pharmaceutical agent
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Introduction
Also see:
- drug reaction
- pharmacologic therapy
- medications for mental health
- drug resistance
- drug interaction
- medication costs
- storage of pharmaceutical agents
- pill identifier[9]
* Medscape reference for Drugs, OTCs & Herbals[8]
Epidemiology
- 25% of children took at least one prescription drug within 30 days 2007-2010
- cardiovascular agents were among the most frequently prescribed medications
- 18% of adults < 65 years of age & 70% of older adults were using at least one cardiovascular drug 2007-2010
- lipid-lowering agents also ranked high in use, increasing > 6-fold between 1988-1994 & 2007-2010
- 11% of adults < 65 years & 47% of older adults were using a lipid-lowering agent 2007-2010
- antidepressant use among all adults increased from ~2% between 1988-1994 to 11% between 2007-2010
- drug poisoning deaths involving opioids more than tripled over the past decade
- antibiotic prescriptions for cold symptoms declined by ~40% in the past decade
Notes
- ACP recommendations for controlling pharmaceutical prices
- pharmaceutical companies should be transparent about costs of research, development. manufacturing & marketing
- Medicare & Medicaid should have flexibility in obtaining discounts for purchasing drugs in bulk
- limits to market exclusivity periods
- patient cost-sharing should be set at a level that does not impose a substantial economic barrier[2]
- National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, & Medicine recommendations for controlling pharmaceutical prices
- direct-to-consumer advertising for prescription drugs should not be tax-deductible.
- abolish or deter 'pay-for-delay agreements', in which brand-name drug makers pay to delay cheaper generics & biosimilars from entering the market.
- increase financial transparency in the drug supply chain.
- drug prices are determined by what the market will bear, not research & development costs[3]
- Federal law prohibits Medicare from negotiating with pharmaceutical companies for lower prices[3]
- market exclusivity (patents) allows pharmaceutical companies to set pricing of drugs for 12.5 years (median duration)[3]
- brand name drugs account for 10% of all prescription, but 72% of prescription drug spending[3]
- pharmaceutical companies spend 10-20% of total sales on research & development[3]
More general terms
More specific terms
- abortifacient
- agent classified by organ system
- agent classified by route
- alternative medication
- aluminum salt (aluminum compound)
- analgesic (antalgic)
- anesthetic
- anorexiant (appetite suppressant)
- anti-hyperlipidemic agent
- anti-inflammatory agent
- antiasthmatic agent
- antibiotic (antimicrobial agent)
- antidote
- antineoplastic agent (chemotherapeutic agent)
- antipruritic agent
- antipyretic agent
- antithrombotic agent
- antitussive agent
- autonomic agent
- beta-lactamase inhibitor
- biological response modifier; immune factor; immunomodulator; biomodulator
- blood products
- calcineurin inhibitor
- calcium salt (Ca+2 salt)
- cardiotonic agent
- chelating agent
- cold, cough & flu agent
- compounded pharmaceutical
- contraceptive
- contrast agent
- DEA controlled substance
- decongestant
- dental agent
- dermatologic agent
- diagnostic agent
- disease-modifying antirheumatic agent (DMARD)
- DNAzyme
- drugs associated with Black box warning [A-L]
- drugs associated with Black box warning [M-Z]
- enzymatic agent
- ergot alkaloid
- expectorant
- hematologic agent
- histamine receptor antagonist (antihistamine)
- hypouricemic agent
- iodide salt (I- salt)
- iodinated pharmaceutical agent
- keratolytic agent
- mast cell stabilizer
- metabolic agent (metabolic modifier)
- miscellaneous pharmacologic agent
- mislabeled drug
- monoclonal antibody
- mucolytic agent
- muscle relaxant
- nutritional supplement
- opioid maintenance therapy
- orphan drug
- performance-enhancing substance
- pharmaceutical additive
- pharmaceutical angiogenesis inhibitor (angiostatic agent)
- pharmaceutical growth factor
- pharmaceutical herb; medicinal herb; herbal supplement
- pharmaceutical monoclonal antibody
- pharmacologic combination
- pharmacologic metabolite
- placebo
- plasma volume expander
- polyclonal antibody
- progestational agent
- prostaglandin analog; prostanoid
- psychotropic agent
- pulmonary agent
- radiopharmaceutical
- spermicidal agent
- tocolytic agent
- vaccine
- veterinary pharmaceutical (pet medication)
- weight loss supplement
Additional terms
- adverse drug reaction (ADR)
- animal-derived products
- counterfeit drug
- drug interaction
- drug resistance
- drugs available only through specialty pharmacies
- drugs that require eye exam
- drugs with special prescribing & dispensing requirements
- foreign drug
- medication costs
- pharmacologic therapy
- storage of drugs & vaccines
References
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Press Release. May 14, 2014 Health, United States, 2013 includes special section on prescription drugs. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0514-prescription-drugs.html
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Daniel H for the Health and Public Policy Committee of the American College of Physicians Stemming the Escalating Cost of Prescription Drugs: A Position Paper of the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. Published online 29 March 2016 http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2506848
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Kesselheim AS, Avorn J, Sarpatwari A The High Cost of Prescription Drugs in the United States. Origins and Prospects for Reform. JAMA. 2016;316(8):858-871. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27552619 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2545691
- ↑ IMS Institute for Health Informatics. Global Outlook for Medicines Through 2018. http://www.imshealth.com/en/thought-leadership/quintilesims-institute/reports/global-outlook-for-medicines-through-2018
- ↑ Drug Trend Report Executive Summary | Express Scripts 2016 Drug Trend Report Executive Summary. http://lab.express-scripts.com/lab/drug-trend-report/executive-summary
- ↑ National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, & Medicine Consumer Access to Affordable Medicines Is a Public Health Imperative, Says New Report; Government Negotiation of Drug Prices, Prevention of 'Pay-for-Delay' Agreements, and Increased Financial Transparency Among Recommendations. News Release Nov 30, 2017 http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=24946&_ga=2.246596993.468514992.1512069338-1156717677.1512069338
- ↑ Frank DS I'm Talking to You-Mab - How to Pronounce the New, Unpronounceable Pharmaceuticals. JAMA Intern Med. Published online January 8, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29309490 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2666798
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Medscape: Drugs, OTCs & Herbals https://reference.medscape.com/drugs
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Medscape: Pill Identifier https://reference.medscape.com/pill-identifier