life expectancy

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[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

Introduction

Psalm 90 (Holy Bible) suggests life span 70-80 years.

*Life expectancy (in years) at age (in years) vs gender & ethnicity

gender ethnicity Age life expectancy ref
male blacks/whites 65 15/17 3,10
female blacks/whites 65 19/20 3,10
female hispanic 65 23 1
male blacks/whites 80 8/8 3,10
female blacks/whites 80 10/10 3,10
- - 90 5 3,10
- - 100 3 3,10

Mean life span of Americans (2013):

Healthy life span* of Americans (2013):

* The largest contributors to lost years of healthy life (2013)

Mean life span of Americans (2014):

Life expectancy at birth decreased from 78.9 years in 2014 to 78.8 years in 2015[14]

In 2015, life expectancy was 76.3 years for males & 81.2 years for females[14]

Life expectancy at birth: 78.6 years in 2016[15][16]

In 2016, life expectancy was 76.1 years for males & 81.1 years for females[15]

Decreases in life expectancy 2015-2017 largely attributable to increases in mortality in midlife (25-64 years) due to fatal drug overdoses, alcoholic liver disease, suicide, & hypertensive disease[17]

  • New England & Ohio Valley with greatest increases in midlife mortality[17]

In the U.S., life expectancy decreased from 78.8 years in 2019 to 76.1 years in 2021 (73.5 for men & 79.3 years for women)

From 1990-2010 mean life expectancy increased from 75-78 years, but Americans are more often living with disability[5]

Life expectancy increases with income in U.S. & Norway[12][16]

  • compared with the bottom 1% of income distribution, men in the top 1% lived nearly 15 years longer; women lived 10 years longer
  • life expectancy increased from 2001 to 2014 in people in the top 5% of income by as much as 3 years; people in bottom 5% saw little change

The strongest determinants of life-expectancy at 2-, 5- & 10-years found to be small high-density lipoprotein particles, younger age, & fewer pack years of cigarette smoking, respectively[18]

*Life expectancy due to social determinants of health (points)[20]

Category points
female +4
never married -5
previously married -3
high school education only -5
college degree +2
white +1
hispanic +2

* it might be argued that race & gender (sex) are more genetic than social[20]

Category points
female +4
never married -5
previously married -3
high school education only -5
college degree +2
white +1
hispanic +2

* it might be argued that race & gender (sex) are more genetic than social[20]

Management

Additional terms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Geriatrics Review Syllabus, American Geriatrics Society, 5th edition, 2002-2004
    Geriatric Review Syllabus, 10th edition (GRS10) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2019
  2. ↑ Anderson, RN United States Life Tables, 1997
  3. ↑ National Vital Statistics Reports, vol 56, No 9, Dec 28, 2007 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_09.pdf
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Minino AM et al Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2008 Nathional Vital Statistics Reports 59(2) 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/nvsr59_02.pdf
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 US Burden of Disease Collaborators The State of US Health, 1990-2010. Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors. JAMA. July 10, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23842577 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1710486
    Fineberg HV The State of Health in the United States. JAMA. July 10, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23843159 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1710485
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
  7. ↑ Lee SJ, Lindquist K, Segal MR, Covinsky KE. Development and validation of a prognostic index for 4-year mortality in older adults. JAMA. 2006 Feb 15;295(7):801-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16478903
  8. ↑ Reuben DB. Medical care for the final years of life: "When you're 83, it's not going to be 20 years". JAMA. 2009 Dec 23;302(24):2686-94 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040557
  9. ↑ ePrognosis: estimating Prognosis for elderly (calculators) http://www.eprognosis.org
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Xu J et a; Mortality in the United States, 2012 NCHS Data Brief. Number 168, October 2014 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db168.htm
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 GBD 2013 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, Murray CJ et al Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. Lancet aug 26, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26321261 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2815%2961340-X/abstract
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Chetty R, Stepner M, Abraham S et al The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014. JAMA. Published online April 10, 2016. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27063997 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2513561
    Woolf SH, Purnell JQ The Good Life. Working Together to Promote Opportunity and Improve Population Health and Well-being. JAMA. Published online April 10, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27063639 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2513559
    Deaton A On Death and Money. History, Facts, and Explanations. JAMA. Published online April 10, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27063421 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2513558
    McGinnis JM Income, Life Expectancy, and Community Health. Underscoring the Opportunity. JAMA. Published online April 10, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27063840 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2513560
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Arias E Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) NCHS Data Brief No. 244, April 2016 Changes in Life Expectancy by Race and Hispanic Origin in the United States, 2013-2014 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db244.htm
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Xu J, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Arias E Mortality in the United States, 2015 NCHS Data Brief No. 267, December 2016 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db267.htm e
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Xu J, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2016. NCHS Data Brief No. 293, December 2017 https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db293.pdf
    Health, United States, 2017 with Special Report on Mortality. US Dept of Health & Human Resources Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus17.pdf
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Kinge JM, Modalsli JH, Overland S et al Association of Household Income With Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in Norway, 2005-2015. JAMA. 2019;321(19):1916-1925 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31083722 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2733322
    Cutler DM Life and Death in Norway and the United States. JAMA. 2019;321(19):1877-1879 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31083727 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2733321
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Woolf SH, Schoomaker H. Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959-2017. JAMA. 2019;322(20):1996-2016. November 26, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31769830 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2756187
    Koh HK, Parekh AK, Park JJ. Confronting the Rise and Fall of US Life Expectancy. JAMA. 2019 Nov 26;322(20):1963-1965. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31769810 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2756159
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Byers Kraus V, Mia S, Tourani R et al Causal analysis identifies small HDL particles and physical activity as key determinants of longevity of older adults. eBioMedicine (part of Lancet Discovery Science) 2022. Sept 28 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36182774 PMCID: PMC9526168 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(22)00474-1/fulltext
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Yan BW et al. Widening gender gap in life expectancy in the US, 2010-2021. JAMA Intern Med 2023 Nov 13; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37955927 PMCID: PMC10644244 (available on 2024-11-13) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2811338
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Bergeron-Boucher MP, Callaway J, Strozza C, Oeppen J. Inequalities in lifespan and mortality risk in the US, 2015-2019: a cross-sectional analysis of subpopulations by social determinants of health. BMJ Open. 2024 Aug 5;14(6):e079534. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39106997 Free article. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/6/e079534
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