depression
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Introduction
A mental state marked by feelings of despair, discouragement, & sadness.
Etiology
- psychosocial
- pharmacologic causes*
- heredity
- prenatal depression & postpartum depression in mothers increases risk of depression during adolescence in offspring[39]
- young adults with most social media use have more depressive symptoms[61]
- risk factors in reproductive age women
- major depression: government insurance, hypertension
- minor depression: education level high school or less
- nutritional deficiency
- also see depression in the elderly
* increasing use of drugs that list depression as possible adverse effect[82]
Epidemiology
- 10-15% of general medical outpatients[17]
- female/male ratio is about 2-3/1
- lifetime incidence of major depression is ~20% in women & about ~12% in men[3]
- prevalence of depression in reproductive age women
- major depression: 4.8%, minor depression: 4.3%[79]
- prevalence of antidepressant use in reproductive age women with depression
- major depression: 32%, minor depression: 20%[79]
- more common among blacks & Hispanics than whites
- more common among middle-aged adults than among younger & older adults
- individuals without health insurance more likely to be depressed than those with coverage[17]
- common among resident physicians (29%)[58]
- common in persons with medical disease[3]
- disconnect of treatment & screening
Pathology
- resting leukocyte telomerase activity is elevated in major depression
- pretreatment telomerase activity is directly correlated with depression ratings
- lower pretreatment telomerase activity with relatively greater increase in telomerase activty during treatment correlates with better treatment response[23]
- comment: difficult to envision a mechanism
Genetics
- alleles of serotonin transporter SLC6A4 gene may predispose to depression[10]
- the A allele of SNP rs7997012 in the HTR2A gene confers likelihood of response to SSRIs
- associated with variations in CACNA1C & CACNB2[35]
History
(self-report scales for depression)
- Center for Epidemiological Studies - Depression Scale
- Beck Depression Inventory
- Zung self-rating depression scale
Clinical manifestations
- anhedonia
- sadness
- apathy
- appetite changes
- fatigue
- sleep disturbances
- feelings of worthlessness
- thoughts of death
- suicidal ideation
- anxiety/nervousness
- difficulty with concentration
- inappropriate guilt
- agitation
- slowness
- self-effacing
- demanding behavior
- irritation
- anger
- grumpiness
- complaints, hypochondriasis
- natural course of depression is generally 6 months to 2 years
- also see depression in the elderly
Diagnostic criteria
- depression must be present for at least 2 weeks[47]
Laboratory
- thyroid function tests
- complete blood count (CBC)
- chemistry profile
- serum cortisol or cosyntropin-stimulation test
- serum folate & serum vitamin B12
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) or serum C-reactive protein (CRP)
- urinalysis
- serology for HIV
- serum homocysteine:
- high serum homocysteine associated with increased risk of depression in elderly men (RR=1.6)[31]
- may be useful for predicting which patients might benefit from vitamin B6, vitamin B12 & folate supplementation[52]
- lumbar puncture & CSF catecholamine levels
Diagnostic procedures
- electrocardiogram (ECG)
- sleep encephalogram
- reduced slow-wave sleep*
- reduced REM sleep latency*
- increased awakenings*
* changes in sleep also seen with aging; effects may be additive
Radiology
- positron-emission tomography
- single-photon-emission tomography
- functional MRI (fMRI)[72]
- subcallosal cingulate cortex connectivity to dorsal midbrain, ventrolateral prefrontal cortex-insula, & ventromedial prefrontal cortex differentiate cognitive behavorial therapy (CBT) responders from medication responders
- greater connectivity to these areas associated with CBT remission & medication failure[72]
- absence or reversal of this pattern yields opposite results
Complications
- increased death rate from all causes
- up to 15% incidence of suicide
- increased risk of stroke morbidity & mortality[19]
- shorter telomeres[42]; significance unknown
- children of depressed fathers at increased risk for depression during adolescence[77]
- serotonin syndrome in patients taking SSRI in combination with other medications[3]
- disease interaction(s) of gender incongruence with depression & suicidal ideation
- disease interaction(s) of mild cognitive impairment with depression
- disease interaction(s) of air pollution with depression
- disease interaction(s) of depression with erectile dysfunction
- disease interaction(s) of depression with chronic renal failure
- disease interaction(s) of depression with insomnia
- disease interaction(s) of depression with cancer
- disease interaction(s) of HIV/AIDS with depression
- disease interaction(s) of stroke with depression
- disease interaction(s) of Parkinson's disease with depression
- disease interaction(s) of diabetes mellitus with depression
- disease interaction(s) of depression with personality disorder
- disease interaction(s) of depression with anxiety
- disease interaction(s) of depression with dementia
- disease interaction(s) of ischemic heart disease with depression
- disease interaction(s) of heart disease with depression
- disease interaction(s) of cardiovascular disease with depression
Differential diagnosis
- dysthymia
- situational adjustment disorder with depressed mood
- bipolar affective disorder (assess for episodes of mood elevation)
- seasonal affective disorder
- grief reaction (bereavement)
- helplessness, hopelessness, worthlessness, guilt & anhedonia are consistent with depression rather than normal grief[3]
- personality disorder
- borderline personality disorder
- volatile interpersonal relationships
- episodes of intense anger[47]
- attributes problems to others
- complains about healthcare providers
- borderline personality disorder
- neurologic disorders
- endocrine disorder
- menses-related mood changes
- hypothyroidism
- hyperthyroidism
- diabetes mellitus
- parathyroid disorders
- Cushing's disease
- Addison's disease
- post-partum endocrine changes
- infectious or inflammatory processes
- may present or be accompanied by depression
- pneumonia
- arthritis
- systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
- infectious mononucleosis
- hepatitis
- tuberculosis
- viral infections
- drug-induced (see etiology)
- cardiopulmonary disease
- especially with hypoxia &/or anemia
- congestive heart failure (CHF)
- myocardial infarction
- cancer
- uremia
- sleep apnea
- head injury
- vitamin deficiencies
- depression associated with medical illness
- hypoactive delirium[47]
- also see dementia vs delirium vs depression
Management
- ensure the safety of the suicidal depressed patient
- assess suicide risk in all patients
- refer to a psychiatrist those patients with a plan
- hospitalize if patient is a imminent risk to themselves or others (place hold on patient if necessary)
- aggressively treat contributing medical problems
- ask about episodes of mania or hypomania before starting antidepressant[3]
- antidepressant alone in patient with bipolar disorder can precipitate mania[3]
- comormid depression & anxiety is more treatment-resistant than either alone[47]
- ask about episodes of mania or hypomania before starting antidepressant[3]
- psychotherapy[13][15]
- 1st line treatment in adolescents
- cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
- treatment-resistant depression 3 times more likely to respond with adjunctive CBT[32][33]
- CBT delivered to depressed adolescents by computer is effective[28]
- web-based psychotherapy may help prevent depression[65]
- effective in youth declining pharmaceutical treatment[63]
- long-term benefits of CBT 3 years after therapy has stopped, but depressive symptoms still common[59]
- cognitive behavioral therapy & psychodynamic psychotherapy with equally poor response rates of 23%[38]
- treatment of insomnia with cognitive behavioral therapy improves symptoms of depression[41]
- mindfullness-based cognitive behavioral therapy (MBCT)
- may aid in maintenance of remission[16]
- as effective as antidepressants & may be superior in depressed patients with histories of severe childhood abuse[54]
- relapse less frequent when antidepressant combined with continuation of antidepressant (54-69% vs 39-46%)[62]
- behavioral activation non-inferior to CBT for mild depression ((PHQ-9 5-9)[98]
- can be delivered in a primary care office[87]
- life review therapy for order adults
- psychodynamic therapy[3]
- short-term (16 weeks) dynamic psychotherapy ineffective[22]
- interpersonal therapy[3]
- cognitive therapy can help prevent recurrence[80]
- therapy via telehealth by lay counselor or licensed clinician of benefit[91]
- refer to psychiatry for:
- significant suicidal or homicidal ideation
- psychotic symptoms
- bipolar disorder[3]
- refractory symptoms
- neuropsychologic testing for cognitive impairment or functional impairment[3]
- failure of initial therapy
- psychiatric comorbidities[3]
- severe depression
- pharmacologic agents (PHQ-9 >= 10)
- pharmacologic therapy indicated for severe depression[98]
- be alert for increased risk of suicide associated with initiation of drug therapy for depression[3]
- antidepressants can trigger a manic attack in patients with bipolar-affective disorder[3]
- do not stop antidepressant abruptly[3]
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (1st line agents)
- sertraline (Zoloft)
- start 25 mg QD
- increase after 4-7 days (minimal adverse reaction)
- effective dose: 50-200 mg QD
- well tolerated in the elderly[95]
- safe for patients with cardiovascular disease[3]
- ineffective in patients with moderate depression & chronic renal failure (GFR 28 mL/min/1.73 m2)[78]
- paroxetine (Paxil)
- paroxetine is ineffective, & even harmful, for treating major depression in adolescents[55]
- highest rate of sexual dysfunction among SSRI[3]
- highest rate of discontinuation among SSRI[3]
- classified as pregnancy category D[3]
- fluoxetine (Prozac)
- SSRI are preferred agents during pregnancy; no apparent risk to fetus[4]
- not 1st line in adolescents because of increased riskmfor suicidality in this age group; use only with 'judicious clinical monitoring'[15]
- SSRI modestly better than placebo in children & adolecents[75]
- escitalopram for treatment of maternal depression, anxiety, irritability & distress may improve children's mood[53]
- augmentation of SSRI with lisdexamfetamine somewhat effective[76]
- sertraline (Zoloft)
- alternative agents
- serotonin & norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor (SNRI)
- atypical antidepressants
- venlafaxine (Effexor)
- mirtazapine (Remeron)
- no sexual dysfunction, stimulates appetite, weight gain[3]
- bupropion (Wellbutrin)
- no sexual dysfunction, good for overweight[3]
- ok to switch from SSRI to bupropion for sexual dysfunction[3]
- tricyclic antidepressants (TCA)
- therapeutic monitoring may be indicated
- desipramine (Norpramine)*
- nortriptyline (Aventyl, Pamelor)*
- imipramine (Tofranil)
- imipramine is ineffective, & even harmful, for treating major depression in adolescents[55]
- MAO inhibitors
- lithium carbonate diminishes risk of suicide (odds ratio = 0.13) & all-cause mortality (odds ratio = 0.38) in patients with bipolar disease or unipolar depression[36]
- intranasal esketamine as adjunctive treatment for treatment-resistant depression (expensive)[3]
- aspirin may reduce risk of depression in elderly menwith hyperhomocysteinemia (RR=0.57)[31]
- alternative medicine
- Hypericum perforatum (St John's Wort) 900-1800 mg/day (divided TID) at least as effective as paroxetine[8][69]
- SAMe may be of benefit[70]
- in a single trial, curcumin benefit for major depression not statistically significant
- no trials of valerian[47]
- psilocybin has rapid & long-lasting antidepressant effects[97]
- continue medications >= 6 months before tapering
- cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) may aid in maintenance of remission[16]
- no reason to add CBT to pharmacologic therapy if in remission (PHQ-9 < 5)
- chronic antidepressant therapy
- duration of therapy with 1st recurrence of depression: 18-36 months if 2nd episode occurw 18 months after 1st episode[3]
- lifetime therapy for patients with > 2 episodes of major depression[5]; including recurrence within 1 year of treatment & suicide attempt
- patients > 50 years of age: > 3 years
- among patients who felt well enough to discontinue antidepressant therapy, discontinuation associated with higher risk of relapse within 1 year than continuation of therapy (RR=2.1)[92]
- 1/3 of patients don't fully respond to standard antidepressant therapy[7]
- for partial responders, maximize dose over 4-8 weeks, then add a second agent after 2-3 months only if needed[47]
- a partial response does predict increased likelihood of full remission[47]
- for non-responders, change to a different agent after 4-8 weeks at optimal dose of single agent[3][29]
- of SSRI initial non-responders, number needed to treat for full remission at 16 weeks is 14[29]
- combination therapy for partial-responders
- SSRI + bupropion[47]
- SSRI + atypical antidepressant
- addition of mirtazapine to SSRI or SNRI of no benefit in treatment-resistant depression[85]
- SSRI + atypical antipsychotic
- SSRI + anticonvulsant
- lamotrigine, carbamazepine, valproate, gabapentin
- used as mood stabilizers for bipolar disorder & may be helpful in patients with unipolar depression
- SSRI + Li+ may benefit 20-50% of patients
- stimulants such as methylphenidate
- may help fatigue
- may be beneficial for sexual dysfunction
- indicated at end of life if prognosis < 6 weeks[3]
- fast onset of action
- see guidelines for switching antidepressants
- benefits of antidepressants
- may fall below accepted criteria for clinical significance[14]
- effectiveness in demented patients is controversial[25]
- escitalopram of no benefit in heart failure[68]
- SSRI may have limited or no benefit in patients with chronic renal failure[78]
- short-term (16 weeks) antidepressants ineffective[22]
- fluoxetine & venlafaxine effective in children & adults, number needed to treat: 4-6[24]; less so for geriatric patients, number needed to treat: 17-39[24]
- thyroxine may be useful for patients with subclinical hypothyroidism
- low-dose estrogen may improve mood in post-menopausal women (see menopause)
- refer to psychiatry
- lack of response to two or more antidepressants[3]
- suicidal or homicidal ideation
- psychotic symptoms
- evidence of bipolar disorder[3]
- decreased depressive facial expression through use of Botox in the glabellar region may be of benefit[26]
- vitamin D supplementation does not reduce risk of depression in elderly women[30]
- vitamin B6, vitamin B12, & folate supplementation in addition to antidepressants may diminish relapses in depressed patients with elevated serum homocysteine[52]
- combination of psychotherapy (cognitive behavorial therapy) & antidepressant results in best outcomes[3][47][60][86]
- collaborative care administered by depression care managers including an education, engagement & a choice among treatment with medication, cognitive behavioral therapy, or both with regular follow-up superior to usual care[49]
- intervention cost roughly $1400 per patient (2014)
- centralized data support essential for workflows & quality improvement across multiple sites[67]
- phototherapy
- bright light therapy
- alleviates depression +/- seasonal affective disorder
- superior to fluoxetine (study in Canada)[57]
- bright light therapy
- pet/animal therapy[9]
- acupuncture may be of benefit[40]
- electroconvulsive therapy for refractory depression
- transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
- application of magnetic fields strong enough to alter cerebral cortex neuron firing patterns
- applied over left dorsal frontal cortex
- effective in controlled trials
- transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)
- in combination with SSRI
- more effective than placebo, but alone less effective than escitalopram
- dietary meausures
- Mediterranean diet may reduce risk of depression[84]
- coffee with caffeine reduces risk for depression in women
- omega-3 fatty acids may be useful 2-9 g/day
- a healthy diet may improve symptoms of depression[88]
- dietary creatine may lower risk for depression[90]
- probiotics may augment effects of antidepressants[99]
- exercise
- of little or no benefit[27][50]
- at least moderate benefit[100]
- active adults are less likely to be depressed[51] & becoming active may reduce risk of depression
- relatively litte physical activity associated with lower risks of depression
- 4.4 marginal metabolic equivalent task hours per week ((mMET-h/wk) reduced depression by 18%
- 8.8 mMET-h/wk reduced depression by 25%
- resistance exercise training could help improve symptoms of depression[81]
- integrated mental health & primary care can improve overall function[43]
- prognosis:
- 30% of patients in pharmacologically-induced remission reported diminished quality of life, 9% reported severe impairment[48]
- patient education
- see screening for depression
* 2nd line agents during pregnancy; monitor levels once each trimester[4]
- Follow-up:
- within 1 week of initial presentations
- weekly or biweekly for 6 weeks
- 3 times within 3 months, one face to face
- monthly or bimonthly if patient improving
- at least quarterly while patient still on anti-depressant medications
More general terms
More specific terms
- atypical depression
- bipolar affective disorder
- depression during pregnancy
- depression in children & adolescents
- depression in patients with substance abuse
- depression in the elderly
- depression not otherwise specified (DNOS)
- depressive pseudodementia
- major depression
- perinatal depression
- persistent depressive disorder
- treatment-resistant depression
Additional terms
- adjustment disorder
- dementia vs delirium vs depression
- Depression: What Every Woman Should Know
- diagnostic criteria for depression (DSM IV)
- dysthymia
- screening for depression (includes depression assessment tools)
- Sequenced Treatment Alternatives to Relieve Depression (STAR*D)
References
- ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed. Companion Handbook, Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1995, pg 829-39
- ↑ Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 1110-1113
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021.
Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Prescriber's Letter 7(11):65 2000
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 UCLA Intensive Course in Geriatric Medicine & Board Review, Marina Del Ray, CA, Sept 12-15, 2001
- ↑ US Preventive Services Task Force, Screening for Depression, Ann Intern Med 136:760, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12020146 Pignone MP et al, Screening for depression in adults: a summary of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 136:765, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12020146
PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12020146
O'Connor EA, Whitlock EP, Beil TL, Gaynes BN. Screening for depression in adult patients in primary care settings: a systematic evidence review. Ann Intern Med. 2009 Dec 1;151(11):793-803. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19949145
corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Dec 2014 - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Treatment-Resistant Depression Prescriber's Letter 9(7):38 2002 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=180721&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Journal Watch 25(9):75, 2005 Szegedi A, Kohnen R, Dienel A, Kieser M. Acute treatment of moderate to severe depression with hypericum extract WS 5570 (St John's wort): randomised controlled double blind non-inferiority trial versus paroxetine. BMJ. 2005 Mar 5;330(7490):503. Epub 2005 Feb 11. Erratum in: BMJ. 2005 Apr 2;330(7494):759. dosage error in text. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15708844 <Internet> http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/330/7490/503
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Antonioli C and Reveley MA Randomised controlled trial of animal facilitated therapy with dolphins in the treatment of depression BMJ 2005; 331:1231 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16308382
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Hariri AR, Brown SM. Serotonin. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):12. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16390882
Parsey RV, Hastings RS, Oquendo MA, Huang YY, Simpson N, Arcement J, Huang Y, Ogden RT, Van Heertum RL, Arango V, Mann JJ. Lower serotonin transporter binding potential in the human brain during major depressive episodes. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):52-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16390889
Parsey RV, Hastings RS, Oquendo MA, Hu X, Goldman D, Huang YY, Simpson N, Arcement J, Huang Y, Ogden RT, Van Heertum RL, Arango V, Mann JJ. Effect of a triallelic functional polymorphism of the serotonin-transporter-linked promoter region on expression of serotonin transporter in the human brain. Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):48-51. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16390888
Sibille E, Lewis DA. SERT-ainly Involved in Depression, But When? Am J Psychiatry. 2006 Jan;163(1):8-11. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16390880 - ↑ Prescriber's Letter 13(5): 2006 Pharmacotherapy of resistant depression: an update Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=220504&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ McMahon FJ, Buervenich S, Charney D, Lipsky R, Rush AJ, Wilson AF, Sorant AJ, Papanicolaou GJ, Laje G, Fava M, Trivedi MH, Wisniewski SR, Manji H. Variation in the gene encoding the serotonin 2A receptor is associated with outcome of antidepressant treatment. Am J Hum Genet. 2006 May;78(5):804-14. Epub 2006 Mar 20. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16642436
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Brent D, Emslie G, Clarke G, Wagner KD et al Switching to another SSRI or to venlafaxine with or without cognitive behavioral therapy for adolescents with SSRI-resistant depression: the TORDIA randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2008 Feb 27;299(8):901-13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18314433
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Kirsch I, Deacon BJ, Huedo-Medina TB, Scoboria A, Moore TJ, Johnson BT. Initial severity and antidepressant benefits: a meta-analysis of data submitted to the Food and Drug Administration. PLoS Med. 2008 Feb;5(2):e45. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18303940
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 US Preventive Services Task Force Screening and Treatment for Major Depressive Disorder in Children and Adolescents: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement PEDIATRICS 2009 123:1223-1228 (doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2381) http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/abstract/123/4/1223
corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Dec 2014
Williams SB et al Screening for Child and Adolescent Depression in Primary Care Settings: A Systematic Evidence Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force PEDIATRICS 2009, 123:e716-e735 (doi:10.1542/peds.2008-2415) http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/content/full/123/4/e716 - ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Segal ZV et al. Antidepressant monotherapy vs sequential pharmacotherapy and mindfulness-based cognitive therapy, or placebo, for relapse prophylaxis in recurrent depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2010 Dec; 67:1256 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21135325
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 National Cancer Institute Depression (PDQ) - Health Professional Version https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/coping/feelings/depression-hp-pdq
National Center for Complementary and Inegrative Health Depression https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/depression - ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Current Depression Among Adults - United States, 2006 and 2008 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) October 1, 2010 / 59(38);1229-1235 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20881934 <Internet> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5938a2.htm
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Pan A et al Depression and Incident Stroke in Women Stroke August 11, 2011 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836097 <Internet> http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/early/2011/08/11/STROKEAHA.111.617043.abstract
Pan A et al Depression and Risk of Stroke Morbidity and Mortality: A Meta-analysis and Systematic Review JAMA. 2011 Sep 21;306(11):1241-9. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21934057 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/306/11/1241.abstract - ↑ 20.0 20.1 Miller L et al. Religiosity and major depression in adults at high risk: A ten-year prospective study. Am J Psychiatry 2011 Aug 24; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21865527 <Internet> http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/abstract/appi.ajp.2011.10121823v1
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 18(10): 2011 Folate for Depression Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=271003&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 Barber JP et al. Short-term dynamic psychotherapy versus pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Clin Psychiatry 2012 Jan; 73:66. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22152401
Kocsis JH. Questions raised by the failure of a trial for short-term psychodynamic therapy versus pharmacotherapy for major depressive disorder. J Clin Psychiatry 2012 Jan; 73:64. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22316577 - ↑ 23.0 23.1 Wolkowitz OM et al. Resting leukocyte telomerase activity is elevated in major depression and predicts treatment response. Mol Psychiatry 2012 Feb; 17:164. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21242992
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Journal Watch March 13, 2012, Massachusetts Medical Society Gibbons RD et al. Benefits from antidepressants: Synthesis of 6-week patient- level outcomes from double-blind placebo-controlled randomized trials of fluoxetine and venlafaxine. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2012 March 5; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22393205
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Bergh S et al. Discontinuation of antidepressants in people with dementia and neuropsychiatric symptoms (DESEP study): Double blind, randomised, parallel group, placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2012 Mar 9; 344:e1566 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22408266
Nelson JC, Devanand DP. A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled antidepressant studies in people with depression and dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59(issue 4):577-585 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21453380
Banerjee S et al Sertraline or mirtazapine for depression in dementia (HTA-SADD): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 18 July 2011 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764118 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60830-1/abstract
Coupland C, Dhiman P, Morriss R, et al. Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population-based cohort study. BMJ 2011; 343:d4551 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810886 - ↑ 26.0 26.1 Wollmer MA et al. Facing depression with botulinum toxin: A randomized controlled trial. J Psychiatr Res 2012 May; 46:574 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22364892
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Chalder M et al Facilitated physical activity as a treatment for depressed adults: randomised controlled trial BMJ 2012;344:e2758 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674921 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e2758
Daley A Exercise to treat depression. BMJ 2012;344:e3181 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22674923 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/344/bmj.e3181 - ↑ 28.0 28.1 Merry SN et al. The effectiveness of SPARX, a computerized self help intervention for adolescents seeking help for depression: Randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. BMJ 2012 Apr 19; 344:e2598 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22517917
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Romera I et al. Early switch strategy in patients with major depressive disorder: A double-blind, randomized study. J Clin Psychopharmacol 2012 Aug; 32:479 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722513
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Bertone-Johnson ER et al. Vitamin D supplementation and depression in the Women's Health Initiative Calcium and Vitamin D Trial. Am J Epidemiol 2012 Jul 1; 176:1. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22573431
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Almeida OP et al. Aspirin decreases the risk of depression in older men with high plasma homocysteine. Transl Psychiatry 2012 Aug 14; 2:e151 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22872164 <Internet> http://www.nature.com/tp/journal/v2/n8/full/tp201279a.html
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Wiles N et al Cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for primary care based patients with treatment resistant depression: results of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 7 December 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23219570 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61552-9/abstract#
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Wiles N et al. Cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for primary care based patients with treatment resistant depression: Results of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012 Dec 7 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23219570
- ↑ Fancher TL, Kravitz RL. In the clinic. Depression. Ann Intern Med. 2010 May 4;152(9):ITC51-15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20439571
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Cross-Disorder Group of the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium Identification of risk loci with shared effects on five major psychiatric disorders: a genome-wide analysis. Lancet, Early Online Publication, 28 February 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23453885 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)62129-1/abstract
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Cipriani A et al Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2013;346:f3646 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23814104 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f3646
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Herba CM et al. Maternal depressive symptoms and children's emotional problems: Can early child care help children of depressed mothers? JAMA Psychiatry 2013 Jun 19 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23784556 <Internet> http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1698780
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Driessen E et al. The efficacy of cognitive-behavioral therapy and psychodynamic therapy in the outpatient treatment of major depression: A randomized clinical trial. Am J Psychiatry 2013 Sep 1; 170:1041 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24030613 <Internet> http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/article.aspx?articleID=1734470
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Pearson RM et al. Maternal depression during pregnancy and the postnatal period: Risks and possible mechanisms for offspring depression at age 18 years. JAMA Psychiatry 2013 Oct 9 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24108418
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 MacPherson H et al. Acupuncture and counselling for depression in primary care: A randomised controlled trial. PLoS Med 2013 Sep 24; 10:e1001518 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24086114 <Internet> http://www.plosmedicine.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pmed.1001518
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Sivertsen B et al. The bidirectional association between depression and insomnia: The HUNT study. Psychosom Med 2012 Aug 9 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22879427
Physician's First Watch, Nov 25, 2013 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Carey B Sleep Therapy Is Expected to Gain a Wider Role in Depression Treatment. New York Times. Nov 23 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/24/health/sleep-therapy-is-expected-to-gain-a-wider-role-in-depression-treatment.html
Carey B Sleep Therapy Seen as an Aid for Depression. New York Times. Nov 19 2013 http://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/19/health/treating-insomnia-to-heal-depression.html - ↑ 42.0 42.1 Verhoeven JE et al. Major depressive disorder and accelerated cellular aging: Results from a large psychiatric cohort study. Mol Psychiatry 2013 Nov 12 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24217256
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Huffman JC et al. Collaborative care for depression and anxiety disorders in patients with recent cardiac events: The management of sadness and anxiety in cardiology (MOSAIC) randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2014 Apr 14; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733277 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1860496
Davidson KW et al. An innovative or disconcerting approach to the psychosocial care of your patient with a cardiac condition: Are you a lumper or a splitter? JAMA Intern Med 2014 Apr 14; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24733142 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1860492 - ↑ Anderson IM, Ferrier IN, Baldwin RC et al Evidence-based guidelines for treating depressive disorders with antidepressants: a revision of the 2000 British Association for Psychopharmacology guidelines. J Psychopharmacol. 2008 Jun;22(4):343-96. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18413657
- ↑ Cui X, Lyness JM, Tang W, Tu X, Conwell Y. Outcomes and predictors of late-life depression trajectories in older primary care patients. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 May;16(5):406-15. PMID:18448851
Cui X, Lyness JM, Tu X, King DA, Caine ED. Does depression precede or follow executive dysfunction? Outcomes in older primary care patients. Am J Psychiatry. 2007 Aug;164(8):1221-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7671285 - ↑ Nelson JC, Delucchi K, Schneider LS. Efficacy of second generation antidepressants in late-life depression: a meta-analysis of the evidence. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2008 Jul;16(7):558-67 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18591576
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 47.4 47.5 47.6 47.7 47.8 47.9 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 9th edition (GRS9) Medinal-Walpole A, Pacala JT, Porter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2016
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 10th edition (GRS10) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2019
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022 - ↑ 48.0 48.1 IsHak WW et al. Quality of life in major depressive disorder before/after multiple steps of treatment and one-year follow-up. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2014 Jun 23; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24954156 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/acps.12301/abstract
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Richardson LP et al Collaborative Care for Adolescents With Depression in Primary Care. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2014;312(8):809-816 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25157724 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1899203
Reeves GM and Riddle MA A Practical and Effective Primary Care Intervention for Treating Adolescent Depression. JAMA. 2014;312(8):797-798 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25157722 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1899181 - ↑ 50.0 50.1 Toseeb U et al Exercise and Depressive Symptoms in Adolescents. A Longitudinal Cohort Study. JAMA Pediatr. Published online October 13, 2014 http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1911003
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Pinto Pereira SM et al Depressive Symptoms and Physical Activity During 3 Decades in Adult Life. Bidirectional Associations in a Prospective Cohort Study. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online October 15, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25321867 <Internet> http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1916903
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Almeida OP et al. B vitamins to enhance treatment response to antidepressants in middle-aged and older adults: Results from the B-VITAGE randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Br J Psychiatry 2014 Sep 25; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25257064
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Weissman MM et al. Treatment of maternal depression in a medication clinical trial and its effect on children. Am J Psychiatry 2015 Jan 23; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25615566 <Internet> http://psychiatryonline.org/doi/abs/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13121679
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Kuyken W et al. Effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy compared with maintenance antidepressant treatment in the prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (PREVENT): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015 Apr 20 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2590715 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2962222-4/abstract
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 55.2 Le Noury J et al Restoring Study 329: efficacy and harms of paroxetine and imipramine in treatment of major depression in adolescence. BMJ 2015;351:h4320 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26376805
Doshi P No correction, no retraction, no apology, no comment: paroxetine trial reanalysis raises questions about institutional responsibility. BMJ 2015;351:h4629 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377109 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h4629
Henry D, Fitzpatrick T Liberating the data from clinical trials BMJ 2015;351:h4601 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26377210 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h4601 - ↑ Simon GE et al. Antidepressants are not overprescribed for mild depression. J Clin Psychiatry 2015 Nov 11; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26580702 <Internet> http://www.psychiatrist.com/jcp/article/Pages/2015/aheadofprint/14m09162.aspx
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Lam RW et al Efficacy of Bright Light Treatment, Fluoxetine, and the Combination in Patients With Nonseasonal Major Depressive Disorder. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online November 18, 2015. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26580307 <Internet> http://archpsyc.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2470681
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Mata DA et al Prevalence of Depression and Depressive Symptoms Among Resident Physician. sA Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2015;314(22):2373-2383 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26647259 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2474424
Schwenk TL Resident DepressionThe Tip of a Graduate Medical Education Iceberg. JAMA. 2015;314(22):2357-2358 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26647255 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2474410 - ↑ 59.0 59.1 Wiles NJ, Thomas L, Turner N et al Long-term effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of cognitive behavioural therapy as an adjunct to pharmacotherapy for treatment-resistant depression in primary care: follow-up of the CoBalT randomised controlled trial. The Lancet Psychiatry. Jan 6, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26777773 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366%2815%2900495-2/abstract
Uher R, Pavlova B Long-term effects of depression treatment. The Lancet Psychiatry. Jan 6, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26777772 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366%2815%2900578-7/abstract - ↑ 60.0 60.1 Qaseem A, Barry MJ, Kansagara D for the Clinical Guidelines Committee of the American College of Physicians. Nonpharmacologic Versus Pharmacologic Treatment of Adult Patients With Major Depressive Disorder: A Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. Published online 9 February 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26857948 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2490527
Gartlehner G, Gaynes BN, Amick HR et al Comparative Benefits and Harms of Antidepressants, Psychological, Complementary, and Exercise Treatments for Major Depression: An Evidence Report for a Clinical Practice Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. Published online 9 February 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26857743 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2490525
Williams JW Jr, Maslow G. Seize the Day to Implement Depression Guidelines. Ann Intern Med. Published online 9 February 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26858180 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2490529 - ↑ 61.0 61.1 Lin LY, Sidani JE, Shensa A et al. Association between social media use and depression among U.S. young adults. Depress Anxiety 2016 Jan 19 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26783723
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 Huijbers MJ et al. Discontinuation of antidepressant medication after mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for recurrent depression: Randomised controlled non-inferiority trial. Br J Psychiatry 2016 Feb 18 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26892847 Free Article
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Clarke G, DeBar LL, Pearson JA et al Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Primary Care for Youth Declining Antidepressants: A Randomized Trial. Pediatrics May 2016 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27244782
- ↑ Gaynes BN, Dusetzina SB, Ellis AR et al Treating depression after initial treatment failure: directly comparing switch and augmenting strategies in STAR*D. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2012 Feb;32(1):114-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22198447
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Buntrock C, Ebert DD, Lehr D et al. Effect of a Web-based guided self-help intervention for prevention of major depression in adults with subthreshold depression: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2016 May 3; 315:1854 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27139058
- ↑ Bostwick JM. A generalist's guide to treating patients with depression with an emphasis on using side effects to tailor antidepressant therapy. Mayo Clin Proc. 2010 Jun;85(6):538-50. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20431115 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 Black J et al Collaborative Care for Depression in a Safety-Net Health System Case Study NEJM Catalyst. May 24, 2016 http://catalyst.nejm.org/collaborative-care-depression-safety-net-health-system/
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 Angermann CE, Gelbrich G, Stork S et al Effect of Escitalopram on All-Cause Mortality and Hospitalization in Patients With Heart Failure and DepressionThe MOOD-HF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2016;315(24):2683-2693 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27367876 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2530538
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Linde K, Berner MM, Kriston L. St John's wort for major depression. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2008 Oct 8;(4):CD000448. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18843608
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 Alpert JE, Papakostas G, Mischoulon D et al S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAMe) as an adjunct for resistant major depressive disorder: an open trial following partial or nonresponse to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors or venlafaxine. J Clin Psychopharmacol. 2004 Dec;24(6):661-4. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15538131
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Olfson M, Blanco A, Marcus SC Treatment of Adult Depression in the United States. JAMA Intern Med. Published online August 29, 2016. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27571438 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2546155
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Dunlop BW et al. Functional connectivity of the subcallosal cingulate cortex and differential outcomes to treatment with cognitive- behavioral therapy or antidepressant medication for major depressive disorder. Am J Psychiatry 2017 Mar 24; http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050518
Dunlop BW et al. Effects of patient preferences on outcomes in the Predictors of Remission in Depression to Individual and Combined Treatments (PReDICT) Study. Am J Psychiatry 2017 Mar 24; http://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2016.16050517 - ↑ Mann JJ The Medical Management of Depression. N Engl J Med 2005; 353:1819-1834. October 27, 2005 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16251538 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra050730
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Mohamed S, Johnson GR, Chen P et al Effect of Antidepressant Switching vs Augmentation on Remission Among Patients With Major Depressive Disorder Unresponsive to Antidepressant Treatment: The VAST-D Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2017 Jul 11;318(2):132-145. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28697253 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2643308
Fava M. Lessons Learned From the VA Augmentation and Switching Treatments for Improving Depression Outcomes (VAST-D) Study. JAMA. 2017 Jul 11;318(2):126-128. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28697241 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2643294 - ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Locher C, Koechlin H, Zion SR et al Efficacy and Safety of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors, Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors, and Placebo for Common Psychiatric Disorders Among Children and Adolescents. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online August 30, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28854296 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2652447
Merry SN, Hetrick SE, Stasiak K. Effectiveness and Safety of Antidepressants for Children and Adolescents. Implications for Clinical Practice. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online August 30, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28854300 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2652446 - ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 Giacobbe P, Rakita U, Lam R et al Efficacy and tolerability of lisdexamfetamine as an antidepressant augmentation strategy: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Affect Disord. 2017 Oct 3;226:294-300. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29028590
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Lewis G, Neary M, Polek E, Flouri E, Lewis G. The association between paternal and adolescent depressive symptoms: evidence from two population-based cohorts. The Lancet Psychiatry. Nov 15, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29153626 Free full text <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(17)30408-X/fulltext
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Hedayati SS, Gregg LP, Carmody T et al. Effect of sertraline on depressive symptoms in patients with chronic kidney disease without dialysis dependence: The CAST randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2017;318(19):1876-1890. Nov 3. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2661489
Walther CP, Shah AA, Winkelmayer WC. Treating depression in patients with advanced CKD: Beyond the generalizability frontier. JAMA. 2017;318(19):1873-1874. Nov 3; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29101401 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2661488 - ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Guo N, Robakis T, Miller C, Butwick A. Prevalence of depression among women of reproductive age in the United States. Obstet Gynecol 2018 Apr; 131:671 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29528926 https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00006250-900000000-98125
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 Bockting CLH, Klein NS, Elgersma HJ, et al Effectiveness of preventive cognitive therapy while tapering antidepressants versus maintenance antidepressant treatment versus their combination in prevention of depressive relapse or recurrence (DRD study): a three-group, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Psychiatry. April 3, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29625762 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30100-7/fulltext
Fava GA Time to rethink the approach to recurrent depression. Lancet Psychiatry. April 3, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29625763 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpsy/article/PIIS2215-0366(18)30128-7/fulltext - ↑ 81.0 81.1 Gordon BR, McDowell CP, Hallgren M et al Association of Efficacy of Resistance Exercise Training With Depressive Symptoms. Meta-analysis and Meta-regression Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online May 9, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29800984 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2680311
- ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 Qato DM, Ozenberger K, Olfson M Prevalence of Prescription Medications With Depression as a Potential Adverse Effect Among Adults in the United States. JAMA. 2018;319(22):2289-2298 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29896627 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2684607
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 Walsh N, Worse Knee OA Linked with Depression. Patients with worse structural disease and functional limitations had the highest risks. MedPage Today. June 14, 2018 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/eular/73502
Rathbun A, et al Association between disease severity and onset of depression in knee osteoarthritis. European Congress of Rheumatology (EULAR) 2018; abstract OP0003. - ↑ 84.0 84.1 Lassale C, Batty GD, Baghdadli A et al. Health diary indices and risk of depressive outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Mol Psychiatry 2018 Sep 26; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30254236 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41380-018-0237-8
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 Kessler DS, MacNeill SJ, Tallon D et al. Mirtazapine added to SSRIs or SNRIs for treatment resistant depression in primary care: Phase III randomised placebo controlled trial (MIR). BMJ 2018 Oct 31; 363:k4218. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30381374 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 Dunlop BW, LoParo D, Kinkead B et al. Benefits of sequentially adding cognitive-behavioral therapy or antidepressant medication for adults with nonremitting depression. Am J Psychiatry 2019 Feb 15; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30764648 https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2018.18091075
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 10th edition (GRS10) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) Geriatrics Society, 2019
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 Francis HM, Stevenson RJ, Chambers JR et al A brief diet intervention can reduce symptoms of depression in young adults - A randomised controlled trial. PLoS One. 2019 Oct 9;14(10):e0222768. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31596866 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0222768
- ↑ Park LT, Zarate CA. Depression in the primary care setting. N Engl J Med 2019 Feb 7; 380:559. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30726688 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Bakian AV, Huber RS, Scholl L et al. Dietary creatine intake and depression risk among U.S. adults. Transl Psychiatry 2020 Feb 3; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32066709 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41398-020-0741-x
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 Choi NG et al. Effect of telehealth treatment by lay counselors vs by clinicians on depressive symptoms among older adults who are homebound: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Netw Open 2020 Aug 3; 3:e2015648. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32865577 PMCID: PMC7489833 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2770049
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 Lewis G, Marston L, Duffy L et al Maintenance or Discontinuation of Antidepressants in Primary Care. N Engl J Med 2021; 385:1257-1267. Sept 30 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34587384 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2106356
- ↑ Kok RM, Reynolds CF 3rd. Management of depression in older adults: a review. JAMA. 2017;317(20):2114-2122 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28535241 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2627976
- ↑ Pearce M et al. Association between physical activity and risk of depression: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry 2022 Apr 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35416941 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2790780
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 Schneider LS, Nelson JC, Clary CM et al An 8-week multicenter, parallel-group, double-blind, placebo- controlled study of sertraline in elderly outpatients with major depression. Am J Psychiatry. 2003 Jul;160(7):1277-85. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12832242
- ↑ 96.0 96.1 Bennabi D, Charpeaud T, Yrondi A et al Clinical guidelines for the management of treatment-resistant depression: French recommendations from experts, the French Association for Biological Psychiatry and Neuropsychopharmacology and the fondation FondaMental. BMC Psychiatry. 2019 Aug 28;19(1):262. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31455302 PMCID: PMC6712810
- ↑ 97.0 97.1 Windle ML Rapid Rx Review: Rapid-Acting Depression Treatments. Medscape. Dec 9, 2022 https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/984933
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 NEJM Knowledge+ Psychiatry
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 Nikolova VL et al. Acceptability, tolerability, and estimates of putative treatment effects of probiotics as adjunctive treatment in patients with depression: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry 2023 Jun 14; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37314797 PMCID: PMC10267847 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2806011
- ↑ 100.0 100.1 Noetel M et al. Effect of exercise for depression: Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2024 Feb 14; 384:e075847. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38355154 PMCID: PMC10870815 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj-2023-075847
Bellon JA. Exercise for the treatment of depression. BMJ 2024 Feb 14; 384:q320. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38355168 https://www.bmj.com/content/384/bmj.q320