weight gain
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Etiology
- accumulation of fat
- overeating
- lack of exercise
- genetic predisposition
- uncommon causes
- hypothyroidism
- Cushing's syndrome
- hypothalamic disease
- craniopharyngeoma
- muscle hypertrophy due to strength-training exercise
- accumulation of fluid
- late mealtimes facilitate weight gain[11]
- decreases waketime energy expenditure
- decreases 24-h core body temperature
- decreases lipolysis
- increases adipogenesis
- pharmaceutical agents (see drugs associated with weight gain)
Epidemiology
- readily available, tasty food
- readily available exercise sparing devices
- automobiles, elevators, escalators
Complications
- excessive weight gain during early-middle adulthood associated with higher incidence of type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular disease obesity-related cancers all-cause mortality later in life[4][6]
Management
- diet, exercise, life style changes
- life style weight reduction strategies including diet & exercise may help curb the obesity epidemic[3]
- eating nuts is associated with less weight gain over time[5]
- pharmaceutical agents (also see obesity)
- American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) recommends
- semaglutide, liraglutide[2][7]
- drug of choice despite no diabetes + irritable bowel syndrome (IBS-D)[12]
- phentermine/topiramate extended-release (Qsymia)
- phentermine/topiramate (15 mg/92 mg) for 1 year lowers BMI 10%[8]
- hypertention & nephrolithiasis contraindications[12]
- sustained-release naltrexone/bupropion ER[7][9]
- insomnia is adverse effect thus relative contraindication[12]
- orlistat (Xenical) only FDA-approved agent for adolescents
- semaglutide, liraglutide[2][7]
- sibutramine (Meridia)
- phentermine (Fastin, Ionamin, Adipex)
- acarbose (Precose) may be useful
- American Gastroenterological Association (AGA) recommends
More general terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. Fauci et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1998, pg 245
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 17, 18 American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2015, 2018
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Wing RR, Tate DF, Espeland MA et al Innovative Self-Regulation Strategies to Reduce Weight Gain in Young Adults. The Study of Novel Approaches to Weight Gain Prevention (SNAP) Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. Published online May 02, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27136493 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2517921
Martin CK, Bhapkar M, Pittas AG et al Effect of Calorie Restriction on Mood, Quality of Life, Sleep, and Sexual Function in Healthy Nonobese Adults. The CALERIE 2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. Published online May 02, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27136347 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2517920
Moin T Obesity Management and Prevention. More Questions Than Answers. JAMA Intern Med. Published online May 02, 2016. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27135966 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2517918 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Zheng Y, Manson JE, Yuan C et al Associations of Weight Gain From Early to Middle Adulthood With Major Health Outcomes Later in Life. JAMA. 2017;318(3):255-269 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28719691 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2643761
Dietz WH Obesity and Excessive Weight Gain in Young Adults. New Targets for Prevention. JAMA. 2017;318(3):241-242 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28719674 - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Liu X, Li Y, Guasch-Ferre M et al Changes in nut consumption influence long-term weight change in US men and women. BMJ Nutrition, Prevention & Health. Sept 2019 Not indexed in PubMed https://nutrition.bmj.com/content/early/2019/08/27/bmjnph-2019-000034
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Chen C, Ye Y, Zhang Y et al Weight change across adulthood in relation to all cause and cause specific mortality: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2019;367:l5584 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31619383 Free Article https://www.bmj.com/content/367/bmj.l5584
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Haelle T AGA Releases Guidelines on Anti-Obesity Medications for Weight Management. Medscape. October 21, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/982851
Grunval E, Shah R, Hernaez R et al AGA Clinical Practice Guideline on Pharmacological Interventions for Adults With Obesity. Gastroenterology. 2022 163(5):1198-1225. November 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36273831 https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(22)01026-5/fulltext - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kelly AS et al. Phentermine/topiramate for the treatment of adolescent obesity. NEJM Evid 2022 Apr 30; 1:EVIDoa2200014 Not indexed in PubMed https://evidence.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/EVIDoa2200014
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Greenway FL, Fujioka K, Plodkowski RA et al Effect of naltrexone plus bupropion on weight loss in overweight and obese adults (COR-I): a multicentre, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet. 2010 Aug 21;376(9741):595-605. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20673995
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Young Y, Fairchild DG, Hefner JE Canadian Group Offers Guidelines on Managing Childhood Obesity in Primary Care. Physician's First Watch, March 31, 2015 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Vujovic N et al. Late isocaloric eating increases hunger, decreases energy expenditure, and modifies metabolic pathways in adults with overweight and obesity. Cell Metab 2022 Oct 4; 34:1486 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36198293 https://www.cell.com/cell-metabolism/fulltext/S1550-4131(22)00397-7
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Khera R, Murad MH, Chandar AK, et al. Association of pharmacological treatments for obesity with weight loss and adverse events: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;315:2424-34. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27299618