cancer survivor

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Introduction

Includes patients who have been clinically cured of cancer.

Epidemiology

  • number of cancer survivors in the U.S. Jan 1, 2022 is > 18 million[41]
  • number of cancer survivors in U.S. expected > 22 million by 2030[33]

Laboratory

Complications

* most patients with heart disease asymptomatic[7]

Management

Notes

  • a loss of continuity of care from pediatric oncology to adult internal medicine is common[11][12]
  • to integrate survivorship services into routine adult care, cancer survivorship must become a recognized clinical category with actionable care plans supported by a functional information system infrastructure[25]
  • ~1/3 of adult survivors of childhood cancer report little to no concern about their future health[29]

More general terms

More specific terms

Additional terms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Rock CL, Doyle C, Demark-Wahnefried et al Nutrition and physical activity guidelines for cancer survivors CA Cancer J Clin. 2012 Jul-Aug;62(4):243-74 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22539238 Free Article <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21142/full (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Nov 2017)
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Henderson TO et al. Secondary gastrointestinal cancer in childhood cancer survivors: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2012 Jun 5; 156:757 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22665813
  3. ↑ Demark-Wahnefried W et al. Reach out to enhance wellness home-based diet-exercise intervention promotes reproducible and sustainable long-term improvements in health behaviors, body weight, and physical functioning in older, overweight/obese cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol 2012 Jul 1; 30:2354. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614994
    Campbell KL et al. Reduced-calorie dietary weight loss, exercise, and sex hormones in postmenopausal women: Randomized controlled trial. J Clin Oncol 2012 Jul 1; 30:2314. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614972
    Ligibel JA and Goodwin PJ. NEW and RENEW: Building the case for weight loss in breast cancer. J Clin Oncol 2012 Jul 1; 30:2294 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22614991
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Metzger ML et al. Female reproductive health after childhood, adolescent, and young adult cancers: Guidelines for the assessment and management of female reproductive complications. J Clin Oncol 2013 Feb 4 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23382474 <Internet> http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2013/01/31/JCO.2012.43.5511
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 Mitchell AJ et al Depression and anxiety in long-term cancer survivors compared with spouses and healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Oncology, Early Online Publication, 5 June 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23759376 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(13)70244-4/abstract
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Hudson MM et al Clinical Ascertainment of Health Outcomes Among Adults Treated for Childhood Cancer. JAMA. 2013;309(22):2371-2381 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23757085 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1696100
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Barton SE et al Infertility, infertility treatment, and achievement of pregnancy in female survivors of childhood cancer: a report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. The Lancet Oncology, Early Online Publication, 13 July 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23856401 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2813%2970251-1/abstract
    Anderson RA Infertility in women after childhood cancer. The Lancet Oncology, Early Online Publication, 13 July 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23856400 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2813%2970278-X/fulltext
  8. ↑ Carver JR, Shapiro CL, Ng A et al American Society of Clinical Oncology clinical evidence review on the ongoing care of adult cancer survivors: cardiac and pulmonary late effects. J Clin Oncol. 2007 Sep 1;25(25):3991-4008 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17577017
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021.
  10. ↑ Curigliano G, Mayer EL, Burstein HJ, Winer EP, Goldhirsch A. Cardiac toxicity from systemic cancer therapy: a comprehensive review. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2010 Sep-Oct;53(2):94-104. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20728696
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wethal T, Lund MB, Edvardsen T et al Valvular dysfunction and left ventricular changes in Hodgkin's lymphoma survivors. A longitudinal study. Br J Cancer. 2009 Aug 18;101(4):575-81 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19623176
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Suh E, Daugherty CK, Wroblewski K et al General Internist's Preferences and Knowledge About the Care of Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Cross-sectional Survey. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(1):11-17-17 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24573662 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1811026
    Szalda D and Ginsberg JP The Adult Childhood Cancer Survivor and the General Internist: Suggestions for Patient and Provider Education. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(1):66-67-67 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24573666 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1811030
  13. ↑ Ward E et al Childhood and adolescent cancer statistics, 2014. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians. Jan 31, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24488779 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21219/full
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 de Fine Licht S et al. Hospital contacts for endocrine disorders in adult life after childhood cancer in Scandinavia (ALiCCS): A population-based cohort study. Lancet 2014 Feb 18 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24556022 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2813%2962564-7/fulltext
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 15.6 15.7 Hershman DL et al Prevention and Management of Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Survivors of Adult Cancers: American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline. Journal of Clinical Oncology. April 14, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733808 <Internet> http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2014/04/09/JCO.2013.54.0914
    Andersen BL et al Screening, Assessment, and Care of Anxiety and Depressive Symptoms in Adults With Cancer: An American Society of Clinical Oncology Guideline Adaptation. Journal of Clinical Oncology. April 14, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733793 <Internet> http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2014/04/09/JCO.2013.52.4611
    Bower JE et al Screening, Assessment, and Management of Fatigue in Adult Survivors of Cancer: An American Society of Clinical Oncology Clinical Practice Guideline Adaptation. Journal of Clinical Oncology. April 14, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733803 <Internet> http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2014/04/09/JCO.2013.53.4495
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Morey MC1, Snyder DC, Sloane R et al Effects of home-based diet and exercise on functional outcomes among older, overweight long-term cancer survivors: RENEW: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2009 May 13;301(18):1883-91 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19436015
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Yeh JM et al. Routine echocardiography screening for asymptomatic left ventricular dysfunction in childhood cancer survivors: A model-based estimation of the clinical and economic effects. Ann Intern Med 2014 May 20; 160:661. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24842413 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1872845
    Wong FL et al. Cost-effectiveness of the Children's Oncology Group long-term follow-up screening guidelines for childhood cancer survivors at risk for treatment-related heart failure. Ann Intern Med 2014 May 20; 160:672 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24842414 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1872846
  18. ↑ Mulrooney DA et al Cardiac Outcomes in Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer Exposed to Cardiotoxic Therapy: A Cross-sectional Study. Ann Intern Med. Published online 5 January 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26747086 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2480064
  19. ↑ Children's Oncology Group Long-Term Follow-Up Guidelines for Survivors of Childhood, Adolescent, and Yound Adult Cancers. http://www.survivorshipguidelines.org/pdf/ltfuguidelines.pdf
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Paice JA, Portenoy R, Lacchetti C et al Patient and Survivor Care. Management of Chronic Pain in Survivors of Adult Cancers. American Society of Clinical Oncology. July 25, 2016 http://www.asco.org/practice-guidelines/quality-guidelines/guidelines/patient-and-survivor-care#/13021
  21. ↑ Forsythe LP, Alfano CM, Leach CR et al Who provides psychosocial follow-up care for post-treatment cancer survivors? A survey of medical oncologists and primary care physicians. J Clin Oncol. 2012 Aug 10;30(23):2897-905. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22778322 Free PMC Article
  22. ↑ Klabunde CN, Han PK, Earle CC et al Physician roles in the cancer-related follow-up care of cancer survivors. Fam Med. 2013 Jul-Aug;45(7):463-74. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23846965 Free PMC Article
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Ness KK, Hudson MM, Jones KE et al. Effect of temporal changes in therapeutic exposure on self- reported health status in childhood cancer survivors. Ann Intern Med 2016 Nov 8; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27820947
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Bhakta N, Liu Q, Ness KK et al The cumulative burden of surviving childhood cancer: an initial report from the St Jude Lifetime Cohort Study (SJLIFE). Lancet. Sept 7, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27470081 Free PMC Article <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31610-0/fulltext
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Rubinstein EB, Miller WL, Hudson SV Cancer Survivorship Care in Advanced Primary Care Practices. A Qualitative Study of Challenges and Opportunities. JAMA Intern Med. Published online September 25, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28973067 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2653909
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Nelson R Physical Activity Significantly Boosts Survival in Cancer Patients. Medscape - Apr 23, 2018. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/895564
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Kandula T, Farrar MA, Cohn RJ et al Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy in Long-term Survivors of Childhood Cancer. Clinical, Neurophysiological, Functional, and Patient-Reported Outcomes. JAMA Neurol. Published online May 14, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29799906 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2680670
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Park J, Blackburn BE, Ganz PA et al Risk factors for cardiovascular disease among thyroid cancer survivors: Findings from the Utah cancer survivors study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018. May 29 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29850817 https://academic.oup.com/jcem/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1210/jc.2017-02629/5005948
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Gibson TM, Li C, Armstrong GT et al Perceptions of future health and cancer risk in adult survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study. Cancer. June 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29938398 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/cncr.31397
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Suk R, Mahale P, Sonawane K et al Trends in Risks for Second Primary Cancers Associated With Index Human Papillomavirus-Associated Cancers. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(5):e181999 Not indexed in PubMed https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2701740
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Raaschou P, Soderling J, Turesson C, Askling J; ARTIS Study Group. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors and cancer recurrence in Swedish patients with rheumatoid arthritis: A nationwide population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2018 Sep 4; 169:291 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30105374 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2697083/tumor-necrosis-factor-inhibitors-cancer-recurrence-swedish-patients-rheumatoid-arthritis
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 Teepen JC, Kok JL, Kremer LC et al. Long-term risk of skin cancer among childhood cancer survivors: A DCOG-LATER cohort study. J Natl Cancer Inst 2019 Feb 25; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30802904 https://academic.oup.com/jnci/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/jnci/djy212/5364730?redirectedFrom=fulltext
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 Miller KD, Nogueira L, Mariotto AB et al Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2019 CA Cancer J Clin. 2019 Jun 11 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31184787 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.3322/caac.21565
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 Jiang C, Wang H, Wang Q et al Prevalence of Chronic Pain and High-Impact Chronic Pain in Cancer Survivors in the United States. JAMA Oncol. Published online June 20, 2019. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31219506 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2736363
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Strongman H, Gadd S, Matthews A et al. Medium and long-term risks of specific cardiovascular diseases in survivors of 20 adult cancers: A population-based cohort study using multiple linked UK electronic health records databases. Lancet 2019 Sep 21; 394:1041-1054. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31443926 Free Article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31674-5/fulltext
    Blaes AH, Shenoy C. Is it time to include cancer in cardiovascular risk prediction tools? Lancet 2019 Sep 21; 394:986. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31443925 Free Article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31886-0/fulltext
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Scott LC, Yang Q, Dowling NF, Richardson LC. Predicted Heart Age Among Cancer Survivors - United States, 2013-2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:1-6. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7001a1.htm
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Sung H, Hyun N, Leach CR, Yabroff KR, Jemal A Association of first primary cancer with risk of subsequent primary cancer among survivors of adult-onset cancers in the United States. JAMA. 2020 Dec 22;324(24):2521-2535 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33351041 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2774406
    Ganz PA, Casillas JN. Incorporating the risk for subsequent primary cancers into the care of adult cancer survivors: Moving beyond 5-year survival. JAMA 2020 Dec 22/29; 324:2493 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33351026 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2774388
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 Mao JJ, Liou KT, Baser RE et al Effectiveness of Electroacupuncture or Auricular Acupuncture vs Usual Care for Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain Among Cancer Survivors. The PEACE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Oncol. Published online March 18, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33734288 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/fullarticle/2777349
  39. ↑ Snyder C, Yuan CT, Wilson RF Models of Care That Include Primary Care for Adult Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Realist Review. AHRQ. Effective Health Care (EHC) Program. Feb 16, 2022 Prepared by the Johns Hopkins University Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 75Q80120D00003. AHRQ Publication No. 22-EHC003. https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/products/childhood-cancer-survivorship-care/research
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 Zhang D, Leeuwenburgh C, Zhou D et al Analysis of Biological Aging and Risks of All-Cause and Cardiovascular Disease- Specific Death in Cancer Survivors. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(6):e2218183. June 22 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35731518 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2793435
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 Miller KD, Nogueira L, Devasia T et al Cancer treatment and survivorship statistics, 2022. CA Cancer J Clin. 2022 Jun 23. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35736631 Free article https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.3322/caac.21731
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 Dixon SB et al. Specific causes of excess late mortality and association with modifiable risk factors among survivors of childhood cancer: A report from the Childhood Cancer Survivor Study cohort. Lancet 2023 Apr 5; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37030315 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(22)02471-0/fulltext
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Bassett M Mediterranean Diet Tied to Lower Mortality Risk in Cancer Survivors. High levels of adherence associated with lower risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality. MedPage Today July 6, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/hematologyoncology/othercancers/110982
    Bonaccio M et al Mediterranean Diet Is Associated With Lower All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality Among Long-Term Cancer Survivors. J Am Coll Cardiol CardioOnc. 2024, Jul 2 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39239350 PMCID: PMC11372299 Free PMC article https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jaccao.2024.05.012
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Lu Y, Yuan H, Li Y, et al. Effects of nutritional interventions on cognitive function in adult cancer survivors: A systematic review. J Clin Nurs. 2024 Jul 17. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39021041
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 Wong J, Soh CH, Wang B, et al. Long-term risk of heart failure in adult cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart. 2024 Aug 22:heartjnl-2024-324301 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39174318 Free article https://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2024/08/22/heartjnl-2024-324301.long
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 Muhandiramge J, Zalcberg JR, Warner ET, et al. Cardiovascular disease and stroke following cancer and cancer treatment in older adults. Cancer. 2024 Sep 23. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39308168 https://acsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/cncr.35503
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