insulin protein
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Function
- hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas
- regulates carbohydrate & fat metabolism
- induces hepatocytes & myocytes to internalize glucose from plasma & store it as glycogen in the liver & muscle, respectively
- induces translocation of GLUT-4 glucose transporter to the plasma membrane in skeletal muscle & adipocytes resulting in intracellular influx of glucose
- inhibits release of glucagon
- increases K+ uptake by skeletal muscle cells possibly via translocation of the Na+/K+-ATPase to the plasma membrane
- inhibits lipolysis, gluconeogenesis, autphagy
- able to cross the blood-brain barrier[2]
Structure
- heterodimer linked by 2 disulfide bonds
- a common precursor, proinsulin, gives rise to both insulin subunits & C-peptide
- apparently stored as a hexamer chelated by Zn+2 for stability
Pathology
- deficiency results in diabetes mellitus type 1
- insulin resistance or down-regulation of insulin receptors results in diabetes mellitus type 2
- insulinomas are islet cell tumors secreting insulin
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
- anti-insulin antibody
- insulin analog (synthetic insulins, recombinant insulins)
- insulin device (device for administering insulin)
- insulin for injection (Novolin, Humulin, Lente, Semilente, Ultralente, Iletin, NPH (isophane), PZI, INS)
- insulin in serum
- insulin receptor antagonist (insulin antagonist)
- insulin receptor; IR; (INSR)
- insulin resistance
Component of
- insulin protein/regular insulin
- insulin inhalation/insulin protein
- insulin for injection/insulin protein
References
- ↑ Wikipedia: Insulin http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulin
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Szalinski C A New Way to 'Smuggle' Drugs Through the Blood-Brain Barrier. Medscape. Oct 10, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/new-way-smuggle-drugs-through-blood-brain-barrier-2024a1000ijs