blood-brain barrier; blood-CSF barrier; plasma-CSF barrier (BBB)
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Function
- the choroid plexus regulates nutrient, lipid & protein transport across the BBB
- opposes passage of most ions & large molecular weight compounds from the blood into the cerebrospinal fluid & brain tissue
- glucose, amino acids, vitamins, & trace elements are selectively delivered across the BBB by specific carrier-mediated transport systems[8]
- peptides & protein hormones, including insulin, cross the BBB primarily through receptor-mediated transcytosis[6][8]
- insulin can penetrate the hippocampus[4]
- cytokines (except IL-2) cross the BBB via saturable transport system[7][8]
- lipoproteins cross the BBB through receptor-mediated transport mechanisms
* insulin can be delivered through the nose to the brain, via a simple nasal spray[4]
Structure
- continuous layer of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions
- similar capillaries are found in the retina, iris, inner ear & endoneurium of peripheral nerves
- in circumventricular organs, the blood brain barrier (BBB) is absent; the endothelium is fenestrated
- the BBB (plasma-CSF barrier) is provided by tight junctions between ependymal cells
Pathology
- breakdown of the BBB sxpands the range of biomolecules that can
Comparative biology
- p16INK4a expressing (dubbed senescent) endothelial cells associated with compromised blood brain barrier in mice[2]
Notes
- alternative entry routes of biomolecules into CSF (not through BBB) include:
- circumventricular organs (which lack a BBB)
- local synthesis in the choroid plexus
- activation of afferent vagal nerves.
More general terms
Additional terms
Component of
References
- ↑ Stedman's Medical Dictionary 27th ed, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1999
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Yamazaki Y, Baker DJ, Tachibana M et al Vascular Cell Senescence Contributes to Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown. Stroke. 2016 Feb 16. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26883501
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Sweeney MD, Sagare AP, Zlokovic BV Blood-brain barrier breakdown in Alzheimer disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. Nature Reviews Neurology. Jan 29, 2018 PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29377008 https://www.nature.com/articles/nrneurol.2017.188
Sweeney MD, Zhao Z, Montagne A et al Blood-Brain Barrier: From Physiology to Disease and Back. Physiol Rev. 2019 Jan 1;99(1):21-78. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1152/physrev.00050.2017. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30280653 PMCID: PMC6335099 Free PMC article. Review. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6335099/ - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Szalinski C A New Way to 'Smuggle' Drugs Through the Blood-Brain Barrier. Medscape. Oct 10, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/new-way-smuggle-drugs-through-blood-brain-barrier-2024a1000ijs
- ↑ Liu J, Wang T, Dong J, Lu Y. The blood-brain barriers: novel nanocarriers for central nervous system diseases. J Nanobiotechnology. 2025 Feb 26;23(1):146. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40011926 PMCID: PMC11866817 Free PMC article. Review.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Goncalves RA, De Felice FG. The crosstalk between brain and periphery: Implications for brain health and disease. Neuropharmacology. 2021 Oct 1;197:108728. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34331960 Review.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Banks WA, Kastin AJ, Broadwell RD. Passage of cytokines across the blood-brain barrier. Neuroimmunomodulation. 1995 Jul-Aug;2(4):241-8. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8963753 Review.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 Campos-Bedolla P, Walter FR, Veszelka S, Deli MA. Role of the blood-brain barrier in the nutrition of the central nervous system. Arch Med Res. 2014 Nov;45(8):610-38. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25481827 Review.