overweight
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Introduction
A term used in reference to individuals with body mass index (BMI)* 26-29 kg/m2
* ideal body weight corresponds to a BMI of 22-25 kg/m2; obesity corresponds to a BMI of > 30 kg/m2
Etiology
- risk factors
- see obesity
- exposure to antibiotics in the first 6 months of life or repeatedly during infancy (conflicting reports)[4]
Epidemiology
- fewer overweight people trying to lose weight 1988-2014[13]
Diagnostic procedures
- measurement of body mass index (BMI)
- measurement of waist circumference*
* indicator of risk for metabolic syndrome[8]
Complications
- excess risk of cancer (4%)[3]
- colorectal cancer, esophageal cancer
- breast cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer in women
- BMI-cancer link higher among women than men
- increased risk of meningioma (20%)[6]
- excess risk of cardiovascular disease[1]
- higher BMI in late adolescence (even within normal range) is associated with increased cardiovascular mortality in midlife[7]
- increased risk for cerebral palsy in offspring in women overweight or obese prior to pregnancy
- all-cause mortality is lowest with a BMI of 20-25 (normal weight) but increases beginning at a BMI of 25.0-27.4 (RR=1.07)[11]
- disease interaction(s) of obesity/overweight with pregnancy
- disease interaction(s) of cancer with high BMI
Management
- lifestyle interventions including diet, exercise & behavioral therapy[8]
- correction of hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, & hyperglycemia may reduce excess risk of coronary heart disease by 50% & excess risk of stroke by 75% associated with high BMI[1]
- maintenance of optimum bodyweight is needed for full benefit[1]
- walking, cycling, or public transportation to work is associated with healthier body weights than commuting by car[2]
- strategies that target both parent & child may benefit overweight adolescents[5]
- weight reduction interventions for children may be just as effective when only parents attend treatment sessions as when children also attend[15]
- also see weight reduction
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 The Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration. Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1.8 million participants. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 22 November 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24269108 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2813%2961836-X/abstract
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Flint E et al. Associations between active commuting, body fat, and body mass index: Population based, cross sectional study in the United Kingdom. BMJ 2014 Aug 19; 349:g4887 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25139861 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g4887
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Arnold M et al Global burden of cancer attributable to high body-mass index in 2012: a population-based study. The Lancet Oncology, Early Online Publication, 26 November 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25467404 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2814%2971123-4/abstract
Cairns BJ The Lancet Oncology, Early Online Publication, 26 November 2014 Cancer and high body-mass index: global burden, global effort? <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25467405 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045%2814%2970373-0/fulltext - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Saari A et al. Antibiotic exposure in infancy and risk of being overweight in the first 24 months of life. Pediatrics 2015 Apr; 135:617. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25825533 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/135/4/617
Gerber JS, Bryan M, Ross RK et al Antibiotic Exposure During the First 6 Months of Life and Weight Gain During Childhood. JAMA. 2016;315(12):1258-1265. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27002447 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2504812 - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Berge JM et al Parent/Adolescent Weight Status Concordance and Parent Feeding Practices. Pediatrics. Aug 24, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26304822 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2015/08/18/peds.2015-0326
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Niedermaier T et al Body mass index, physical activity, and risk of adult meningioma and glioma. Neurology. September 16, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377253 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2015/09/16/WNL.0000000000002020
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Twig G, Yaniv G, Levine H et al Body-Mass Index in 2.3 Million Adolescents and Cardiovascular Death in Adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27074389
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 17, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2015
- ↑ Rucker D, Padwal R, Li SK, Curioni C, Lau DC. Long term pharmacotherapy for obesity and overweight: updated meta-analysis. BMJ. 2007 Dec 8;335(7631):1194-9. Epub 2007 Nov 15. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18006966 Free PMC Article
- ↑ Jensen MD, Ryan DH, Apovian CM et al 2013 AHA/ACC/TOS guideline for the management of overweight and obesity in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and The Obesity Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Jul 1;63(25 Pt B):2985-3023. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24239920 Free Article
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 The Global BMI Mortality Collaboration Body-mass index and all-cause mortality: individual-participant- data meta-analysis of 239 prospective studies in four continents. Lancet. July 13, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27423262 Free Article <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30175-1/abstract
- ↑ Heymsfield SB, Wadden TA Mechanisms, Pathophysiology, and Management of Obesity. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:254-266. January 19, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28099824 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1514009
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Snook KR, Hansen AR, Duke CH et al Change in Percentages of Adults With Overweight or Obesity Trying to Lose Weight, 1988-2014. JAMA. 2017;317(9):971-973. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28267846 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2608211
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Yu E, Ley SH, Manson JE et al Weight History and All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality in Three Prospective Cohort Studies. Ann Intern Med. April 4, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28384755 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2615810/weight-history-all-cause-cause-specific-mortality-three-prospective-cohort
Despres JP Overweight: The Body Mass Index Category With an Identity Crisis. Ann Intern Med. April 4, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28384686 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2615812/overweight-body-mass-index-category-identity-crisis - ↑ 15.0 15.1 Boutelle KN, Rhee KE, Liang J et al Effect of Attendance of the Child on Body Weight, Energy Intake, and Physical Activity in Childhood Obesity Treatment. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Pediatr. Published online May 30, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28558104 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2629358