aging

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[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16]

Introduction

The process of growing old.

Epidemiology

Pathology

* assumed to be an indicator of clinical hydration

* Hallmarks of Aging[13]

* formation of zombie cells removed from list in 2022

* changes in brain iron & oxygen homeostasis-related gene expression noted as a hallmark of aging[14]

* clearance of cell surface uPAR-containing cells with CAR T-cell therapy may prevent &/or attenuate age-related degenerative pathology[15]

* Hallmarks of Health[13]

  • organizational features of spatial compartmentalization
  • maintenance of homeostasis
  • adequate responses to stress

Evolution

  • according to the theory of evolution, life arose from primordial soup when information representing life was able to replicate faster than the environment destroyed it
  • thus began evolution
  • the organization of information diversified giving rise to the origin of species
  • some species adapted to preserve an individual for longer periods of time under pressures of survival of the species
  • humans in their past were under pressure to select for increased reproductive fitness in individuals with increased longevity
  • thus human aging or its antithesis longevity has evolved; it is not fixed[9]

* the molecules of life are discussed elsewhere, see

Physiology

  • the gradual deterioration of a mature organism resulting from time-dependent, & often irreversible changes in structure that are intrinsic to a particular species (i.e. loss of post-mitotic neurons)
  • these changes eventually lead to a decreased ability to cope with environmental stresses, i.e. a loss of homeostasis.
  • as a result, the probability of death increases exponentially with time.

Clinical manifestations

Complications

Differential diagnosis

Notes

  • quantification of aging rates in young individuals[5]
    • before midlife, individuals who were aging more rapidly were less physically able, showed cognitive decline & brain aging, self-reported worse health, & looked older[5]
  • cancer survivors are subject to an increased rate of aging with associated increase in all-cause & cancer-specific mortality[10]
  • investigational treatment of aging through removal of senescent cells targeting cell-surface uPAR[15]

More general terms

More specific terms

Additional terms

References

  1. ↑ Stedman's Medical Dictionary 27th ed, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1999
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Cai D et al Hypothalamic Programming of Systemic Aging Involving IKK NF-kB and GnRH. Albert Einstein College of Medicine http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2013-05/aeco-brm042913.php
    Zhang G, Li J, Purkayastha S, Tang Y Hypothalamic programming of systemic ageing involving IKK-beta, NF-kappaB and GnRH. Nature. 2013 May 1 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636330
    Gabuzda D and Yankner BA. Physiology: Inflammation links ageing to the brain. Nature 2013 May 9; 497:197. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23636321
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Coma M et al. Methods for diagnosing perceived age on the basis of an ensemble of phenotypic features. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2014 Apr 17; 7:133 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24790464 <Internet> http://www.dovepress.com/methods-for-diagnosing-perceived-age-on-the-basis-of-an-ensemble-of-ph-peer-reviewed-article-CCID
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Belsky DW et al. Quantification of biological aging in young adults. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 Jul 28; 112:E4104 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26150497 <Internet> http://www.pnas.org/content/112/30/E4104
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Mander BA, Winer JR, Walker MP Sleep and Human Aging. (Review) Neuron 94(1):19-36. April 5, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28384471 <Internet> http://www.cell.com/neuron/abstract/S0896-6273(17)30088-0
  7. ↑ Barzilai N, Cuervo AM, Austad S. Aging as a Biological Target for Prevention and Therapy. JAMA. Published online September 17, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30242337 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2703112
    Tchkonia T, Kirkland JL Aging, Cell Senescence, and Chronic Disease. Emerging Therapeutic Strategies. JAMA. Published online September 17, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30242336 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2703113
    Olshansky SJ From Lifespan to Healthspan. JAMA. Published online September 17, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30242384 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2703114
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Zannas AS, Jia M, Hafner K et al. Epigenetic upregulation of FKBP5 by aging and stress contributes to NF-kappa-B driven inflammation and cardiovascular risk. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019 Jun 4;116(23):11370-11379. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31113877 Free PMC Article https://www.pnas.org/content/116/23/11370
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Colchero, F, Aburto JM, Archie EA et al. The long lives of primates and the 'invariant rate of ageing' hypothesis. Nat Commun 12, 3666 (2021) PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34135334 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-23894-3
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Zhang D, Leeuwenburgh C, Zhou D et al Analysis of Biological Aging and Risks of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease- Specific Death in Cancer Survivors. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(6):e2218183. June 22 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35731518 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2793435
  11. ↑ Wajngarten M Is There Hope in the Fight Against Aging? Medscape. December 19, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/985809
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Dmitrieva NI, Gagarin A, Liu D et al Middle-age high normal serum sodium as a risk factor for accelerated biological aging, chronic diseases, and premature mortality. eBioMedicine. January 02, 2023 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/ebiom/article/PIIS2352-3964(22)00586-2/fulltext
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L et al The Hallmarks of Aging. Cell. 2013 Jun 6; 153(6): 1194-1217 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23746838 PMCID: PMC3836174 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3836174/
    Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L et al Hallmarks of Aging: An expanding universe. Cell. 2022 Dec 26:S0092-8674(22)01377-0 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36599349 Review. https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674%2822%2901377-0
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lee S et al. Cell-specific dysregulation of iron and oxygen homeostasis as a novel pathophysiology in PSP. Ann Neurol 2022 Oct 30; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36309960 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.26540
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Amor C, Fernandez-Maestre I, Chowdhury S et al Prophylactic and long-lasting efficacy of senolytic CAR T cells against age-related metabolic dysfunction. Nat Aging. 2024 Jan 24. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38267706 https://www.nature.com/articles/s43587-023-00560-5
  16. ↑ Ramakrishnan V Why We Die: The New Science of Aging and the Quest for Immortality Hardcover - March 19 2024 https://www.amazon.com/Why-We-Die-Science-Immortality/dp/0063113279
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