whole grain

^[1]^[2]^[3]

Notes

higher whole grain intake associated with lower total mortality in men & women (RR=0.91)^[1]
- especially with high intake of brans (RR=0.80)
- cardiovascular mortality diminished
- cancer mortality not diminished
whole grain consumption associated with 15-31% reduction in mortality, coronary heart disease, colorectal cancer, & type 2 diabetes^[3]
increase in whole grain intake (90 g/day increase) associated with a reduced risk of
- cardiovascular disease (RR=0.78)[2]
  - stroke (RR=0.88)
  - coronary heart disease (RR=0.81)
- total cancer mortality (RR=0.85)^[2]
- all-cause mortality (RR=0.83)^[2]
- mortality from respiratory diseases (RR=0.78), infectious diseases (RR=0.74), diabetes mellitus (RR=0.49)^[2]
mortality from nervous system diseases increased with 90 g/day increase in whole grain intake (RR=1.15)^[2]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Wu H, Flint AJ, Qi Q et al Association Between Dietary Whole Grain Intake and Risk of Mortality. Two Large Prospective Studies in US Men and Women. JAMA Intern Med. Published online January 05, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25559238 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2087877
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 ^2.4 Aune D, Keum N, Giovannucci E et al Whole grain consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer, and all cause and cause specific mortality: systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. BMJ 2016;353:i2716 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27301975 Free Full Text <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/353/bmj.i2716
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Reynolds A, Mann J, Cummings J et al Carbohydrate quality and human health: a series of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. Lancet. Jan 10, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638909 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31809-9/fulltext