semaglutide (Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy)
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Indications
- treatment of diabetes mellitus type-2 (Ozempic FDA-approved Dec 2017)[3]
- 2.4 mg/week subcutaneous dose FDA-approved for weight reduction[15][20]
- hypoglycemic agent of choice (if not insulin) in patients with CKD4
- benefits obese patients with HFpEF[26]
- benefits obese patients with HFpEF & diabetes mellitus type-2[36]
- benefits obese patients with HFrEF[47]
- secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
- reduces cardiovascular events in overweight or obese patients with cardiovascular disease (heart attack, stroke) but without diabetes mellitus (6.5% vs 8.0% over 40 months)[28] (FDA-approved[34])
- reduces second major cardiovascular event after myocardial infarction in obese patients without diabetes mellitus[33]
- in obese patients with HFpEF, semaglutide 2.4 mg improves symptoms, physical limitations, & exercise, NYHA functional class & reduces inflammation & body weight across LVEF[29][31][37][40]
- reduces risk of renal complications & cardiovascular mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes & chronic kidney disease[38]
- reduces the risk of cardiovascular events (death, myocardial infarction, stroke) regardless of baseline chronic kidney disease severity in patients with type 2 diabetes[51]
- 2.4 mg dose of semaglutide reduces mortality from infectious disease, including Covid-19[46]
- semaglutide 2.4 mg weekly reduces all-cause hospital admissions[52]
- semaglutide reduces pain, improves physical function in patients with obesity & knee osteoarthritis[50]
- may reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease (RR=0.3-0.6)[49]
- may decrease risk of hospitalization due to alcohol abuse[14]
* semaglutide improves HgbA1c more than canagliflozin 1.5 vs 1.0%[8]
- semaglutide also associated with more weight reduction (5.3 vs 4.2 kg)
- may be useful as an adjunct to diet & exercise for weight reduction in non-diabetic overweight or obese adults[11] & adolescents[18]
- in conjunction with an intensive dietary-behavioral intervention, semaglutide more than doubles weight reduction[12]
- continuing weekly semaglutide after 20 weeks in young obese adults results in continued weight reduction vs weight gain if discontinued[14][48]
- 2.4 mg SC weekly normalizes glycemic control in most obese patients with prediabetes[17]
* may increase likelihood of NASH (stage F2 or F3 fibrosis) resolution, but does not inmprove fibrosis stage[10]
Contraindications
- pancreatitis
- history of pancreatitis is relative contraindication
- family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or patients with Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-2 (MEN2)[22]
- gastroparesis[23]
- does not reduce hospitalization due to heart failure[21]
Dosage
- 0.25 mg SC once weekly for 4 weeks, then increase to 0.5 mg once weekly
- if glycemic control is not achieved after at least 4 weeks on 0.5-mg dose, the dose may be increased to 1 mg once weekly
- investigational 2.4-mg dose weekly induces weight reduction of 10% of body weight in patients with type-2 diabetes[13]
- oral semaglutide (Rybelsus) 7 mg & 14 mg (FDA-approved Sept 2019)[6][9]
- doses as high as 50 mg safe & effective[24] Dosage adjustment with renal failure:
- no adjustment needed for once weekly injection
Adverse effects
- increased incidence of diabetic retinopathy complications, including blindness[1][22]
- increased risk of non-arteritic ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION)[39]
- gastrointestinal distress, nausea (44%)[25], gastroparesis[25]
- pancreatitis[27]
- ileus[27]
- may increase likelihood of neoplasms (no organ-specific pattern identified)[10]
- increased risk of suicidal ideation ?
- semaglutide is not associated with an increased risk of suicidal ideation[30]
- a WHO database found a suggestion of semaglutide-associated suicidal ideation*, which warrants urgent clarification[44]
* not such association was found with liraglutide[44]
Mechanism of action
- glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist[1]
- may reduce cardiovascular events (mostly stroke) in type 2 diabetics with increased cardiovascular risk in industry-conducted trial[1]
- may be beneficial for weight reduction; 3 kg vs placebo[2]
- may reduce incidence of diabetic nephropathy
- may reduce HgbA1c[1]; 1.55% vs placebo[2]
Clinical trials
- 6 months, almost all participants achieved 5% weight loss, 1/2 lost >10%, & a 1/4 lost >15% of their body weight[16]
- STEP 1 & STEP 4 trials:[14][48]
- 1 year after withdrawal of once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg & lifestyle intervention, participants regained 2/3 of their prior weight loss, with similar changes in cardiometabolic measures[48]
Notes
- tirzepatide is most effective GLP-1 agonist for both glycemic control & weight loss
- semaglutide is second most effective GLP-1 agonist for both indications
- weight reductions in obese adults > with tirzepatide vs semaglutide (15% vs 8% at 12 months)[41]
- may diminish HgbA1c as add on to metformin > dulaglutide by 0.4%[4]
- may diminish HgbA1c as add on to metformin > sitagliptin by 0.3-0.5%[5]
- oral semaglutide compares favorably with subcutaneous liraglutide for glycemic control & weight reduction[7]
- Medicare will cover semaglutide (Wegovy) under Part D for overweight or obese patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease to prevent heart attack or stroke[35]
- this could lead to unmanageable costs[45]
- cost $10,000 annually (2019)
- cost for Wegovy (weight loss) is $1349 for 4 weekly injections[19]
- Novo Nordisk has not announced pricing on oral semiglutide
More general terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 Marso SP, Bain SC, Consoli A et al Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. September 16, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27633186 Free Article <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1607141
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Sorli S, Harashima SI, Tsoukas GM et al Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide monotherapy versus placebo in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 1): a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multinational, multicentre phase 3a trial. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. Jan 16, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28110911 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(17)30013-X/fulltext
Scheen AJ Semaglutide: a promising new glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. Jan 16, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28110912 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(17)30012-8/fulltext (industry-funded study)
Novo Nordisk News Release. Dec. 5, 2016 Novo Nordisk Files for Regulatory Approval of Once-Weekly Semaglutide with the FDA for the Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes. http://press.novonordisk-us.com/2016-12-05-Novo-Nordisk-Files-for-Regulatory-Approval-of-Once-Weekly-Semaglutide-with-the-FDA-for-the-Treatment-of-Type-2-Diabetes - ↑ 3.0 3.1 Frieden J FDA Panel Urges Approval of Semaglutide for T2D. Vote was 16-0 with one abstention. MedPage Today. October 18, 2017 https://www.medpagetoday.com/Endocrinology/Diabetes/68642
Tucker ME FDA Approves Semaglutide for Type 2 Diabetes Medscape - Dec 05, 2017. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/889631
Windle ML. FDA New Drug and Biologic Approvals -- 2017 Year-in-Review Medscape - Jan 11, 2018. https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/890871
U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Novel Drug Approvals for 2017. https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/DrugInnovation/ucm537040.htm - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Pratley RE, Aroda VR, Lingvay I et al Semaglutide versus dulaglutide once weekly in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 7): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. Jan 31, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29397376 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(18)30024-X/abstract
Tahrani AA, Bellary S, Barnett AH. Once-weekly GLP-1R agonists: moving the goal posts. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. Jan 31, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29397375 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(18)30049-4/fulltext - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Rosenstock J, Allison D, Birkenfeld AL et al Effect of Additional Oral Semaglutide vs Sitagliptin on Glycated Hemoglobin in Adults With Type 2 Diabetes Uncontrolled With Metformin Alone or With SulfonylureaThe PIONEER 3 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(15):1466-1480. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2729339
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Husain M, Birkenfeld AL, Donsmark M et al. Oral semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2019 Jun 11 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31185157 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1901118
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Pratley R, Amod A, Hoff ST et al. Oral semaglutide versus subcutaneous liraglutide and placebo in type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 4): A randomised, double-blind, phase 3a trial. Lancet 2019 Jul 6; 394:39. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31186120 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31271-1/fulltext
Holst JJ. Which to choose, an oral or an injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist? Lancet 2019 Jul 6; 394:4. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31186119 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31350-9/fulltext - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lingvay I, Catarig AM, Frias JP et al Efficacy and safety of once-weekly semaglutide versus daily canagliflozin as add-on to metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN 8): a double-blind, phase 3b, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. Sept 17, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3154086 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(19)30311-0/fulltext
Scheen AJ SGLT2 inhibitor or GLP-1 receptor agonist in type 2 diabetes? Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology. Sept 17, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31540866 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(19)30310-9/fulltext - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Tucker ME FDA OKs 'Game-Changer' Oral GLP-1 Agonist for Type 2 Diabetes. Medscape - Sep 20, 2019. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/918772
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Newsome PN, Buchholtz K, Cusi K et al A Placebo-Controlled Trial of Subcutaneous Semaglutide in Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis. N Engl J Med. 2020 Nov 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33185364 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2028395
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Calanna S et al Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Adults with Overweight or Obesity. N Engl H Med. 2021. Feb 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33567185 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2032183
Ingelfinger JR, Rosen CJ STEP 1 for Effective Weight Control - Another First Step? N Engl H Med. 2021. Feb 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33567184 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe2101705 - ↑ 12.0 12.1 Wadden TA, Bailey TS, Billings LK et al. Effect of subcutaneous semaglutide vs placebo as an adjunct to intensive behavioral therapy on body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: The STEP 3 randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021 Feb 24:e211831 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33625476 PMCID: PMC7905697 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777025
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Davies M, Faerch L, Jeppesen OK, et al. Semaglutide 2 4 mg once a week in adults with overweight or obesity, and type 2 diabetes (STEP 2): A randomised, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2021 Mar 2; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33667417 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00213-0/fulltext
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Rubino D, Abrahamsson N, Davies M et al Effect of Continued Weekly Subcutaneous Semaglutide vs Placebo on Weight Loss Maintenance in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. The STEP 4 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. Published online March 23, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33755728 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777886
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Busko M FDA Approves 'Gamechanger' Semaglutide for Weight Loss. Medscape - Jun 04, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/952441
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Ghusn W et al. Weight loss outcomes associated with semaglutide treatment for patients with overweight or obesity. JAMA Netw Open 2022 Sep 19; 5:e2231982. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36121652 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2796491
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Perreault L et al. Changes in glucose metabolism and glycemic status with once-weekly subcutaneous semaglutide 2.4 mg among participants with prediabetes in the STEP program. Diabetes Care 2022 Oct; 45:2396 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35724304 https://diabetesjournals.org/care/article/45/10/2396/147113/Changes-in-Glucose-Metabolism-and-Glycemic-Status
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Weghuber D et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adolescents with obesity. N Engl J Med 2022 Nov 2; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36322838 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2208601
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 AMA Morning Rounds. Dec 5, 2022 American Medical Society
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Nainggolan L FDA Approves Wegovy (Semaglutide) for Obesity in Teens 12 and Up. Medscape. January 03, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986403
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Tucker ME Eye check important before starting semaglutide for diabetes. Internal Medicine News. Jan 26, 2023 https://www.mdedge.com/internalmedicine/article/260856/diabetes/eye-check-important-starting-semaglutide-diabetes
Albert SG, Wood ME, Ahir V Glucagon-like peptide 1-receptor agonists and A1c: Good for the heart but less so for the eyes? Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2022. Dec 28;17(1):102696 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36596264 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1871402122003137 - ↑ 23.0 23.1 NEJM Knowledge+ Endocrinology
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Aroda VR et al. Efficacy and safety of once-daily oral semaglutide 25 mg and 50 mg compared with 14 mg in adults with type 2 diabetes (PIONEER PLUS): A multicentre, randomised, phase 3b trial. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37385279 Lancet 2023 Jun 25; [e-pub]. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)01127-3/fulltext
Knop FK et al. Oral semaglutide 50 mg taken once per day in adults with overweight or obesity (OASIS 1): A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2023 Jun 25; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37385278 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)01185-6/fulltext - ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Goodman B They took blockbuster drugs for weight loss and diabetes. Now their stomachs are paralyzed. CNN. July 25, 2023 https://www.cnn.com/2023/07/25/health/weight-loss-diabetes-drugs-gastroparesis/index.html
Moniuszko M Ozempic, Mounjaro manufacturers sued over claims of "stomach paralysis" side effects. CBS News. August 3, 2023 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/ozempic-mounjaro-lawsuit-gastroparesis-stomach-paralysis-side-effect/ - ↑ 26.0 26.1 Zoler ML Wegovy Scores HFpEF Benefits in People With Obesity. Medscape. August 25, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/995844
Kosiborod MN, Abildstrom SZ, Borlaug BA et al Semaglutide in Patients with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2023. August 25. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37622681 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2306963
Butler J, Abildstrom S, Borlaug B et al. Semaglutide in Patients With Obesity and Heart Failure Across Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023. Nov 28;82(22):2087-2096. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37993201 Free article https://www.jacc.org/doi/abs/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.09.811
Borlaug BA, Kitzman DW, Davies MJ et al Semaglutide in HFpEF across obesity class and by body weight reduction: a prespecified analysis of the STEP-HFpEF trial. Nat Med. 2023 Sep;29(9):2358-2365. Epub 2023 Aug 27. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37635157 PMCID: PMC10504076 Free PMC article. - ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Putka S FDA Adds Intestinal Blockage Reports to Ozempic Labeling. Joins other approved GLP-1 receptor agonists in noting the potential adverse reaction. MedPage Today September 28, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/endocrinology/diabetes/106535
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Lincoff AM et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes. N Engl J Med 2023 Nov 11; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37952131 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2307563
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Butler J, Abildstrom SZ, Borlaug BA et al. Semaglutide in Patients With Obesity and Heart Failure Across Mildly Reduced or Preserved Ejection Fraction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2023 Nov 28;82(22):2087-2096. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37993201 Free article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109723075964
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Wang W et al. Association of semaglutide with risk of suicidal ideation in a real-world cohort. Nat Med 2024 Jan; 30:168 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38182782 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-023-02672-2
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Kosiborod MN, Verma S, Borlaug BA, et al. Effects of Semaglutide on Symptoms, Function, and Quality of Life in Patients With Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction and Obesity: A Prespecified Analysis of the STEP-HFpEF Trial. Circulation. 2024 Jan 16;149(3):204-216. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37952180 PMCID: PMC10782938 Free PMC article https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.067505
- ↑ Yao H et al. Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2024 Jan 29; 384:e076410. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38286487 PMCID: PMC10823535 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-076410
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Hansen MK et al Eligibility for and Preventive Potential of Semaglutide in Overweight and Obese Patients With Myocardial Infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024 2024 Mar 5;83(9):956-958. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38418010 https://www.jacc.org/doi/10.1016/j.jacc.2023.12.029
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Monaco K Wegovy Approved for Major Heart Disease Prevention. New indication for patients with obesity or overweight and a history of cardiovascular disease. MedPage Today March 8, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/cardiology/prevention/109090
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Freiden J Medicare to Cover Weight-Loss Drug Wegovy for Certain Patients. News comes in the wake of FDA approval to reduce risk of heart attacks, stroke. MedPage Today March 21, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/publichealthpolicy/medicare/109305
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Kosiborod MN, Petrie MC, Borlaug BA et al. Semaglutide in patients with obesity-related heart failure and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2024 Apr 6; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38587233 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2313917
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Butler J, Shah SJ, Petrie MC et al Semaglutide versus placebo in people with obesity-related heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: a pooled analysis of the STEP-HFpEF and STEP-HFpEF DM randomised trials. Lancet. 2024 Apr 4:S0140-6736(24)00469-0 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38599221
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Perkovic V et al Effects of Semaglutide on Chronic Kidney Disease in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2024. May 23 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38785209 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2403347
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Hathaway JT, Shah MP, Hathaway DB et al Risk of Nonarteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy in Patients Prescribed Semaglutide. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2024 Jul 3. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38958939 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2820255
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Schou M, Petrie MC, Borlaug BA, et al. Semaglutide and NYHA Functional Class in Obesity-Related Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: The STEP-HFpEF Program. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024 Jun 12:S0735-1097(24)07126-2. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38913004 Free article
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Rodriguez PJ, Goodwin Cartwright BM, Gratzl S et al Semaglutide vs Tirzepatide for Weight Loss in Adults With Overweight or Obesity. JAMA Intern Med. Published online July 8, 2024. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38976257 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2821080
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Lingvay I, Deanfield J, Kahn SE Semaglutide and Cardiovascular Outcomes by Baseline HbA1c and Change in HbA1c in People With Overweight or Obesity but Without Diabetes in SELECT. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jun 22:dc240764. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38907684
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Kahn SE, Deanfield JE, Jeppesen OK, et al. Effect of Semaglutide on Regression and Progression of Glycemia in People With Overweight or Obesity but Without Diabetes in the SELECT Trial. Diabetes Care. 2024 Jun 22:dc240491 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38907683
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Schoretsanitis G, Weiler S, Barbui C, Raschi E, Gastaldon C. Disproportionality Analysis From World Health Organization Data on Semaglutide, Liraglutide, and Suicidality. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Aug 1;7(8):e2423385. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39163046 PMCID: PMC11337067 Free PMC article.
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Chaitoff A, Bendicksen L, Feldman WB, Zheutlin AR, Lalani HS Estimating new eligibility and maximum costs of expanded Medicare coverage of semaglutide for cardiovascular risk prevention. Ann Intern Med 2024 Aug 27 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39186788 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/ANNALS-24-00308
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Scirica BM, Lincoff AM, Lingvay I et al The Effect of Semaglutide on Mortality and COVID-19-Related Deaths: An Analysis From the SELECT Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024 Aug 27:S0735-1097(24)08156-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39217559 Free article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109724081567
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Deanfield J et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with obesity and prevalent heart failure: A prespecified analysis of the SELECT trial. Lancet 2024 Aug 24; 404:773-786 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39181597 Free article. Clinical Trial. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(24)01498-3/fulltext
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 Henderson J The Data Are Clear: Patients Regain Weight After Stopping GLP-1 Drugs. Other than staying on drug, there's no evidence-based strategy to maintain weight loss. MedPage Today September 26, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/112138
Wilding JPH, Batterham RL, Davies M et al for the STEP 1 Study Group Weight regain and cardiometabolic effects after withdrawal of semaglutide: The STEP 1 trial extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022 Aug;24(8):1553-1564. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35441470 PMCID: PMC9542252 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial. - ↑ 49.0 49.1 Wang W, Wang Q, Qi X et al Associations of semaglutide with first-time diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease in patients with type 2 diabetes: Target trial emulation using nationwide real-world data in the US. Alzheimers Dement. 2024 Oct 24. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39445596
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Dotinga R Wegovy Reduced Pain From Knee Osteoarthritis Patients taking the GLP-1 drug also had greater improvement in physical function. MedPage Today October 30, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/rheumatology/arthritis/112646
Watson T Anti-obesity drug has life-changing benefits for arthritis Clinical-trial participants saw their knee pain abate and could engage better with activities that got them up and going. Nature News. 2024. Oct 30. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-03512-0
Bliddal H, Bays H, Czernichow S et al Once-Weekly Semaglutide in Persons with Obesity and Knee Osteoarthritis. N Engl J Med. 2024 Oct 31;391(17):1573-1583. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39476339 Clinical Trial https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2403664 - ↑ 51.0 51.1 Mahaffey KW, Tuttle KR, Arici M et al Cardiovascular outcomes with semaglutide by severity of chronic kidney disease in type 2 diabetes: the FLOW trial. Eur Heart J. 2024 Aug 30:ehae613. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39211948 https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehae613/7745056
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Tucker ME Semaglutide 2.4 mg Reduces All-Cause Hospital Admissions. Medscape. Nov 4, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/semaglutide-2-4-mg-reduces-all-cause-hospital-admissions-2024a1000k3a
- ↑ Monaco K GLP-1 Drugs Could Help People With Alcohol Use Disorder. Real-world data suggested semaglutide, liraglutide reduced AUD-related hospitalizations. MedPage Today November 13, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/psychiatry/addictions/112890
Lahteenvuo M, Tiihonen J, Solismaa A Repurposing Semaglutide and Liraglutide for Alcohol Use Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024 Nov 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39535805 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2825650 - ↑ Highights of Prescribing Information Ozempic (semaglutide) injection https://www.novo-pi.com/ozempic.pdf
- ↑ Highights of Prescribing Information Rybelsus (semaglutide) tablets for oral use https://www.novo-pi.com/rybelsus.pdf