screening for colon cancer
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Epidemiology
- risk factors combined into an 8 point score:
- family history, smoking, higher body-mass index, less physical activity, unhealthy diet, alcohol use, tall stature, & lack of aspirin use[97]
- 0-2: 10 year risk of colorectal cancer = 0.85%
- 0.15% mortality, 0.08% with colonoscopy[97]
- 6-8: 10 year risk of colorectal cancer = 1.99%
- 0.44% mortality, 0.22% with colonoscopy [97]
Pathology
- screening for colon cancer is feasible as a result of the 10-15 year time course for the transformation of an adenomatous polyp into colorectal adenocarcinoma, ample time to detect & remove an adenoma
Indications
- health maintenance
- all persons age 50-75 years of age (USPSTF, ACP) (A recommendation)[95]
- persons age 45-49 years of age as needed (B recommendation, USPSTF)[95]
- all persons age 45-75 years of age (ACS, ACG)[62][79][86][94]
- screening resources better utilized for older unscreened individuals
- asymptomatic adults with 15-year risk < 3% may not need screening[88]
- use QCancer calculator to calculate risk[88]
- screening colonoscopy in elderly > 75 years with limited life expectancy is associated with increased risk of complications[102]
- colorectal cancer is rare[102]
- any acceptable modality of screening[10]
- colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, fecal immunochemical testing (FIT)
- fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) or high-sensitivity guaiac-based fecal occult blood testing every 2 years[89][95]
- Colonoscopy every 10 years[89]
- colonoscopy of no benefit if fecal immunochemical testing is negative[91]
- flexible sigmoidoscopy every 10 years + FIT every 2 years[89]
- air contrast barium enema formerly recommended as alternative
- preferred strategy is the one most likely completed by patient[10]
- discontinue routine screening age > 75[21][29][79]
- screening optional for elderly with life-expectancy > 10 years[45]
- may be beneficial for older patients (76-85 years) if they are healthy enough for cancer treatment, don't have other factors that might limit life expectancy, or haven't been previously screened[56]
- benefit is small in elderly > 75 years of age (C recommendation)[95]
- reduction in colorectal cancer mortality in elderly > 75 years of age without comorbidities whether or not they have been previously screened (RR=0.6)[96]; absolute risk reduction & number needed to treat not found[96]
- screening offers modest benefit in elderly 70-74 years
- in this poplulation 8 year risk for colon cancer: RR = 0.84, absolute risk reduction = 0.43%, NNT = 236 to identify 1 case of colon cancer[63]
- screening offers less benefit in elderly 75-79 years
- in this poplulation 8 year risk for colon cancer: RR=0.96, absolute risk reduction 0.13%, NNT= 769 to identify 1 case of colon cancer[63]
- routine screening for elderly 76-85 with consistently negative screenings since age 50 not indicated[19]
- screening for elderly 76-85 on case by case basis[62]
- do not screen elderly > 85 years of age[19][62][79]
- a computer model suggests screening of previously unscreened patients without comorbidities up to age 86 is cost effective[50]
- Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care
- adults aged 50-74 should be screened every 2 years with fecal occult blood testing, either guaiac or FIT, or every 10 years with flexible sigmoidoscopy (adults > 60 years of age)[59]
- adults > 75 years should not be screened[59]
- environmental & genetic factors may improve risk stratification & enable tailoring of screening recommendations[75]
- screening of low-risk individuals may be cost-effective if begun at age 56 for men & 64 for women[75]
- all persons age 50-75 years of age (USPSTF, ACP) (A recommendation)[95]
- patients with family history of colon cancer
- 1st degree relative with colon cancer at age < 60 years;
- begin screening at age 40 any modality or 10 years earlier than the time of diagnosis (whichever is younger)
- colonoscopy preferred method of screening[82]
- 2 1st degree relatives with colon cancer at age > 60 years;
- begin screening at age 40 any modality
- colonoscopy preferred method of screening[82]
- if normal, repeat every 5-10 years
- begin screening at age 40 any modality
- 1st degree relative with advanced adenomatous polyp at age < 60 years:
- begin screening at age 40 any modality or 10 years earlier than the time of diagnosis (whichever is younger)
- colonoscopy preferred method of screening[82]
- if normal, repeat every 5 years
- 1st degree relative with advanced adenomatous polyp at age > 60 years:
- begin screening at age 40 years (American College of Gastroenterogy)[94]
- colonoscopy preferred method of screening[82]
- if normal, repeat every 10 years
- risk conferred by affected half-sibling is similar to that conferred by first-degree relatives[84]
- 2nd or 3rd degree relatives with adenomatous polyps or colon cancer:
- treat as average risk
- hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (Lynch syndrome) risk
- (3-2-1 rule) 3 affected family members; 2 generations affected; 1 under age 50 years
- begin screening at age 20-25 years or 10 years prior to the earliest time of diagnosis[10]
- repeat every 1-2 years[10]
- hereditary polyposis syndromes
- familial adenomatous polyposis coli risk
- begin screening at age 10-12 with sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy
- repeat every 1-2 years prior to colectomy[10]
- see specific entity
- familial adenomatous polyposis coli risk
- pancolitis (ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease):
- begin screening colonoscopy every 1-2 years 8-10 years after initial diagnosis[10]
- screening should occur at a young age & occur often if hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer[7]
- if not hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer, screening may begin at age 45[7]
- 1st degree relative with colon cancer at age < 60 years;
- special case of inflammatory bowel disease
- colonoscopy beginning 8-10 years after diagnosis, then at intervals of 1-2 years[10]
- colonoscopy should include biopsy
- personal history of cancer
- women with a history of breast cancer before age 50 are at higher risk for colorectal cancer[68]
- breast cancer in women > 50 years of age not associated with increased risk for colon cancer[68]
- no need to alter screening frequencies
Contraindications
- no benefit for screening[13]
- men age 75-84 with poor health status
- men > 85 years of age with average or poor health status
- women > 90 years of age with average or poor health status
- elderly > 75 years with limited life expectancy[102]
* up to 50% of veterans feel that limited life expectancy should not influence screening decicions[83]
Benefit/risk
number needed to screen
- screening 1000 persons for 10 years save 1 colorectal carcinoma related death[33]
- compare with 1 serious complication per 1000 colonoscopies (see colonoscopy)
- number needed to screen to detect one advanced adenoma with flexible sigmoidoscopy is 13 in men & 27 in women[36]
- number needed to screen to detect one colorectal carcinoma for flexible sigmoidoscopy was 184 in men & 351 in women
- number needed to screen to detect one advanced adenoma with fecal occult blood testing (FIT)is 41 in men & 111 in women
- number needed to screen to detect one colorectal carcinoma with fecal occult blood testing (FIT) is 209 in men & 507 in women
- no colorectal cancer screening methods reduce all-cause mortality[62]
- flexible sigmoidoscopy may be associated with reduced mortality risk (RR = 0.975); 3 deaths could be averted per 1000 people screened within 12 years [71
- biennial screening with fecal immunochemical testing is associated with 34% fewer advanced <A385219>colorectal cancers</A385219> & 40% fewer colorectal cancer- related deaths[93]
- colonoscopy in presumptively healthy men & women 55 -64 years of age in Poland, Norway, Sweden, & the Netherlands reduced 10 year risk of colon cancer[99]
- number needed to screen to prevent 1 case of colon cancer = 455[99]
- colonoscopy reduces risk of colorectal cancer by 18% but does not reduce 10 year risk of cancer-related death[100]
Laboratory
- annual stool guaiac beginning at age 50[2][19];
- high-sensitivity fecal occult blood testing (FOBT) or fecal immunofluorescence testing (FIT) annually age 50-75 years (ACP)[54]
- fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) preferred screening test[59] every 2 years[76]
- multiple-round FIT detects more neoplasia than one-time sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy[87]
- participation rate is higher with FIT (77%) than with sigmoidoscopy (31%) or colonoscopy (24%)[87]
- lower incidence of interval colorectal cancer after negative FIT than after negative guaiac FOBT[80]
- follow-up with live phone calls may be more effective in getting patients to complete home FIT testing vs text messaging or other reminders[73]
- follow-up colonoscopy within 9 months for positive FIT[67]
- longer delays to colonoscopy associated with higher risks for cancer findings[67]
- poor performance in detecting advanced neoplasia limits its use in screening high-risk patients[70]
- stool DNA testing
- exfoliated cells in stool specimens[1][16][30]
- testing every 3 years (American Cancer Society)[69][79]
- not yet recommended by USPSTF
- procedure
- K-ras, p53, APC, bat-26, 'long DNA'[1]
- combination 'DNA integrity', hypermethulation of vimentin gene 88% sensitivity, 82% specificity[16]
- false positive vimentin gene methylation associated with older age[16]
- K-ras mutant amplification with alpha-actin control detects colon carcinoma & large adenomas[30]; test also quantifies hemoglobin
- colorectal carcinoma: sensitivity=85%, specificity=90%
- for adenomas > 1 cm: sensitivity: 63%
- fecal RT-PCR of 10 DNA markers + fecal hemoglobin
- Cologuard tests patients' stool for hemoglobin, DNA methylation & mutation markers & total amount of DNA
- FDA-approval recommended March 2014
- digital protein truncation assay[3]
- lymphocyte expression of IGF-2 may be useful[5] (see IGF-2)
- C3a anaphylatoxin (C3a-desArg)
- increased in sera of colorectal cancer patients
- 96.8% sensitivity & 96.2% specificity
- also increased in patients with colorectal adenomas[14]
- cell-free DNA detects 88% of stage 1,2, & 3 colorectal cancers[104]
- only detects 13% of precancerous lesions
- false positives 10%
- Epi proColon measures plasma levels of methylated Septin 9 DNA[46]
- FDA-approved, but sensitivity only 48%, thus not recommended
- serum carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is not recommended as a screening test[10]
Diagnostic procedures
- colonoscopy
- every 10 years age 50-75 (ACP)[54]
- Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care recommends against colonoscopy as a primary screening tool in asymptomatic adults > 50 years of age[59]
- fecal immunochemical testing (FIT) preferred screening test[59]
- a single screening colonoscopy may suffice[76][92]
- advanced neoplasia within 10 years after negative colonoscopy uncommon[90]
- Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care recommends against colonoscopy as a primary screening tool in asymptomatic adults > 50 years of age[59]
- every 10 years may be better than sigmoidoscopy[6]
- screening colonoscopy beneficial for Medicare enrollees[15] 2008 Guidelines[18] average risk 50 years of age& older
- 57% reduction in colon cancer deaths[24]
- 56% risk reduction for right-sided colon cancer[23]
- 84% risk reduction for left-sided colon cancer[23]
- significantly more protective than sigmoidoscopy only in death rates from proximal cancers[48]
- detection of advanced neoplasia higher with colonoscopy (9.1%) than with sigmoidoscopy (7.4%) or FIT (6.1%) [87
- randomized trial-level evidence of reduced cancer- specific mortality does not exist for colonoscopy[51]
- every 10 years age 50-75 (ACP)[54]
- flexible sigmoidoscopy (tier 2)
- every 5 years age 50-75 years (ACP)[12][54] with or without annual FOBT or FIT[54]
- every 10 years with annual FIT (not stool guaiac) (USPSTF)[56]
- once may be better no screening[21]
- once age 55-74 years reduces colorectal carcinoma incidence & mortality[27][32]
- benefit limited to colorectal carcinoma distal to the splenic flexure[32]
- 19% of patients who refuse sigmoidoscopy accept fecal occult blood testing[36]
- one time screening of men 50-64 years of age reduces cancer related mortality (RR = 0.73)[51]
- does not reduce colon cancer or mortality in women[78]
- one time screening at age 60 reduces incicence of colorectal cancer after 11 years (NNT=191) & 17 years (NNT=98) but no reduction in mortality[66]
- video capsule endoscopy (tier 3)[69]
- inferior to colonoscopy[20]
Radiology
- CT virtual colonoscopy (tier 2) every 5 years[14][69][95]
- double contrast barium enema every 5 years[18]
- no longer recommended[69]
Notes
- digital rectal exam yearly after age 40 no longer recommended
- options for detecting both adenomatous polyps & cancer
- flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
- computed tomography every 5 years
- colonoscopy every 10 years
- double-contrast barium enema every 5 years
- 2008 guideline has dropped the recommendation for barium enema, citing its low sensitivity & declining use[19]
- no longer recommended[69]
- options primarily for detecting cancer
- guaiac fecal occult blood testing annually
- fecal immunochemical testing annually
- stool DNA test (every 3 years)
- annual high-sensitivity fecal occult blood testing equivalent to colonoscopy at 10-year intervals in years of life gained[19]
- fecal occult blood (FOB) vs colonoscopy
- FOB more likely to be accepted by patients than colonoscopy
- FOB & colonoscopy detect colon cancer equally[29]
- colonoscopy more effective than in detecting ademomas, including advanced adenomas[29]
- polypectomy reduces colon cancer mortality[29]
- comparison of mortality FOB vs colonoscopy not done[29]
- screening tool based on 5 variables may be useful for selecting patients for less invasive screening [55
- compliance with screening recommendations
- 62% of adults comply with USPSTF recommendations for screening, yet 50% of colon cancers present at late stage[22]
- compliance is improved if patients either offered FOBT or given a choice of FOBT or colonoscopy[31]
- awareness of personal risk does not increase screening rates[52]
- electronic reminders do not affect screening rates[25]
- mailing FOBT kits directly to patients is the most effective means of increasing colon cancer screening rates[35]
- outreach program may improve screening rates[72] colonoscopy more so than FIT
- patient navigators & automated reminders for clinicians improve follow-up of positive FOBT or FIT[74]
- active distribution of fecal blood testing is most effective means of increasing screening rate
- endoscopists recommend follow-up colonoscopy at intervals often shorter than guideline-recommended intervals[53]
- canines (dogs) can be trained to detect colon cancer[26]
- compared with colonoscopy, a labrador retriever achieved a sensitivity of 91% & specificity of 99% with breath samples& 97% & 99% with watery stool samples in distinguishing patients with colon cancer vs controls
- results were similar between early & late-stage cancers[26]
- older age & male sex are independent predictors of advanced colorectal neoplasia[37]
- colorectal cancer risk calculator from the National Cancer Institute
out-of-pocket costs
- 1 in 6 individuals undergo colonoscopy within 6 months of stool testing
- out-of-pocket costs for colonoscopy incurred by ~1/2 who are commercially insured & by > 3/4 who are covered by Medicare, with costs increased when polypectomy performed[98]
More general terms
Additional terms
- adenocarcinoma of the colon &/or rectum
- colonoscopy
- colorectal polyp
- fecal occult blood; fecal immunochemical testing; fecal immunofluorescence testing, multitarget stool DNA (mt-sDNA, FOB, FIT, iFOBT, ColonCARE, Hemoccult, ICT, InSure)
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Journal Watch 20(24):189, 2000 Ahlquist DA et al Colorectal cancer screening by detection of altered human DNA in stool: feasibility of a multitarget assay panel. Gastroenterology 119:1219, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11054379
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Mandel JS et al The effect of fecal occult-blood screening on the incidence of colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med 343:1603, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11096167
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Journal Watch 22(5):37-28, 2002 Traverso G et al Detection of APC mutations in fecal DNA from patients with colorectal tumors. N Engl J Med 346:311, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11821507
- ↑ Wikipedia: Colorectal cancer http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colorectal_Cancer
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Journal Watch 23(8):63, 2003 Cui H et al Loss of IGF2 imprinting: a potential marker of colorectal cancer risk. Science 299:1753, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637750
Ranshohoff DF et al Cancer. Developing molecular biomarkers for cancer. Science 299:1679, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12637728 - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Journal Watch 20(23):182-183, 2000 Sonnenberg A et al Cost-effectiveness of colonoscopy in screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med 133:573, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11033584
Frazier AL et al Cost-effectiveness of screening for colorectal cancer in the general population. JAMA 284:1954, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11035892 Inciardi JF et al Incidence trends for colorectal cancer in California: implications for current screening practices. Am J Med 109:277, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10996577 - ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Dove-Edwin I, Sasieni P, Adams J, Thomas HJ. Prevention of colorectal cancer by colonoscopic surveillance in individuals with a family history of colorectal cancer: 16 year, prospective, follow-up study. BMJ. 2005 Nov 5;331(7524):1047. Epub 2005 Oct 21. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16243849 <Internet> http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/331/7524/1047
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Journal Watch 22(17):137, 2002
Pignone M et al for the US Preventive Services Task Force Screening for colorectal cancer in adults at average risk: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 137:132, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12118972
Pignone M et al Cost-effectiveness analyses of colorectal cancer screening: a systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 137:96, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12118964 - ↑ Ko CW & Sonnenberg A Comparing risks and benefits of colorectal cancer screening in elderly patients Gastroenterology 129:1163, 2005 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16230070
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 10.10 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 16, 17, 18,19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2022
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Journal Watch 25(4):30, 2005 Collins JF, Lieberman DA, Durbin TE, Weiss DG; Veterans Affairs Cooperative Study #380 Group. Accuracy of screening for fecal occult blood on a single stool sample obtained by digital rectal examination: a comparison with recommended sampling practice. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 18;142(2):81-5. Summary for patients in: Ann Intern Med. 2005 Jan 18;142(2):I23. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15657155
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Burke CA et al, Screening for colorectal cancer with flexible sigmoidoscopy: Is a 5-year interval appropriate? A comparison of the detection of neoplasia 3 yr versus 5 yr after normal examination. Am J Gastroenterol 2006; 101:1329 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16771957
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Regula J et al, Colonoscopy in colorectal-cancer screening for detection of advanced neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1863 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17079760
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Habermann JK, Roblick UJ, Luke BT, Prieto DA, Finlay WJ, Podust VN, Roman JM, Oevermann E, Schiedeck T, Homann N, Duchrow M, Conrads TP, Veenstra TD, Burt SK, Bruch HP, Auer G, Ried T. Increased serum levels of complement C3a anaphylatoxin indicate the presence of colorectal tumors. Gastroenterology. 2006 Oct;131(4):1020-9; quiz 1284. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17030172
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Gross CP et al, Relation between Medicare screening reimbursement and stage at diagnosis for older patients with colon cancer. JAMA 2006, 296:2815 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17179458
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Itzkowitz SH et al, Improved fecal DNA test for colorectal cancer screening. Clin Gastroentorol Hepatol 2007, 5:111 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17161655
- ↑ Guittet L et al, Comparison of a guaiac based and an immunochemical faecal occult blood test in screening for colorectal cancer in a general average risk population Gut 2007, 56:210 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16891354
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Levin B et al, Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: A joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. CA Cancer J Clin 2008 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18322143 <Internet> http://caonline.amcancersoc.org/cgi/content/full/CA.2007.0018v1 http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/CA.2007.0018
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 19.5 US Preventive Services Task Force Clinical guidelines Screening for colorectal cancer Ann Intern Med 2008 Oct 6; [e-pub ahead of print]. (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Jan 2014) http://www.annals.org/content/149/9/627.full
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Van Gossum A et al Capsule Endoscopy versus Colonoscopy for the Detection of Polyps and Cancer N Eng J Med 2009, 361:264-270 July 16, 2009 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19605831 <Internet> http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/361/3/264
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Atkin WS et al. Once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in prevention of colorectal cancer: A multicentre randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2010 May 8; 375:1624. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430429
Ransohoff DF. Can endoscopy protect against colorectal cancer? An RCT. Lancet 2010 May 8; 375:1582. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20430430 - ↑ 22.0 22.1 Henley SJ et al Surveillance of Screening-Detected Cancers (Colon and Rectum, Breast, and Cervix) --- United States, 2004--2006 Surveillance Summaries Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) November 26, 2010 / 59(SS09);1-25 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21102407 <Internet> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/ss5909a1.htm
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Brenner H et al Protection From Colorectal Cancer After Colonoscopy: A Population-Based, Case-Control Study Ann Intern Med January 3, 2011 154:22-30 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21200035
Weinberg DS Colonoscopy: What Does It Take to Get It 'Right'? Ann Intern Med January 4, 2011 154:68-69 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21200044 - ↑ 24.0 24.1 Taylor, WC Clinician's Corner, Clinical Crossroads, A 71-year old woman contemplating a screening colonoscopy JAMA 2006; 295:1161
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Sequist TD et al. Electronic patient messages to promote colorectal cancer screening: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2011 Apr 11; 171:636 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21149743
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Sonoda H et al. Colorectal cancer screening with odour material by canine scent detection. Gut 2011 Jun; 60:814. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21282130
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Segnan N et al. Once-only sigmoidoscopy in colorectal cancer screening: Follow-up findings of the Italian Randomized Controlled Trial
SCORE. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011 Sep 7; 103:1310 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21852264 - ↑ Zauber AG et al Colonoscopic Polypectomy and Long-Term Prevention of Colorectal- Cancer Deaths N Engl J Med 2012; 366:687-696February 23, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22356322 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1100370
Quintero E et al Colonoscopy versus Fecal Immunochemical Testing in Colorectal- Cancer Screening N Engl J Med 2012; 366:697-706February 23, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22356323 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1108895 - ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 29.4 29.5 Qaseem A et al Screening for Colorectal Cancer: A Guidance Statement From the American College of Physicians Annals of Internal Medicine March 6, 2012, 156(5):378-386 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393133 <Internet> http://www.annals.org/content/156/5/378.full.pdf+html (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Nov 2017)
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Ahlquist DA et al. Next-generation stool DNA test accurately detects colorectal cancer and large adenomas. Gastroenterology 2012 Feb; 142:248 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22062357
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Inadomi JM et al Adherence to Colorectal Cancer Screening A Randomized Clinical Trial of Competing Strategies Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(7):575-582 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22493463 <Internet> http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/172/7/575
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Schoen RE et al Colorectal-Cancer Incidence and Mortality with Screening Flexible Sigmoidoscopy N Engl J Med, May 21, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22612596 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1114635
Inadomi JM Why You Should Care about Screening Flexible Sigmoidoscopy N Engl J Med, May 21, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22612597 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1204099 - ↑ 33.0 33.1 Lee SJ et al. Time lag to benefit after screening for breast and colorectal cancer: Meta-analysis of survival data from the United States, Sweden, United Kingdom, and Denmark. BMJ 2013 Jan 8; 346:e8441 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23299842 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.e8441
- ↑ Doubeni CA et al. Screening colonoscopy and risk for incident late-stage colorectal cancer diagnosis in average-risk adults: A nested case-control study. Ann Intern Med 2013 Mar 5; 158:312 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460054
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Green BB et al. An automated intervention with stepped increases in support to increase uptake of colorectal cancer screening: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2013 Mar 5; 158:301 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23460053
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Senore C et al. Offering people a choice for colorectal cancer screening. Gut 2013 May; 62:735. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442162
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Hassan C et al Computed tomographic colonography for colorectal cancer screening. Risk factors for the detection of advanced neoplasia. Cancer. June 10, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23754679 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cncr.28007/abstract
- ↑ Nishihara R et al Long-Term Colorectal-Cancer Incidence and Mortality after Lower Endoscopy. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1095-1105September 19, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24047059 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1301969
Shaukat A et al Long-Term Mortality after Screening for Colorectal Cancer. N Engl J Med 2013; 369:1106-1114September 19, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24047060 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1300720
Levin TR and Corley DA Colorectal-Cancer Screening - Coming of Age - ↑ Ferrante JM et al Primary Care Utilization and Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality Among Medicare Beneficiaries: A Population-Based, Case-Contral Study. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(7):437-446 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24081284 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1742591
- ↑ Levin B, Lieberman DA, McFarland B et al Screening and surveillance for the early detection of colorectal cancer and adenomatous polyps, 2008: a joint guideline from the American Cancer Society, the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer, and the American College of Radiology. Gastroenterology. 2008 May;134(5):1570-95 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18384785
- ↑ Lieberman D. Progress and challenges in colorectal cancer screening and surveillance. Gastroenterology. 2010 Jun;138(6):2115-26 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20167216
- ↑ Whitlock EP, Lin JS, Liles E, Beil TL, Fu R. Screening for colorectal cancer: a targeted, updated systematic review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Nov 4;149(9):638-58 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18838718
- ↑ Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Vital Signs: Colorectal Cancer Screening Test Use - United States, 2012. MMWR. Nov 5, 2013 / 62(Early Release);1-8 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm62e1105a1.htm
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 21(3): 2014 Strategies for Improving Colon Cancer Screening. Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=300321&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Mueller PS NEJM Journal Watch. March 14, 2014 Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Saini SD et al. Role of quality measurement in inappropriate use of screening for colorectal cancer: Retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2014 Feb 26; 348:g1247 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24574474 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g1247 - ↑ 46.0 46.1 Young K Physician's First Watch, March 27, 2014 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ Walter LC, Lindquist K, Nugent S et al Impact of age and comorbidity on colorectal cancer screening among older veterans. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Apr 7;150(7):465-73. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19349631
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Brenner H et al Effect of screening sigmoidoscopy and screening colonoscopy on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials and observational studies. BMJ 2014;348:g2467 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24922745 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g2467
- ↑ Gross CP, McAvay GJ, Krumholz HM et al The effect of age and chronic illness on life expectancy after a diagnosis of colorectal cancer: implications for screening. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Nov 7;145(9):646-53. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17088577
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 van Hees F et al Should Colorectal Cancer Screening Be Considered in Elderly Persons Without Previous Screening?: A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(11):750-759 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24887616 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1877018
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Holme O et al Effect of Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening on Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2014;312(6):606-615 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25117129 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1895247
Brett AS et al Flexible Sigmoidoscopy for Colorectal Cancer Screening. More Evidence, Persistent Ironies. JAMA. 2014;312(6):601-602 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25117127 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1895231 - ↑ 52.0 52.1 Weinberg DS et al Genetic and Environmental Risk Assessment and Colorectal Cancer Screening in an Average-Risk Population: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(8):537-545 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25329201 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1916819
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Kruse GR et al. Overuse of colonoscopy for colorectal cancer screening and surveillance. J Gen Intern Med 2015 Mar; 30:277 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25266407
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 54.4 Wilt TJ, Harris RP, Qaseem A for the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. Screening for Cancer: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(10):718-725. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25984847 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2294149
Harris RP, Wilt TJ, Qaseem A for the High Value Care Task Force of the American College of Physicians. A Value Framework for Cancer Screening: Advice for High-Value Care From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(10):712-717 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25984846 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2293237 - ↑ Imperiale TF et al Derivation and Validation of a Scoring System to Stratify Risk for Advanced Colorectal Neoplasia in Asymptomatic Adults: A Cross-sectional Study. Ann Intern Med. Published online 11 August 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26259154 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2424878
Doubeni CA et al Precision Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Promise and Challenges. Ann Intern Med. Published online 11 August 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26258984 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2424868 - ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Draft Recommendation Statement. October 2015 Colorectal Cancer: Screening http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement38/colorectal-cancer-screening2
- ↑ U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Screening for colorectal cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Nov 4;149(9):627-37. Epub 2008 Oct 6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18838716
- ↑ Rex DK, Johnson DA, Anderson JC et al American College of Gastroenterology guidelines for colorectal cancer screening 2009 [corrected]. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009 Mar;104(3):739-50 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19240699
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 59.3 59.4 59.5 Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care Recommendations on screening for colorectal cancer in primary care. CMAJ. February 22, 2016 (Early Publication) <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26903355 <Internet> http://www.cmaj.ca/content/early/2016/02/22/cmaj.151125.full.pdf
- ↑ Lieberman DA. Clinical practice. Screening for colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2009 Sep 17;361(12):1179-87. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19759380
- ↑ Weinberg DS, Schoen RE. In the clinic. Screening for colorectal cancer. Ann Intern Med. 2014 May 6;160(9). Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24798544
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 US Preventive Services Task Force Screening for Colorectal Cancer. US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation. JAMA. Published online June 15, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27304597 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2529486
Ransohoff DF, Sox HC Clinical Practice Guidelines for Colorectal Cancer Screening. New Recommendations and New Challenges. JAMA. Published online June 15, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27304798 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2529488
Knudsen AB, Zauber AG, Rutter CM et al Estimation of Benefits, Burden, and Harms of Colorectal Cancer Screening Strategies: Modeling Study for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016 Jun 15.
Lin JS, Piper MA, Perdue LA et al Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2016 Jun 15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27305422
US Preventive Services Task Force Final Recommendation Statement. Colorectal Cancer: Screening http://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/RecommendationStatementFinal/colorectal-cancer-screening2
US Preventive Services Task Force Colorectal Cancer: Screening. October 27, 2020 Draft Recommendation Statement. https://uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/draft-recommendation/colorectal-cancer-screening3 Draft Evidence Review https://uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/uspstf/document/draft-evidence-review/colorectal-cancer-screening3 - ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Garcia-Albeniz X, Hsu J, Bretthauer M, Hernan MA Effectiveness of Screening Colonoscopy to Prevent Colorectal Cancer Among Medicare Beneficiaries Aged 70 to 79 Years: A Prospective Observational Study. Ann Intern Med. Published online 27 September 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27669524 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2556139
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Ladabaum U, Patel A, Mannalithara A et al. Predicting advanced neoplasia at colonoscopy in a diverse population with the National Cancer Institute colorectal cancer risk-assessment tool. Cancer 2016 Sep 1; 122:2663. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27219715
- ↑ Inadomi JM Screening for Colorectal Neoplasia. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:149-156. January 12, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28076720 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1512286
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 Atkin W, Wooldrage K, Parkin DM et al. Long term effects of once-only flexible sigmoidoscopy screening after 17 years of follow-up: The UK Flexible Sigmoidoscopy Screening randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017 Feb 21; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28236467 Free Article
Pinsky PF. Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening: Is once enough? Lancet 2017 Feb 21; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28236465 Free Article - ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Corley DA, Jensen CD, Quinn VP et al Association Between Time to Colonoscopy After a Positive Fecal Test Result and Risk of Colorectal Cancer and Cancer Stage at Diagnosis. JAMA. 2017;317(16):1631-1641 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28444278 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2620087
Rutter CM, Inadom JM. Follow-up of Positive Fecal Test ResultsSooner Is Better, but How Much Better? JAMA. 2017;317(16):1627-1628. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28444260 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2620068 - ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 Lai JH, Park G, Gerson LB. Association between breast cancer and the risk of colorectal cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017 Apr 19. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28433614 <Internet> http://www.giejournal.org/article/S0016-5107(17)31810-2/pdf
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 69.5 Rex DK, Boland CR, Dominitz JA et al. Colorectal Cancer screening: Recommendations for physicians and patients from the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Am J Gastroenterol 2017 Jun 6; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28555630 https://www.nature.com/ajg/journal/vaop/ncurrent/full/ajg2017174a.html
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 Katsoula A, Paschos P, Haidich AB, Tsapas A, Giouleme O. Diagnostic accuracy of fecal immunochemical test in patients at increased risk for colorectal cancer: A meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2017 Jun 19; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28628706 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2631561
Leontiadis GI. Fecal immunochemical tests in patients at increased risk for colorectal cancer - is it prime time yet? JAMA Intern Med 2017 Jun 19 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28628694 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2631557 - ↑ Swartz AW, Eberth JM, Josey MJ, Strayer SM Re-analysis of All-Cause Mortality in the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force 2016 Evidence Report on Colorectal Cancer Screening. Ann Intern Med. Aug 22, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28828493 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2650649/re-analysis-all-cause-mortality-u-s-preventive-services-task
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 Singal AG, Gupta S, Skinner CS et al Effect of Colonoscopy Outreach vs Fecal Immunochemical Test Outreach on Colorectal Cancer Screening Completion: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Sep 5;318(9):806-815. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28873161 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2652650
Rat C, Pogu C, Le Donne D et al Effect of Physician Notification Regarding Nonadherence to Colorectal Cancer Screening on Patient Participation in Fecal Immunochemical Test Cancer Screening: A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Sep 5;318(9):816-824. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1001/jama.2017.11387. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28873160 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2652649
Pignone M, Miller DP Jr. Using Outreach to Improve Colorectal Cancer Screening. JAMA. 2017 Sep 5;318(9):799-800. No abstract available. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28873142 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2652630 - ↑ 73.0 73.1 Coronado GD, Rivelli JS, Fuoco MJ et al Effect of Reminding Patients to Complete Fecal Immunochemical Testing: A Comparative Effectiveness Study of Automated and Live Approaches. J Gen Intern Med. 2017 Oct 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29019046 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-017-4184
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Selby K, Baumgartner C, Levin TR et al. Interventions to improve follow-up of positive results on fecal blood tests: A systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2017 Oct 17; 167:56. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29049756 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2657163/interventions-improve-follow-up-positive-results-fecal-blood-tests-systematichttp://annals.org/aim/article/2657163/interventions-improve-follow-up-positive-results-fecal-blood-tests-systematic
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Jeon J, Du M, Schoen RE et al. Determining risk of colorectal cancer and starting age of screening based on lifestyle, environmental, and genetic factors. Gastroenterology 2018 Feb 16 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29458155 https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0016508518302245
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 Lauby-Secretan B, Vilahur N, Bianchini F, et al The IARC Perspective on Colorectal Cancer Screening. N Engl J Med. March 26, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29580179 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsr1714643
- ↑ Kahi CJ, Pohl H, Myers LJ et al. Colonoscopy and colorectal cancer mortality in the Veterans Affairs health care system: A case-control study. Ann Intern Med 2018 Mar 13; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29532085 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2674677/colonoscopy-colorectal-cancer-mortality-veterans-affairs-health-care-system-case
Miller DP Jr., Denizard-Thompson N, Weaver KE et al. Effect of a digital health intervention on receipt of colorectal cancer screening in vulnerable patients: A randomized controlled trial. Ann Intern Med 2018 Mar 13 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29532054 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2674679/effect-digital-health-intervention-receipt-colorectal-cancer-screening-vulnerable-patients - ↑ 78.0 78.1 Holme O et al. Effectiveness of flexible sigmoidoscopy screening in men and women and different age groups: Pooled analysis of randomised trials. BMJ 2017;356:i6673 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28087510 Free PMC Article <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/356/bmj.i6673
Haug U. Flexible sigmoidoscopy screening for colorectal cancer. Different outcomes in men and women are a challenge for decision makers. BMJ 2017;356:j75 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28087640 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/356/bmj.j75
Holme O, Loberg M, Kalager M et al Long-Term Effectiveness of Sigmoidoscopy Screening on Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Women and Men: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2018. April 24. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29710125 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2679355/long-term-effectiveness-sigmoidoscopy-screening-colorectal-cancer-incidence-mortality-women - ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 79.3 79.4 Nelson R Begin Colorectal Cancer Screening at Age 45, Says ACS. Medscape - May 30, 2018. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/897351
Wolf AMD, Fontham ETH, Church TR et al Colorectal cancer screening for average-risk adults: 2018 guideline update from the American Cancer Society. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. May 30, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29846947 Free full text https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21457 - ↑ 80.0 80.1 Wieten E, Schreuders EH, Grobbee EJ et al. Incidence of faecal occult blood test interval cancers in population-based colorectal cancer screening: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Gut 2018 Jun 22 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29934436 https://gut.bmj.com/content/early/2018/06/22/gutjnl-2017-315340
- ↑ Dougherty MK, Brenner AT, Crockett SD et al. Evaluation of interventions intended to increase colorectal cancer screening rates in the United States: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2018 Oct 15; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30326005 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2706176
Green BB. Colorectal cancer control: Where have we been and where should we go next? JAMA Intern Med 2018 Oct 15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30326022 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2706173 - ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 82.4 82.5 Leddin D, Lieberman DA, Tse F et al. Clinical practice guideline on screening for colorectal cancer in individuals with a family history of nonhereditary colorectal cancer or adenoma: The Canadian Association of Gastroenterology Banff consensus. Gastroenterology 2018 Nov; 155:1325. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30121253 https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(18)34882-0/fulltext
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 Piper MS, Maratt JK, Zikmund-Fisher BJ et al. Patient attitudes toward individualized recommendations to stop low-value colorectal cancer screening. JAMA Netw Open 2018 Dec 7; 1:e185461. Not indexed in PubMed https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2717557
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 Tian Y, Kharazmi E, Sundquist K, Sundquist J, Brenner H, Fallah M. Familial colorectal cancer risk in half siblings and siblings: Nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2019;364:l803 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30872356 Free PMC Article https://www.bmj.com/content/364/bmj.l803
- ↑ Gupta N, Kupfer SS, Davis AM Colorectal Cancer Screening. JAMA. Published online April 25, 2019. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31021387 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2732299
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 Ladabaum U, Mannalithara A, Meester RGS, Gupta S, Schoen RE. Cost-effectiveness and national effects of initiating colorectal cancer screening for average-risk persons at age 45 years instead of 50 years. Gastroenterology 2019 Mar 28 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30930021 https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(19)33578-4/pdf
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Grobbee EJ, van der Vlugt M, van Vuuren AJ et al. Diagnostic yield of one-time colonoscopy vs one-time flexible sigmoidoscopy vs multiple rounds of mailed fecal immunohistochemical tests in colorectal cancer screening. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019 Aug 13; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31419575 https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(19)30890-0/pdf
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 88.2 Helsingen LM et al. Colorectal cancer screening with faecal immunochemical testing, sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy: A clinical practice guideline. BMJ 2019 Oct 2; 367:l5515. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31578196 https://www.bmj.com/content/367/bmj.l5515
Buskermolen M et al. Colorectal cancer screening with faecal immunochemical testing, sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy: A microsimulation modelling study. BMJ 2019 Oct 2; 367:l5383. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31578177 Free Article https://www.bmj.com/content/367/bmj.l5383
Autier P. Personalised and risk based cancer screening. BMJ 2019 Oct 2; 367:l5558. Not indexed in PubMed https://www.bmj.com/content/367/bmj.l5558 - ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 89.3 Qaseem A, Crandall CJ, Mustafa RA et al Screening for Colorectal Cancer in Asymptomatic Average-Risk Adults: A Guidance Statement From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(9):643-654. Nov 5. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31683290 https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2754194/screening-colorectal-cancer-asymptomatic-average-risk-adults-guidance-statement-from
Pignone M Reconciling Disparate Guidelines: The American College of Physicians Colorectal Cancer Screening Guidance Statement. Ann Intern Med. 2019;171(9):671-672. Nov 5. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31683292 https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2754203/reconciling-disparate-guidelines-american-college-physicians-colorectal-cancer-screening-guidance - ↑ 90.0 90.1 Heisser T, Peng L, Weigl K, Hoffmeister M, Brenner H. Outcomes at follow-up of negative colonoscopy in average risk population: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2019 Nov 13; 367:l6109 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31722884 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 Longstreth GF, Anderson DS, Zisook DS, Shi JM, Lin JC. Low rate of cancer detection by colonoscopy in asymptomatic, average-risk subjects with negative results from fecal immunochemical tests. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020 Jan 30; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32007541 https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(20)30108-7/pdf
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 Pilonis ND et al. Long-term colorectal cancer incidence and mortality after a single negative screening colonoscopy. Ann Intern Med 2020 May 26; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32449884 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M19-2477
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 Chiu HM, Jen GH, Wang YW et al Long-term effectiveness of faecal immunochemical test screening for proximal and distal colorectal cancers. Gut. 2021 Jan 25 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33495268 Free article.
- ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 Shaukat A, Kahi CJ, Burke CA et al ACG Clinical Guidelines: Colorectal Cancer Screening 2021. Am J of Gastroenterol 2021 March 116(3):458-479 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33657038 https://journals.lww.com/ajg/Fulltext/2021/03000/ACG_Clinical_Guidelines__Colorectal_Cancer.14.aspx
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 95.4 95.5 US Preventive Services Task Force Screening for Colorectal Cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2021;325(19):1965-1977 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34003218 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779985
Knudsen AB, Rutter CM, Peterse EFP et al Colorectal Cancer Screening. An Updated Modeling Study for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2021;325(19):1998-2011 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34003219 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779986
Lin JS, Perdue LA, Henrikson NB et al Screening for Colorectal Cancer. Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2021;325(19):1978-1997 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34003220 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779987
Ng K, May FP, Schrag D US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendations for Colorectal Cancer Screening - Forty-Five Is the New Fifty. JAMA. 2021;325(19):1943-1945 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34003238 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2780009
Stewart DB Updated USPSTF Guidelines for Colorectal Cancer Screening. The Earlier the Better. JAMA Surg. Published online May 18, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34003208 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2780038
Mehta SJ, Morris AM, Kupfer SS Colorectal Cancer Screening Starting at Age 45 Years - Ensuring Benefits Are Realized by All. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(5):e2112593 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34003278 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2779943 - ↑ 96.0 96.1 96.2 Ma W, Wang K, Nguyen LH et al Association of Screening Lower Endoscopy With Colorectal Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Adults Older Than 75 Years. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(7):985-992. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34014275 PMCID: PMC8138747 (available on 2022-05-20) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2780056
Bhoo-Pathy M, Bujang NNA, Ng CW Continuation of Screening Endoscopy for Colorectal Cancer in Older Adults. JAMA Oncol. 2021;7(7):973-975 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34014277 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2780062 - ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 97.3 Wang K, Ma W, Wu K et al. Long-term colorectal cancer incidence and mortality after colonoscopy screening according to individuals' risk profiles. J Natl Cancer Inst 2021 Sep 4; 113:1177. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33734405 PMCID: PMC8418388 (available on 2022-03-18) https://academic.oup.com/jnci/article/113/9/1177/6178004
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 Fendrick AM, Princic N, Miller-Wilson LA et al Out-of-Pocket Costs for Colonoscopy After Noninvasive Colorectal Cancer Screening Among US Adults With Commercial and Medicare Insurance. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(12):e2136798. Dec 2. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34854909 Free article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2786794
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 Bassett M If You Invite 455 People to Colonoscopy, You'll Stop One Case of Cancer. Risk of colorectal cancer reduced with screening in randomized trial, but less than expected. MedPage Today October 9, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/hematologyoncology/coloncancer/101123 Bretthauer M, Loberg M, Wieszczy P et al Effect of Colonoscopy Screening on Risks of Colorectal Cancer and Related Death. N Engl J Med. 2022. Oct 9 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36214590 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2208375
- ↑ 100.0 100.1 Slomski A Colonoscopy Did Not Reduce Cancer Deaths in Trial. JAMA. 2022;328(20):2003-2004. November 22/29 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36413232 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2798744
- ↑ Carethers JM JAMA Diagnostic Test Interpretation Stool-Based Screening Tests for Colorectal Cancer JAMA. Published online February 17, 2023 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36800187 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2801813
- ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 El Halabi J et al. Frequency of use and outcomes of colonoscopy in individuals older than 75 years. JAMA Intern Med 2023 Apr 3; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37010845 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2803491
- ↑ ACP Internist Weekly | Colorectal cancer | August 1, 2023 Start screening for colorectal cancer at age 50 years, ACP suggests. https://acpinternist.org/weekly/archives/2023/08/01/1.htm
Qaseem A et al Screening for Colorectal Cancer in Asymptomatic Average-Risk Adults: A Guidance Statement From the American College of Physicians (Version 2). Ann Intern Med, 2023. Aug 1. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37523709 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-0779
Bretthauer M, Yang YX. New American College of Physicians guidance on colorectal cancer screening: Less is more. Ann Intern Med 2023 Aug 1; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37523706 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-1695 - ↑ 104.0 104.1 Chung DC et al. A cell-free DNA blood-based test for colorectal cancer screening. N Engl J Med 2024 Mar 14; 390:973 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38477985 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2304714
- ↑ QCancer https://qcancer.org/15yr/colorectal/