glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist; incretin mimetic; GLP-1 mimetic; GLP-1 agonist; glutide; GLP-1RA
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Indications
- treatment of diabetes mellitus type-2 -overall reduction in HgbA1c of 0.72%[41]
- GLP-1 agonists promote weight reduction in patients with or without diabetes mellitus[1]
- risk reduction for cardiovascular disease in patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (ACC recommendation)[13]
- GLP-1 receptor agonists reduce renal failure & cardiovascular events[38] regardless of SGLT2-inhibitor use[39]
- in patients with diabetes mellitus type-2 & asthma, metformin cuts odds of asthma attacks by 30%; adding a GLP-1 receptor agonist reduces odds by another 40%[36]
- useful for weight loss in patients without diabetes mellitus
- may lower risk for alcohol use disorder hospitalization[37]
- reduced risk for
Contraindications
- pancreatitis
- history of pancreatitis is relative contraindication
- family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-2 (MEN2)
- gastroparesis[20]
- does not reduce hospitalization due to heart failure[19]
- NLY01 investigational for treatment of Parkinson's disease (see Mechanism of action below) failed to reach primary efficacy endpoint[26]
Dosage
SC weekly
* oral semaglutide (Rybelsus)[15] Dosage adjustment with renal failure:
- no adjustment needed for once weekly injection
Adverse effects
- nausea/vomiting, diarrhea, constipation most common[7][40]
- increased risk of chronic renal failure[7]
- increased risk for pancreatitis?[3]; no[4][5]
- probably no increased risk for pancreatitis[4][5]
- increased risk of pancreatitis when used for weight loss[22]
- no increased risk of pancreatic cancer[8]
- delayed gastric emptying, gastroparesis*
- risk of residual gastric contents on day of elective surgery[31]
- risk of gastric food retention 17% with EGD alone but none when EGD combined with colonoscopy[34]
- inadequate bowel preparation for colonoscopy, 11% vs 5% of controls[46]
- increased risk of gastroparesis when used for weight loss[22]
- increased risk of bowel obstruction when used for weight loss[22]
- not associated with increased risk for hospitalization due to heart failure[9]
- cases of postmarketing acute cholecystitis with GLP-1 mimetics[18]
- increased risk of gallbladder disease & disorder of the bile ducts[10]
- may increase risk for cholangiocarcinoma[14]
- increased risk of gallbladder or biliary diseases, especially when used at higher doses, for longer durations, & for weight loss[17]
- no increased risk for breast cancer[11]
- increased risk of overall thyroid cancer (RR=1.52) but not papillary thyroid cancer or medullary thyroid cancer[23]
- no increase in risk of thyroid cancer[28][43]
- increased risk of thyroid cancer (RR=1.8) within 1st year of starting GLP-1 receptor agonist likely due to increased surveilliance[43]
- no increased risk of mortality[12]
- alopecia, pulmonary aspiration, suicidal ideation (potential)[24]
- FDA clears GLP-1 receptor agonists of suicidal risk, but continues review[24]
- pulmonary aspiration during general anesthesia or deep sedation[35]
- no increased risk of suicide in patients without mental illness[32]
- questions remain regarding use in patient with depression[32]
- increased risks for
* Black box warning of contraindication for personal of family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia-2 (MEN2) (based on rodent studies where <A140021>GLP-1 receptors</A140021> on parfollicular cells induced C-cell proliferation & develpment of C-cell tumors)[20]
* prone to retained gastric contents on upper GI endoscopy[21]
- 8-hour solid-food fast & 2-hour liquid fast prior to the procedure,
- delay procedure if nausea, vomiting, or abdominal distension[29]
- 9% with gastric retention, nearly all with diabetes
- 2% of upper endoscopies aborted due to gastric retention[45]
- no cases of pulmonary aspiration[45]
Drug interactions
- hypoglycemia when used in combination with sulfonylurea[7]
- GLP-1 agonists (incretin mimetics) delay gastric emptying time which can decrease level & affect of concomitantly administered oral medications including acetaminophen[16]
- drug interaction(s) of antidepressant in combination with GLP1-agonist
- drug interaction(s) of SGLT-2 inhititor (flozin) in combination with GLP1-agonist
- drug interaction(s) of acetaminophen in combination with GLP1-agonist
- drug interaction(s) of fluoroquinolones with hypoglycemic agents
Laboratory
- a commercially available test for 40 genetic variants identifies people with the "hungry gut" obesity phenotype who will respond best to GLP-1 receptor agonists for weight management[30]
Mechanism of action
- glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist
- mimicks action of incretin (gliptins also act through incretin effects)
- stimulates glucose-related insulin secretion
- inhibits glucagon secretion
- slows gastric emptying
- diminishes appetite in patients with type 2 diabetes
- increases satiety
- can lower Hgb A1c about 1.5%[2]
- increases activity of cholangiocytes[10]
- anti-inflammatory[25]
Clinical trials
- randomized controlled trial
- persons receiving a GLP-1 drug had a mean 8.1 kg body weight reduction vs a 1.2 kg weight loss for those receiving placebo
- using a GLP-1 drug resulted in a 5.4 kg decrease in fat mass % a 2.5 kg loss in lean mass[44]
Notes
- tirzepatide is most effective GLP-1 agonist for both glycemic control & weight loss
- semaglutide is second most effective GLP-1 agonist for both indications
- dulaglutide (1.5 mg) associated with greatest decrease in HgbA1c relative to placebo (1.4%), followed by once-weekly exenatide, & taspoglutide[6]
- taspoglutide associated with largest weight loss (1.3 kg), followed by exenatide & dulaglutide
- dulaglutide & exenatide were associated with highest risk for symptomatic hypoglycemia[6]
- once weekly semaglutide lowers A1c more than flozin as add on to metformin
- oral semaglutide compares favorably with subcutaneous liraglutide for glycemic control & weight loss[15]
More general terms
More specific terms
- albiglutide (Tanzeum)
- dulaglutide (Trulicity)
- efpeglenatide
- exenatide (Byetta, AC2993, extendin-4, Gilly, Lizzie, Bydureon)
- liraglutide (Victoza, Saxenda)
- lixisenatide (Adlyxin, Lyxumia)
- retatrutide
- semaglutide (Ozempic, Rybelsus, Wegovy)
- tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound)
Additional terms
- gliptin; dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor; DPP-4 inhibitor
- glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor; GLP-1 receptor; GLP-1-R; GLP-1R (GLP1R)
- incretin
References
- ↑ Jump up to: 1.0 1.1 Vilsboll T et al. Effects of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on weight loss: Systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2012 Jan 11; 344:d7771. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22236411
- ↑ Jump up to: 2.0 2.1 Prescriber's Letter 19(6): 2012 CHART: Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes ALGORITHM: Stepwise Approach to Selecting Treatments for Type 2 Diabetes (ADA) GUIDELINES: Management of Hyperglycemia in Type 2 Diabetes: A Patient-Centered Approach (2012) Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=280614&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Jump up to: 3.0 3.1 Singh S et al Glucagonlike Peptide 1-Based Therapies and Risk of Hospitalization for Acute Pancreatitis in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. A Population-Based Matched Case-Control Study. JAMA Intern Med. 2013;():1-6. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23440284 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1656537
- ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 4.2 Egan AG et al Pancreatic Safety of Incretin-Based Drugs - FDA and EMA Assessment. N Engl J Med 2014; 370:794-797February 27, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24571751 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1314078
- ↑ Jump up to: 5.0 5.1 5.2 Li L et al. Incretin treatment and risk of pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised and non-randomised studies. BMJ 2014 Apr 15; 348:g2366. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24736555
Faillie JL et al. Incretin based drugs and risk of acute pancreatitis in patients with type 2 diabetes: Cohort study. BMJ 2014 Apr 24; 348:g2780 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24764569 - ↑ Jump up to: 6.0 6.1 6.2 Zaccardi F et al Benefits and Harms of Once-Weekly Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Treatments: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. Published online 8 December 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26642233 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2474362
Montori VM, Rodriguez-Gutierrez R The Triumph of Innovation and the Hard Work of Caring for Patients With Diabetes. Ann Intern Med. Published online 8 December 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26641027 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2474364 - ↑ Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 17, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2015
- ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 Azoulay L, Filion KB, Platt RW et al Incretin based drugs and the risk of pancreatic cancer: international multicentre cohort study. BMJ 2016;352:i581 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26888382 Free Article <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i581
Bolen SD, Maruthur NM The safety of incretin based drug treatments for type 2 diabetes. BMJ 2016;352:i801 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26888024 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.i801 - ↑ Jump up to: 9.0 9.1 Filion KB, Azoulay L, Platt RW et al A Multicenter Observational Study of Incretin-based Drugs and Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:1145-1154. March 24, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27007958 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1506115
- ↑ Jump up to: 10.0 10.1 10.2 Faillie JL, Yu OH, Yin H et al Association of Bile Duct and Gallbladder Diseases With the Use of Incretin-Based Drugs in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. JAMA Intern Med. Published online August 01, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27478902 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2540538
Butler PC Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 Drugs as Second-Line Therapy for Type 2 Diabetes.' JAMA Intern Med. Published online August 01, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27479247 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2540531 - ↑ Jump up to: 11.0 11.1 Hicks BM, Yin H, Yu OH et al Glucagon-like peptide-1 analogues and risk of breast cancer in women with type 2 diabetes: population based cohort study using the UK Clinical Practice Research Datalink. BMJ 2016;355:i5340 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797785 Free Article <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i5340
Bolen SD, Maruthur NM Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of breast cancer. BMJ 2016;355:i5519 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27797789 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i5519 - ↑ Jump up to: 12.0 12.1 Liu J, Li L, Deng K et al Incretin based treatments and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2017 Jun 8;357:j2499. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28596247 Free PMC Article
- ↑ Jump up to: 13.0 13.1 Writing Committee, Das SR, Everett BM, Birtcher KK et al 2018 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Novel Therapies for Cardiovascular Risk Reduction in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease. A Report of the American College of Cardiology Task Force on Expert Consensus Decision Pathways. J Am Coll Cardiol. Nov 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30497881 <Internet> http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/early/2018/11/23/j.jacc.2018.09.020
- ↑ Jump up to: 14.0 14.1 Abrahami D, Douros A, Yin H et al Incretin based drugs and risk of cholangiocarcinoma among patients with type 2 diabetes: population based cohort study. BMJ 2018;363:k4880 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30518618 https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4880
- ↑ Jump up to: 15.0 15.1 15.2 Pratley R, Amod A, Hoff ST et al. Oral semaglutide versus subcutaneous liraglutide and placebo in type 2 diabetes (PIONEER 4): A randomised, double-blind, phase 3a trial. Lancet 2019 Jul 6; 394:39. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31186120 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31271-1/fulltext
Holst JJ. Which to choose, an oral or an injectable glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist? Lancet 2019 Jul 6; 394:4. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31186119 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31350-9/fulltext - ↑ Jump up to: 16.0 16.1 Windle ML Fast Five Quiz: Acetaminophen Medscape. July 22, 2021 https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/954960_2
- ↑ Jump up to: 17.0 17.1 He L, Wanf J, Ping F et al Association of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Use With Risk of Gallbladder and Biliary Diseases. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 28, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35344001 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2790392
Halder S, Lipska KJ Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists - How Safe Are They? JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 28, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35344015 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2790398 - ↑ Jump up to: 18.0 18.1 Woronow D, Chamberlain C, Niak A et al Acute Cholecystitis Associated With the Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Reported to the US Food and Drug Administration. JAMA Intern Med. Published online August 29, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36036939 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2795476
- ↑ Jump up to: 19.0 19.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 A merican College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022
- ↑ Jump up to: 20.0 20.1 20.2 NEJM Knowledge+ Endocrinology
- ↑ Jump up to: 21.0 21.1 Kobori T et al. Association of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist treatment with gastric residue in an esophagogastroduodenoscopy. J Diabetes Investig 2023 Jun; 14:767. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36919944 PMCID: PMC10204182 Free PMC article https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jdi.14005
- ↑ Jump up to: 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 Sodhi M, Rezaeianzadeh R, Kezouh A et al Risk of Gastrointestinal Adverse Events Associated With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss. JAMA. Published online October 5, 2023 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37796527 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2810542
- ↑ Jump up to: 23.0 23.1 Silverii GA, Monami M, Gallo M et al Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists and risk of thyroid cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023 Nov 29. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38018310
- ↑ Jump up to: 24.0 24.1 24.2 O'Mary L FDA Evaluating Three Side Effects Reported With Weight Loss Drugs. Medscape. January 05, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/s/viewarticle/fda-investigates-three-side-effects-reported-weight-loss-2024a10000e4
Monaco K FDA Clears Wegovy, Other GLP-1 Drugs of Suicidality Risk for Now. Preliminary evaluation reassures, while the agency's review continues. MedPage Today January 11, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/primarycare/obesity/108223 - ↑ Jump up to: 25.0 25.1 Lenharo M Obesity drugs have another superpower: taming inflammation Nature News. Jan 26, 2024 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00118-4
- ↑ Jump up to: 26.0 26.1 26.2 McGarry A et al. Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of NLY01 in early untreated Parkinson's disease: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol 2024 Jan; 23:37. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38101901 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laneur/article/PIIS1474-4422(23)00378-2/fulltext
- ↑ Yao H et al. Comparative effectiveness of GLP-1 receptor agonists on glycaemic control, body weight, and lipid profile for type 2 diabetes: Systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2024 Jan 29; 384:e076410. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38286487 PMCID: PMC10823535 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-076410
- ↑ Jump up to: 28.0 28.1 Pasternak B et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonist use and risk of thyroid cancer: Scandinavian cohort study. BMJ 2024 Apr 10; 385:e078225 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38683947 PMCID: PMC11004669 https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj-2023-078225
- ↑ Jump up to: 29.0 29.1 Hashash JG et al. AGA Rapid Clinical Practice Update on the management of patients taking GLP-1 receptor agonists prior to endoscopy: Communication. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024 Apr; 22:705 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37944573 https://www.cghjournal.org/article/S1542-3565(23)00869-8/fulltext
- ↑ Jump up to: 30.0 30.1 McNamara D Genetic Test Can Predict Response to Semaglutide for Weight Loss. Medscape May 21, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/genetic-test-can-predict-response-semaglutide-weight-loss-2024a10009k6
- ↑ Jump up to: 31.0 31.1 Sen S et al. Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist use and residual gastric content before anesthesia. JAMA Surg 2024 Jun; 159:660. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38446466 PMCID: PMC10918573 (available on 2025-03-06) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2815663
- ↑ Jump up to: 32.0 32.1 32.2 Ueda P, Soderling J, Wintzell V et al GLP-1 Receptor Agonist Use and Risk of Suicide Death. JAMA Intern Med. 2024 Sep 3:e244369. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39226030 PMCID: PMC11372654 Free PMC article. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2823083
Wadden TA et al. Psychiatric safety of semaglutide for weight management in people without known major psychopathology: Post hoc analysis of the STEP 1, 2, 3, and 5 trials. JAMA Intern Med 2024 Sep 3; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39226070 PMCID: PMC11372653 Free PMC article. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2823084
Schoretsanitis G et al. Disproportionality analysis from World Health Organization data on semaglutide, liraglutide, and suicidality. JAMA Netw Open 2024 Aug; 7:e2423385. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39163046 PMCID: PMC11337067 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2822453 - ↑ Henderson J The Data Are Clear: Patients Regain Weight After Stopping GLP-1 Drugs. Other than staying on drug, there's no evidence-based strategy to maintain weight loss. MedPage Today September 26, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/112138
- ↑ Jump up to: 34.0 34.1 Nasser J, Hosseini A, Barlow G et al Food Retention at Endoscopy Among Adults Using Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Oct 1;7(10):e2436783. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39352703 PMCID: PMC11445686 Free PMC article. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2824290
- ↑ Jump up to: 35.0 35.1 Larkin M FDA Updates GLP-1 Label With Pulmonary Aspiration Warning Medscape. Nov 6, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/fda-updates-glp-1-label-pulmonary-aspiration-warning-2024a1000k84
- ↑ Jump up to: 36.0 36.1 Lee B, Man KKC, Wong E, Tan T, Sheikh A, Bloom CI. Antidiabetic Medication and Asthma Attacks. JAMA Intern Med. 2024 Nov 18. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39556360 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2826086
- ↑ Jump up to: 37.0 37.1 Monaco K GLP-1 Drugs Could Help People With Alcohol Use Disorder. Real-world data suggested semaglutide, liraglutide reduced AUD-related hospitalizations. MedPage Today November 13, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/psychiatry/addictions/112890
Lahteenvuo M, Tiihonen J, Solismaa A Repurposing Semaglutide and Liraglutide for Alcohol Use Disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2024 Nov 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39535805 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2825650 - ↑ Jump up to: 38.0 38.1 Badve SV, Bilal A, Lee MMY, et al. Effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on kidney and cardiovascular disease outcomes: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024 Nov 25:S2213-8587(24)00271-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39608381
- ↑ Jump up to: 39.0 39.1 Neuen BL, Fletcher RA, Heath L, et al. Cardiovascular, Kidney, and Safety Outcomes With GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Alone and in Combination With SGLT2 Inhibitors in Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circulation. 2024 Nov 26;150(22):1781-1790. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39210781
- ↑ Jump up to: 40.0 40.1 Moiz A, Filion KB, Toutounchi H et al Efficacy and Safety of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists for Weight Loss Among Adults Without Diabetes: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Ann Intern Med. 2025 Jan 7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39761578 Review. https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/ANNALS-24-01590
- ↑ Jump up to: 41.0 41.1 Wong HJ, Lin NHY, Teo YH, et al. Anti-diabetic effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists on obese and overweight patients across diabetes status, administration routes, treatment duration and baseline characteristics: A systematic review. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2024 Dec 26. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39726212
- ↑ Jump up to: 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 42.4 42.5 42.6 42.7 42.8 Xie Y, Choi T, Al-Aly Z. Mapping the effectiveness and risks of GLP-1 receptor agonists. Nat Med. 2025 Jan 20. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39833406 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03412-w
- ↑ Jump up to: 43.0 43.1 43.2 Monaco K More Thyroid Cancers Found After Starting GLP-1s: Researchers Think They Know Why Early cases may be driven by increased surveillance. MedPage Today January 23, 2025 https://www.medpagetoday.com/endocrinology/thyroid/113915
Brito JP, Herrin J, Swarna KS et al GLP-1RA Use and Thyroid Cancer Risk. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025 Jan 23. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39847346 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2829462 - ↑ Jump up to: 44.0 44.1 Beavers KM, Cortes TM, Foy CM et al GLP1Ra-based therapies and DXA-acquired musculoskeletal health outcomes: a focused meta-analysis of placebo-controlled trials. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2025 Feb;33(2):225-237. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39710882 Review. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/oby.24172
- ↑ Jump up to: 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 Phan J, Chang P, Issa D et al Glucagon-Like Peptide Receptor Agonists Use Before Endoscopy Is Associated With Low Retained Gastric Contents: A Multicenter Cross-Sectional Analysis.. Am J Gastroenterol. 2025 Mar 1;120(3):554-561. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39016372
- ↑ Jump up to: 46.0 46.1 Beran A et al. Effect of glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists on bowel preparation for colonoscopy: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2025 Feb 12; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39933910 https://journals.lww.com/ajg/abstract/9900/effect_of_glucagon_like_peptide_1_receptor.1584.aspx