 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm1400498

[ref64-64] 64.0 ^64.1 Silber JH et al Racial Disparities in Colon Cancer Survival: A Matched Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(12):845-854 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25506853 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2023008

[ref65-65] 65.0 ^65.1 Lakoski SG et al Midlife Cardiorespiratory Fitness, Incident Cancer, and Survival After Cancer in MenThe Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. JAMA Oncol. Published online March 26, 2015. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26181028 <Internet> http://oncology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2203829

[ref66-66] 66.0 ^66.1 Papamichael D, Audisio RA, Glimelius B et al Treatment of colorectal cancer in older patients: International Society of Geriatric Oncology (SIOG) consensus recommendations 2013. Ann Oncol. 2015 Mar;26(3):463-76 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25015334

[ref67-67] 67.0 ^67.1 ^67.2 ^67.3 Rothaus C Refractory Metastatic Colon Cancer Now@NEJM. May 15, 2015 http://blogs.nejm.org/now/index.php/refractory-metastatic-colon-cancer/2015/05/15/

[ref68-68] 68.0 ^68.1 Kantor ED et al Adolescent body mass index and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in relation to colorectal cancer risk. Gut. May 18, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25986947 <Internet> http://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2015/04/28/gutjnl-2014-309007.abstract

[ref69-69] 69.0 ^69.1 Ng K, Venook AP, Sato V, et al. Vitamin D status and survival of metastatic colorectal cancer patients: Results from CALGB/SWOG 80405 (Alliance). Program and abstracts of the American Society of Clinical Oncology Annual Meeting; May 29-June 2, 2015; Chicago, Illinois. Abstract 3503

[ref70-70] 70.0 ^70.1 Tabernero J et al. Ramucirumab versus placebo in combination with second-line FOLFIRI in patients with metastatic colorectal carcinoma that progressed during or after first-line therapy with bevacizumab, oxaliplatin, and a fluoropyrimidine (RAISE): A randomised, double-blind, multicentre, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2015 May; 16:499-508 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25877855 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2815%2970127-0/abstract

[ref71-71] 71.0 ^71.1 ^71.2 Friis S, Riis AH, Erichsen R et al Low-Dose Aspirin or Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Population-Based, Case-Control Study. Ann Intern Med. Published online 25 August 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26302241 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2430205

[ref72-72] 72.0 ^72.1 ^72.2 ^72.3 ^72.4 ^72.5 ^72.6 ^72.7 El-Shami K et al American Cancer Society Colorectal Cancer Survivorship Care Guidelines. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. Sept. 8, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26348643 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21286/full

[ref73-73] 73.0 ^73.1 Rubenstein JH et al American Gastroenterological Association Institute Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Lynch Syndrome. Gastroenterology. July 28, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26226577 <Internet> http://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085%2815%2901031-8/fulltext

[ref74-74] 74.0 ^74.1 ^74.2 US Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Draft Recommendation Statement. 2015 Aspirin to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/aspirin-to-prevent-cardiovascular-disease-and-cancer

[ref75-75] Meyerhardt JA, Mangu PB, Flynn PJ et al Follow-up care, surveillance protocol, and secondary prevention measures for survivors of colorectal cancer: American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical practice guideline endorsement. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Dec 10;31(35):4465-70. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24220554 (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Feb 2018)

[ref76-76] 76.0 ^76.1 ^76.2 Peeters M, Douillard JY, Van Cutsem E et al Mutant KRAS codon 12 and 13 alleles in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: assessment as prognostic and predictive biomarkers of response to panitumumab. J Clin Oncol. 2013 Feb 20;31(6):759-65 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23182985

[ref77-77] 77.0 ^77.1 Adam R, Wicherts DA, de Haas RJ et al Patients with initially unresectable colorectal liver metastases: is there a possibility of cure? J Clin Oncol. 2009 Apr 10;27(11):1829-35. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19273699

[ref78-78] 78.0 ^78.1 ^78.2 ^78.3 Douillard JY, Oliner KS, Siena S et al Panitumumab-FOLFOX4 treatment and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013 Sep 12;369(11):1023-34. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24024839

[ref79-79] 79.0 ^79.1 ^79.2 Editors Follow-Up: No Substantive Effect of Calcium or Vitamin D in Preventing Colorectal Adenoma Recurrence. Physician's First Watch, Oct 26, 2015 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Baron JA, Barry EL, Mott LA, et al. A trial of calcium and vitamin D for the prevention of colorectal adenomas. N Engl J Med 2015 Oct 15; 373:1519 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26465985
Pommergaard HC, Burcharth J, Rosenberg J, Raskov H. Aspirin, calcitriol, and calcium do not prevent adenoma recurrence in a randomized controlled trial. Gastroenterology 2015 Sep 21 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26404953

[ref80-80] 80.0 ^80.1 St John DJ, McDermott FT, Hopper JL et al Cancer risk in relatives of patients with common colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 1993 May 15;118(10):785-90. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8470852

[ref81-81] 81.0 ^81.1 ASGE Standards of Practice Committee, Fisher DA, Shergill AK, Early DS et al Role of endoscopy in the staging and management of colorectal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc. 2013 Jul;78(1):8-1 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23664162

[ref82-82] 82.0 ^82.1 Abdelsattar ZM et al Colorectal cancer outcomes and treatment patterns in patients too young for average-risk screening. Cancer. Jan 26, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26808454 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.29716/abstract

[ref83-83] 83.0 ^83.1 Biller JA, Butros SR, Chan-Smutko G et al Case 6-2016 - A 10-Year-Old Boy with Abdominal Cramping and Fevers. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:772-781. February 25, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26933852 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcpc1408597

[ref84-84] 84.0 ^84.1 ^84.2 Cao Y, Nishihara R, Wu K et al Population-wide Impact of Long-term Use of Aspirin and the Risk for Cancer. JAMA Oncol. Published online March 03, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26940135 <Internet> http://oncology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2497878
Vilar E, Maresso KC, Hawk ET. Aspirin for Cancer Prevention. One Step Closer. JAMA Oncol. Published online March 03, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26939883 <Internet> http://oncology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2497876

[ref85-85] 85.0 ^85.1 ^85.2 ^85.3 Bibbins-Domingo K on behalf of the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Aspirin Use for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. Published online 12 April 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27064677 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2513179

[ref86-86] 86.0 ^86.1 Bains SJ et al. Aspirin as secondary prevention in patients with colorectal cancer: An unselected population-based study. J Clin Oncol 2016 Jul 20; 34:2501 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27247217

[ref87-87] 87.0 ^87.1 Dulai PS et al. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer in individuals with previous colorectal neoplasia: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2016 Dec 5; 355:i6188 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27919915 Free PMC Article <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i6188

[ref88-88] 88.0 ^88.1 Siegel RL, Fedewa SA, Anderson WF Colorectal Cancer Incidence Patterns in the United States, 1974-2013. J Natl Cancer Inst (2017) 109 (8): djw322 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28376186 https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/109/8/djw322/3053481/Colorectal-Cancer-Incidence-Patterns-in-the-United
Siegel RL, Miller KD, Fedewa SA et al Colorectal cancer statistics, 2017. CA Cancer J Clin. 2017 Mar 1. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28248415 Free Article

[ref89-89] 89.0 ^89.1 Bankhead C ASCO: Healthy Lifestyle Adds to Colon Cancer Survival - Study results should not be interpreted as substitutes for standard care. MedPage Today. May 17, 2017 https://www.medpagetoday.com/MeetingCoverage/ASCO/65387
Van Blarigan E et al American Cancer Society (ACS) Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines after colon cancer diagnosis and disease-free (DFS), recurrence-free (RFS), and overall survival (OS) in CALGB 89803 (Alliance). American Society of Clinical Oncology ASCO 2017; Abstract 10006.
Fadelu T, et al Nut consumption and survival in stage III colon cancer patients: Results from CALGB 89803 (Alliance) American Society of Clinical Oncology ASCO 2017; Abstract 3517.

[ref90-90] 90.0 ^90.1 Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Colorectal Cancer Mortality Rates in Adults Aged 20 to 54 Years in the United States, 1970-2014. JAMA. 2017 Aug 8;318(6):572-574. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28787497

[ref91-91] 91.0 ^91.1 Song M, Wu k, Meyerhardt JA et al Fiber Intake and Survival After Colorectal Cancer Diagnosis. JAMA Oncol. Published online Nov 2, 2017 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29098294 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2661061

[ref92-92] 92.0 ^92.1 ^92.2 Bullman S, Pedamallu CS, Sicinska E et al. Analysis of Fusobacterium persistence and antibiotic response in colorectal cancer. Science 2017 Dec 15; 358:1443 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29170280 <Internet> http://science.sciencemag.org/content/358/6369/1443

[ref93-93] 93.0 ^93.1 Tabung FK, Liu L, Wang W et al Association of Dietary Inflammatory Potential With Colorectal Cancer Risk in Men and Women. JAMA Oncol. Published online January 18, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346484 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2669777

[ref94-94] 94.0 ^94.1 Bankhead C. Immunotherapy Combo Active in High-Risk CRC. Disease control in 80% with nivolumab-ipilimumab MedPage Today. January 22, 2018 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/mgics/70668
Andre T, et al Nivolumab + ipilimumab combination in patients with DNA mismatch repair-deficient/microsatellite instability-high (DMMR/MSI-H) metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC): First report of the full cohort from CheckMate-142 Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium (GICS) 2018; Abstract 553.

[ref95-95] 95.0 ^95.1 Jenkins K. No Survival Benefit with Bevacizumab Maintenance in CRC. Monotherapy no better than observation after induction chemo. MedPage Today. January 28, 2018 https://www.medpagetoday.com/hematologyoncology/coloncancer/70800
Aparicio T, Ghiringhelli F, Boige V et al Bevacizumab Maintenance Versus No Maintenance During Chemotherapy- Free Intervals in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: A Randomized Phase III Trial (PRODIGE 9). J Clin Oncol 2018; Jan 18:JCO2017752931 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29346040

[ref96-96] 96.0 ^96.1 ^96.2 Mulcahy N Biggest Change Since 2004 in NCCN Colon Cancer Chemo Guide Medscape. Mar 23, 2018. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/894371
Grothey A, Sobrero AF, Shields AF et al Duration of Adjuvant Chemotherapy for Stage III Colon Cancer. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1177-1188. March 29, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29590544 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1713709

[ref97-97] 97.0 ^97.1 ^97.2 Van Blarigan EL, Fuchs CS, Niedzwiecki D et al Cancer Society Nutrition and Physical Activity Guidelines for Cancer Survivors After Colon Cancer Diagnosis. The CALGB 89803/ Alliance Trial. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29710284 JAMA Oncol. Published online April 12, 2018. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2678094
Fisch MJ, McNeill LH, Basen-Engquist KM. Helping Colorectal Cancer Survivors Benefit From Changing Lifestyle Behaviors. Implementation Science and Private Industry Collaboration to the Rescue. JAMA Oncol. Published online April 12, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801068 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2678090

[ref98-98] 98.0 ^98.1 Van Blarigan EL, Fuchs CS, Niedzwiecki D et al Marine omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid and Fish Intake after Colon Cancer Diagnosis and Survival: CALGB 89803 (Alliance). Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2018 Apr;27(4):438-445. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29358223

[ref99-99] 99.0 ^99.1 ^99.2 Kwong TNY, Wang X, Nakatsu G et al. Association between bacteremia from specific microbes and subsequent diagnosis of colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2018 May 2 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29729257 https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(18)30489-X/pdf

[ref100-100] 100.0 ^100.1 Margonis GA, Buettner S, Andreatos N et al Association of BRAF Mutations With Survival and Recurrence in Surgically Treated Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Liver Cancer. JAMA Surg. Published online May 16, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29799910 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2680564

[ref101-101] 101.0 ^101.1 ^101.2 Wille-Jorgensen P, Syk I, Smedh K et al Effect of More vs Less Frequent Follow-up Testing on Overall and Colorectal Cancer-Specific Mortality in Patients With Stage II or III Colorectal Cancer. The COLOFOL Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;319(20):2095-2103 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29800179 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2681744
Sanoff HK Best Evidence Supports Annual Surveillance for Resected Colorectal Cancer. JAMA. 2018;319(20):2083-2085 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29800158 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2681721

[ref102-102] 102.0 ^102.1 Davenport L No Survival Benefit With Heated Chemo in CRC Surgery. Medscape. Jun 05, 2018. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/897628

[ref103-103] 103.0 ^103.1 McCullough ML, Zoltick ES, Weinstein SJ et al Circulating Vitamin D and Colorectal Cancer Risk: An International Pooling Project of 17 Cohorts. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. June 14, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29912394 https://academic.oup.com/jnci/advance-article-abstract

[ref104-104] 104.0 ^104.1 Li J, Qin D, Xu RH et al Effect of Fruquintinib vs Placebo on Overall Survival in Patients With Previously Treated Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. The FRESCO Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2018;319(24):2486-2496 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2685988

[ref105-105] 105.0 ^105.1 Nelson R Lymph Node Removal Ups Survival in Right-Sided Colon Cancer. Medscape. Aug 09, 2018. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/900477

[ref106-106] 106.0 ^106.1 Liu PH, Wu K, Ng K et al Association of Obesity With Risk of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer Among Women. JAMA Oncol. Published online October 11, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30326010 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2705608

[ref107-107] Allegra CJ, Rumble RB, Hamilton SR et al Extended RAS Gene Mutation Testing in Metastatic Colorectal Carcinoma to Predict Response to Anti-Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Monoclonal Antibody Therapy: American Society of Clinical Oncology Provisional Clinical Opinion Update 2015. J Clin Oncol. 2016 Jan 10;34(2):179-85. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26438111

[ref108-108] Smith JJ, D'Angelica MI. Surgical management of hepatic metastases of colorectal cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin North Am. 2015 Feb;29(1):61-84. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25475573

[ref109-109] Dotan E, Cohen SJ. Challenges in the management of stage II colon cancer. Semin Oncol. 2011 Aug;38(4):511-20. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810510 Free PMC Article

[ref110-110] Andre T, de Gramont A, Vernerey D Adjuvant Fluorouracil, Leucovorin, and Oxaliplatin in Stage II to III Colon Cancer: Updated 10-Year Survival and Outcomes According to BRAF Mutation and Mismatch Repair Status of the MOSAIC Study. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Dec 10;33(35):4176-87. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26527776

[ref111-111] Inra JA, Syngal S. Colorectal cancer in young adults. Dig Dis Sci. 2015 Mar;60(3):722-33. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25480403

[ref112-112] American Gastroenterology Association. AGA institute guidelines for colonoscopy surveillance after cancer resection: clinical decision tool. Gastroenterology. 2014 May;146(5):1413-4. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24742563

[ref113-113] 113.0 ^113.1 Kerr DJ. More Proof That Less Chemo Is Best in Elderly Colorectal Cancer Patients. Medscape. Jan 24, 2019. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/907877

[ref114-114] 114.0 ^114.1 Tian Y, Kharazmi E, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Brenner H, Fallah M. Familial colorectal cancer risk in half siblings and siblings: Nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2019;364:l803 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30872356 Free PMC Article https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l803

[ref115-115] 115.0 ^115.1 Meester RGS, Mannalithara A, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I et al Trends in Incidence and Stage at Diagnosis of Colorectal Cancer in Adults Aged 40 Through 49 Years, 1975-2015. JAMA. 2019;321(19):1933-1934. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31112249 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2733959

[ref116-116] 116.0 ^116.1 Zhang J, Haines C, Watson AJM et al Oral antibiotic use and risk of colorectal cancer in the United Kingdom, 1989-2012: a matched case-control study. Gut microbiota. Aug 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31427405 https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2019/07/11/gutjnl-2019-318593

[ref117-117] 117.0 ^117.1 Mackintosh C, Yuan C, Ou FS et al Association of Coffee Intake With Survival in Patients With Advanced or Metastatic Colorectal Cancer. JAMA Oncol. Published online September 17, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32940631 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2770262
Loftfield E, Gunter MJ, Sinha R Coffee and Colorectal CancerIs Improved Survival a "Perk" of Coffee Drinking? JAMA Oncol. Published online September 17, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32940627 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2770257

[ref118-118] 118.0 ^118.1 ^118.2 Chapelle N et al. Recent advances in clinical practice: Colorectal cancer chemoprevention in the average-risk population. Gut 2020 Sep 28; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32989022 https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2020/09/08/gutjnl-2020-320990

[ref119-119] 119.0 ^119.1 Aghayan DL et al. Long-term oncologic outcomes after laparoscopic versus open resection for colorectal liver metastases: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2020 Nov 17; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33197213 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-4011

[ref120-120] 120.0 ^120.1 Bankhead C Liquid Biopsy Predicts Colon Cancer Relapse Months Before CT - Test for ctDNA outperformed existing biomarker, may help guide therapy. MedPage Today January 17, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/mgics/90745
Henriksen TV et al Circulating tumor DNA analysis for assessment of recurrence risk, benefit of adjuvant therapy, and early relapse detection after treatment in colorectal cancer patients. Gastrointestinal Cancers Symposium (GICS) 2021

[ref121-121] 121.0 ^121.1 Veettil SK, Wong TY, Loo YS et al Role of Diet in Colorectal Cancer Incidence. Umbrella Review of Meta-analyses of Prospective Observational Studies. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(2):e2037341 Feb 16. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33591366 Free article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2776517

[ref122-122] 122.0 ^122.1 Nelson R Confirmed: Diet Influences Colorectal Cancer Risk. Medscape - Mar 04, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/946865

[ref123-123] 123.0 ^123.1 Guo CG, Ma W, Drew DA et al Aspirin Use and Risk of Colorectal Cancer Among Older Adults. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(3):428-435 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33475710 PMCID: PMC7821085 (available on 2022-01-21) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2775175

[ref124-124] 124.0 ^124.1 Kanemitsu Y, Shitara K, Mizusawa J et al. Primary tumor resection plus chemotherapy versus chemotherapy alone for colorectal cancer patients with asymptomatic, synchronous unresectable metastases (JCOG1007; iPACS): A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Oncol 2021 Apr 1; 39:1098 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33560877 https://ascopubs.org/doi/10.1200/JCO.20.02447

[ref125-125] 125.0 ^125.1 Davenport L Antibiotic Linked to Rise in Early-Onset Colon Cancer? Medscape - Jul 05, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/954225
Davenport L Antibiotic Use and Colon Cancer: More Evidence of Link. Medscape. September 14, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/958688

[ref126-126] 126.0 ^126.1 D'Ambrosio A Mom's Obesity During Pregnancy Linked to Colon Cancer in Offspring. Findings highlight the potential importance of early life events on developing disease. MedPage Today August 23, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/obgyn/pregnancy/94179
Murphy CC, Cirillo PM, Krigbaum NY et al Maternal obesity, pregnancy weight gain, and birth weight and risk of colorectal cancer. Gut 2021 Aug 24;gutjnl-2021-325001 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34429385 https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2021/08/12/gutjnl-2021-325001

[ref127-127] 127.0 ^127.1 ^127.2 ^127.3 ^127.4 REACCT Collaborative Characteristics of Early-Onset vs Late-Onset Colorectal Cancer. A Review JAMA Surg. 2021;156(9):865-874. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34190968 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2781485

[ref128-128] 128.0 ^128.1 ^128.2 Lu SSM, Mohammed Z, Haggstrom C et al. Antibiotics use and subsequent risk of colorectal cancer: A Swedish nationwide population-based study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021 Sep 1; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34467395 https://academic.oup.com/jnci/advance-article/doi/10.1093/jnci/djab125/6360113

[ref129-129] 129.0 ^129.1 ^129.2 ^129.3 van der Kruijssen DEW, Elias SG, Vink GR et al Sixty-Day Mortality of Patients With Metastatic Colorectal Cancer Randomized to Systemic Treatment vs Primary Tumor Resection Followed by Systemic Treatment. The CAIRO4 Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2021. October 6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34613339 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2784822

[ref130-130] 130.0 ^130.1 Worcester S Gum Disease Linked to Colorectal Cancer: COLDENT Study. Medscape February 10, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/968247
Idrissi Janati A, Karp I, Latulippe JF et al Periodontal disease as a risk factor for sporadic colorectal cancer: results from COLDENT study. Cancer Causes Control. 2022. 33(3):463-472. Jan 26. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35079924 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-021-01541-y

[ref131-131] Elliott Knapp D No Improvement in CRC Outcomes With Vitamin E Supplementation Medscape. Feb 14, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/968454

[ref132-132] 132.0 ^132.1 Brooks M Height is an 'Overlooked Risk Factor' for Colorectal Cancer? Medscape. March 8 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/969920
Zhou E, Wang L, Santiago CN et al Adult-Attained Height and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Cohort Study, Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2022 Mar 1:cebp.0398.2021, March 11 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35247904 https://aacrjournals.org/cebp/article-abstract/doi/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-21-0398/681974/Adult-Attained-Height-and-Colorectal-Cancer-Risk-A

[ref133-133] 133.0 ^133.1 Brooks M New Insight on How a Western Diet May Cause Colorectal Cancer. Medscape. July 1, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/976484
Arima K, Zhong R, Ugai T et al Western-style Diet, pks Island-Carrying Escherichia coli, and Colorectal Cancer: Analyses from Two Large Prospective Cohort Studies. Gastroenterology. 2022. June 24 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35760086 https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(22)00672-2/pdf

[ref134-134] 134.0 ^134.1 Wang L, Du M, Wang K et al Association of ultra-processed food consumption with colorectal cancer risk among men and women: results from three prospective US cohort studies. BMJ 2022 Aug 31; 378:e068921. https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2021-068921
Bonaccio M et al. Joint association of food nutritional profile by Nutri-Score front-of-pack label and ultra-processed food intake with mortality: Moli-sani prospective cohort study. BMJ 2022 Aug 31; 378:e070688 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33957970 PMCID: PMC8101098 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2022-070688
Monteiro CA, Cannon G. The trouble with ultra-processed foods. BMJ 2022 Aug 31; 378:o1972 https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj.o1972

[ref135-135] 135.0 ^135.1 ^135.2 ^135.3 Davenport L 'Unprecedented' Responses to Neoadjuvant Treatment in dMMR Colon Cancer. Medscape. Sept 11, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/980548

[ref136-136] 136.0 ^136.1 ^136.2 ^136.3 Ahmad A Colorectal Cancer: Prevention, Diagnosis, and Therapeutic Options. Medscape. Oct 6, 2022 https://reference.medscape.com/slideshow/colorectal-cancer-6007241

[ref137-137] 137.0 ^137.1 Brooks M Not All Plant-Based Diets Equal for CRC Risk Reduction. Medscape. Dec 5, 1022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/984981
Kim J, Boushey CJ, Wilkens LR et al. Plant-based dietary patterns defined by a priori indices and colorectal cancer risk by sex and race/ethnicity: the Multiethnic Cohort Study. BMC Med 2022. Nov 29;20(1):430 https://bmcmedicine.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12916-022-02623-7 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36443779 PMCID: PMC9706862 Free PMC article

[ref138-138] 138.0 ^138.1 Harrison L Lifestyle Changes May Reduce Colorectal Cancer Risk. Medscape. December 30, 2022. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986379
Botteri E, Peveri G, Berstad P et al Changes in Lifestyle and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in the European Prospective Investigation Into Cancer and Nutrition. Am J Gastroenterol. 2022. Dec 2 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36227801 https://journals.lww.com/ajg/Abstract/9900/Changes_in_Lifestyle_and_Risk_of_Colorectal_Cancer.550.aspx

[ref139-139] 139.0 ^139.1 Fritz CDL, Otegbeye EE, Zong X Red-flag Signs and Symptoms for Earlier Diagnosis of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2023. May 4 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37138415 https://academic.oup.com/jnci/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jnci/djad068/7147891

[ref140-140] 140.0 ^140.1 Haelle T New AI Tool May Help Predict Best Treatments for Colorectal Cancer. Medscape.May 10, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/991800
Tsai PC, Lee TH, Kuo KC et al Histopathology images predict multi-omics aberrations and prognoses in colorectal cancer patients. Nature Communications. 2023. April 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37055393 PMCID: PMC10102208 Free PMC article https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-023-37179-4%20%0A

[ref141-141] 141.0 ^141.1 Viennet M et al Increased Risk of Colon Cancer after Acute Appendicitis: A Nationwide, Population-Based Study. EClinicalMedicine. 2023 Aug 30;63:102196 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37680941 PMCID: PMC10480545 Free PMC article https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=4436221

[ref142-142] 142.0 ^142.1 Arjona-Sanchez A, Espinosa-Redondo E, Gutierrez-Calvo A et al Efficacy and Safety of Intraoperative Hyperthermic Intraperitoneal Chemotherapy for Locally Advanced Colon Cancer. A Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Surg. 2023;158(7):683-691 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37099280 PMCID: PMC10134040 (available on 2024-04-26) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2804110

[ref143-143] 143.0 ^143.1 ^143.2 Zepeda-Rivera M, Minot SS, Bouzek H et al. A distinct Fusobacterium nucleatum clade dominates the colorectal cancer niche. Nature 2024 Apr 11; 628:424 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38509359 PMCID: PMC11006615 Free PMC article. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-024-07182-w

[ref144-144] 144.0 ^144.1 He MM, Wang K, Lo CH et al Post-diagnostic multivitamin supplement use and colorectal cancer survival: A prospective cohort study. Cancer. 2024. Feb 6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38319287 https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cncr.35234

[ref145-145] 145.0 ^145.1 Otto MA Debulking Does Not Improve Survival in Multiorgan Metastatic CRC. Medscape. June 11, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/debulking-does-not-improve-survival-multiorgan-metastatic-2024a1000awl

[ref146-146] 146.0 ^146.1 Brooks M High-Dose Vitamin D Disappoints in Metastatic CRC: SOLARIS. Medscape. September 19, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/high-dose-vitamin-d-disappoints-metastatic-crc-solaris-2024a1000h20

[ref147-147] 147.0 ^147.1 Sumnners C What's new in KRAS mutation research? MD Anderson 2024. April 4 https://www.mdanderson.org/cancerwise/what-s-new-in-kras-mutation-research-.h00-159696756.html

[ref148-148] NCCN Guidelines for Treatment of Cancer: Colon/Rectal Cancer. National Comprehensive Cancer Network http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/f_guidelines.asp#colon

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[11]

[12]

[13]

[14]

[15]

[16]

[17]

[18]

[19]

[20]

[21]

[22]

[23]

[24]

[25]

[26]

[27]

[28]

[29]

[30]

[31]

[32]

[33]

[34]

[35]

[36]

[37]

[38]

[39]

[40]

[41]

[42]

[43]

[44]

[45]

[46]

[47]

[48]

[49]

[50]

[51]

[52]

[53]

[54]

[55]

[56]

[57]

[58]

[59]

[60]

[61]

[62]

[63]

[64]

[65]

[66]

[67]

[68]

[69]

[70]

[71]

[72]

[73]

[74]

[75]

[76]

[77]

[78]

[79]

[80]

[81]

[82]

[83]

[84]

[85]

[86]

[87]

[88]

[89]

[90]

[91]

[92]

[93]

[94]

[95]

[96]

[97]

[98]

[99]

[100]

adenocarcinoma of the colon &/or rectum

Contents

Introduction

Etiology

Epidemiology

Pathology

Genetics

Clinical manifestations

Laboratory

Diagnostic procedures

Radiology

Staging

Complications

Differential diagnosis

Management

treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

follow-up, prognosis, prevention, screening

Comparative biology

Notes

More general terms

More specific terms

Additional terms

References

Patient information

Database

Navigation menu

adenocarcinoma of the colon &/or rectum

Introduction

Etiology

Epidemiology

Pathology

Genetics

Clinical manifestations

Laboratory

Diagnostic procedures

Radiology

Staging

Complications

Differential diagnosis

Management

treatment: surgery, chemotherapy, radiation

follow-up, prognosis, prevention, screening

Comparative biology

Notes

More general terms

More specific terms

Additional terms

References

Patient information

Database

Navigation menu

Search