life expectancy

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[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20]

Introduction

Psalm 90 (Holy Bible) suggests life span 70-80 years.

*Life expectancy (in years) at age (in years) vs gender & ethnicity

gender ethnicity Age life expectancy ref
male blacks/whites 65 15/17 3,10
female blacks/whites 65 19/20 3,10
female hispanic 65 23 1
male blacks/whites 80 8/8 3,10
female blacks/whites 80 10/10 3,10
- - 90 5 3,10
- - 100 3 3,10

Mean life span of Americans (2013):

Healthy life span* of Americans (2013):

* The largest contributors to lost years of healthy life (2013)

Mean life span of Americans (2014):

  • all origins: 78.8 years
  • hispanic: 81.8 years, hispanic women: 84 years[1]
    • longer life expectancy of hispanics despite lower educational attainment
  • white: 78.8 years
  • black: 75.2 years[13]

Life expectancy at birth decreased from 78.9 years in 2014 to 78.8 years in 2015[14]

In 2015, life expectancy was 76.3 years for males & 81.2 years for females[14]

Life expectancy at birth: 78.6 years in 2016[15][16]

In 2016, life expectancy was 76.1 years for males & 81.1 years for females[15]

Decreases in life expectancy 2015-2017 largely attributable to increases in mortality in midlife (25-64 years) due to fatal drug overdoses, alcoholic liver disease, suicide, & hypertensive disease[17]

  • New England & Ohio Valley with greatest increases in midlife mortality[17]

In the U.S., life expectancy decreased from 78.8 years in 2019 to 76.1 years in 2021 (73.5 for men & 79.3 years for women)

From 1990-2010 mean life expectancy increased from 75-78 years, but Americans are more often living with disability[5]

Life expectancy increases with income in U.S. & Norway[12][16]

  • compared with the bottom 1% of income distribution, men in the top 1% lived nearly 15 years longer; women lived 10 years longer
  • life expectancy increased from 2001 to 2014 in people in the top 5% of income by as much as 3 years; people in bottom 5% saw little change

The strongest determinants of life-expectancy at 2-, 5- & 10-years found to be small high-density lipoprotein particles, younger age, & fewer pack years of cigarette smoking, respectively[18]

*Life expectancy due to social determinants of health (points)[20]

Category points
female +4
never married -5
previously married -3
high school education only -5
college degree +2
white +1
hispanic +2

* it might be argued that race & gender (sex) are more genetic than social[20]

Category points
female +4
never married -5
previously married -3
high school education only -5
college degree +2
white +1
hispanic +2

* it might be argued that race & gender (sex) are more genetic than social[20]

Management

Additional terms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Geriatrics Review Syllabus, American Geriatrics Society, 5th edition, 2002-2004
    Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
    Geriatric Review Syllabus, 10th edition (GRS10) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2019
    Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022
  2. ↑ Anderson, RN United States Life Tables, 1997
  3. ↑ National Vital Statistics Reports, vol 56, No 9, Dec 28, 2007 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr56/nvsr56_09.pdf
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Minino AM et al Deaths: Preliminary Data for 2008 Nathional Vital Statistics Reports 59(2) 2010 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr59/nvsr59_02.pdf
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 US Burden of Disease Collaborators The State of US Health, 1990-2010. Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors. JAMA. July 10, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23842577 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1710486
    Fineberg HV The State of Health in the United States. JAMA. July 10, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23843159 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1710485
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 deprecated-
  7. ↑ Lee SJ, Lindquist K, Segal MR, Covinsky KE. Development and validation of a prognostic index for 4-year mortality in older adults. JAMA. 2006 Feb 15;295(7):801-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16478903
  8. ↑ Reuben DB. Medical care for the final years of life: "When you're 83, it's not going to be 20 years". JAMA. 2009 Dec 23;302(24):2686-94 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20040557
  9. ↑ ePrognosis: estimating Prognosis for elderly (calculators) http://www.eprognosis.org
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Xu J et a; Mortality in the United States, 2012 NCHS Data Brief. Number 168, October 2014 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db168.htm
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 GBD 2013 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, Murray CJ et al Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) for 306 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 188 countries, 1990-2013: quantifying the epidemiological transition. Lancet aug 26, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26321261 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2815%2961340-X/abstract
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Chetty R, Stepner M, Abraham S et al The Association Between Income and Life Expectancy in the United States, 2001-2014. JAMA. Published online April 10, 2016. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27063997 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2513561
    Woolf SH, Purnell JQ The Good Life. Working Together to Promote Opportunity and Improve Population Health and Well-being. JAMA. Published online April 10, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27063639 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2513559
    Deaton A On Death and Money. History, Facts, and Explanations. JAMA. Published online April 10, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27063421 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2513558
    McGinnis JM Income, Life Expectancy, and Community Health. Underscoring the Opportunity. JAMA. Published online April 10, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27063840 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2513560
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Arias E Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) NCHS Data Brief No. 244, April 2016 Changes in Life Expectancy by Race and Hispanic Origin in the United States, 2013-2014 http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db244.htm
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Xu J, Murphy SL, Kochanek KD, Arias E Mortality in the United States, 2015 NCHS Data Brief No. 267, December 2016 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/products/databriefs/db267.htm e
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Kochanek KD, Murphy SL, Xu J, Arias E. Mortality in the United States, 2016. NCHS Data Brief No. 293, December 2017 https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db293.pdf
    Health, United States, 2017 with Special Report on Mortality. US Dept of Health & Human Resources Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hus/hus17.pdf
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Kinge JM, Modalsli JH, Overland S et al Association of Household Income With Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in Norway, 2005-2015. JAMA. 2019;321(19):1916-1925 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31083722 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2733322
    Cutler DM Life and Death in Norway and the United States. JAMA. 2019;321(19):1877-1879 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31083727 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2733321
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Woolf SH, Schoomaker H. Life Expectancy and Mortality Rates in the United States, 1959-2017. JAMA. 2019;322(20):1996-2016. November 26, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31769830 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2756187
    Koh HK, Parekh AK, Park JJ. Confronting the Rise and Fall of US Life Expectancy. JAMA. 2019 Nov 26;322(20):1963-1965. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31769810 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2756159
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Byers Kraus V, Mia S, Tourani R et al Causal analysis identifies small HDL particles and physical activity as key determinants of longevity of older adults. eBioMedicine (part of Lancet Discovery Science) 2022. Sept 28 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36182774 PMCID: PMC9526168 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(22)00474-1/fulltext
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Yan BW et al. Widening gender gap in life expectancy in the US, 2010-2021. JAMA Intern Med 2023 Nov 13; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37955927 PMCID: PMC10644244 (available on 2024-11-13) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2811338
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Bergeron-Boucher MP, Callaway J, Strozza C, Oeppen J. Inequalities in lifespan and mortality risk in the US, 2015-2019: a cross-sectional analysis of subpopulations by social determinants of health. BMJ Open. 2024 Aug 5;14(6):e079534. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39106997 Free article. https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/14/6/e079534
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