dementia; Alzheimer's disease & related dementias (ADRD)
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Introduction
- a group of acquired mental disorders involving general loss of intellectual abilities, including memory, language, judgment, & abstract thinking, such as to interfere with activities of daily living
- there may be associated poor impulse control &/or personality change
- dementias may be progressive, reversible, or static & have a variety of causes
Etiology
- Alzheimer's disease (most common cause of dementia)
- vascular dementia & mixed dementia
- high incidence of cerebral emboli (not from carotids)[23]
- ischemic stroke, lacunar infarct
- leukoaraiosis (pericyte dysfunction?)
- cerebral amyloid angiopathy
- primary CNS angiitis
- intracerebral atherosclerosis[55]
- parkinsonism
- Huntington's disease
- frontotemporal disease, Pick's disease
- progressive supranuclear palsy
- corticobasal ganglionic degeneration
- progressive ataxic syndromes
- CNS infections
- neurosyphilis
- transmissible spongiform encephalopathy
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- most common cause of rapidly progressive dementia[3]
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- HIV, AIDS dementia complex, possibly latent CMV[15]
- hydrocephalus: normal pressure hydrocephalus
- mass lesions
- metabolic & endocrine disorders, toxins
- head trauma, traumatic brain injury
- also see CAIDE
- also see causes of dementia & risk factors for dementia & NIH consensus statement[8]
Epidemiology
- 6.5% of population > 65 years of age[31]
- prevalence of dementia in population >=65 years declined from 12.2% in 2000 to 8.5% in 2016 in parallel with an increase in level of education[92]
- 60% of population 95-99 years of age[33]
- 35-50% of population > 85 years of age
- 60-70% of dementia is due to Alzheimer's disease
- 15-25% of dementia is due to Lewy body dementia
- 15-20% of dementia is due to vascular dementia often coexisting with Alzheimer's disease
- 2-5% of dementia due to reversible causes[21]
- incidence of dementia declined 20% per decade from 1977-2008, limited to person with at least a high school diploma[48]
- most expensive health care cost in U.S. 2013 at $159-$215 billion/year[28]
- rates of dementia lowest for whites 11.5 per 1000 person years (at 69 years of age)
- relative risk of dementia (to whites)
- socioeconomic status may contribute[39]
- Asian Americans may be particularly vulnerable to the disgrace of chronic & severe mental illness[40]
- dementia prevalence in older adults (>= 65 years) declined in U.S. from 2000 to 2012 from 11.6% to 8.8%, possibly associated with higher educational attainment[53]*
* this despite higher prevalence of cardiovascular disease & cardiovascular risk factors[53]
History
- time course of intellectual decline
- functional assessment -> activities of daily living
- education level
- medication history
- associated medical conditions
- history of depression
- history of sleep disorder
- history of alcohol use
- family history of dementia
- substantiation from spouse or family member
Clinical manifestations
- insidious onset
- see subjective memory problems in the elderly
- see Alzheimer's disease
- see cognitive impairment in the elderly
- personality, behavior, & mood changes common at the onset of dementia[8]
- personality changes may include apathy, egocentricity, increased impulsivity poor emotional control, irritability, agitation, reduced impulse control
- personality changes may precede recognition of cognition impairment
- personality changes may mask or coincide with underlying executive dysfunction[8]
- stable course of a period of 24 or more hours
- clear consciousness
- attention is normal except in severe cases
- cognition is globally impaired
- memory impairment
- language impairment
- disorder of abstract thinking
- loss of constructional abilities
- decline in social & occupational skills
- loss of activities of daily living*
- getting lost in familiar places is pathological & consistent with dementia[8]
- hallucinations are usually absent
- generally visual hallucinations when they do occur[8]
- persecutory delusions (generally plausible)
- stolen belongings
- spouse infidelity
- orientation is usually impaired
- psychomotor activity is usually normal
- patient has difficulty in finding words & often perseverates
- behavioral disturbances & personality changes (80-100%)[8]
- personality changes are common at the onset of dementia, including apathy, egocentricity, mistust, irritability, impulsivity (pathologic gambling), emotional lability
- may result from
- mood disorders: depression, anxiety, apathy
- agitation resulting in verbal & physical aggression
- wandering, pacing, rummaging
- disinhibition
- especially prominent with moderate to severe dementia
- most patients show 2 or more behavioral disturbances
- also see Alzheimer's disease Clinical manifestations
- involuntary movements are generally absent
- often no underlying physical illness or drug toxicity
- cortical dementia:
- frontal-subcortical dementia:
- psychomotor slowing
- apathy
- impaired executive function
- difficulty with information retrieval
- clues to potentially reversible dementia[3]
- rapid or abrupt onset
- fluctuating severity
- hypersomnolence
- inattention
- tremulousness
- gait unsteadiness
- hallucinations
- triad of gait ataxia, urinary incontinence & dementia suggests normal pressure hydrocephalus
- final stages of dementia are characterized by pneumonia, dypsnea, fevers, eating problems[19]
* clinical diagnosis of dementia requires cognitive impairment that interferes with activities of daily living[104]
- also see diagnostic criteria for dementia
Laboratory
(Laboratory Evaluation of Dementia)
- routine
- optional testing
- HIV testing
- serology for Lyme disease
- serologic test for syphilis (VDRL, RPR)[8]
- low serum folate levels associated with dementia
- low serum homocysteine associated with dementia
- lumbar puncture (CSF evaluation)
- prion-related disorders (CJ disease)
- teriary syphilis
- meningeal carcinomatosis
- CNS vasculitis
- urine toxin screen
- apolipoprotein E
- occasionally helpful tests
- parathyroid function: serum PTH
- adrenal function: cosyntropin-stimulation test
- urine heavy metals
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
Diagnostic procedures
- mental status examination
- mini-Cog
- Folstein mini-mental status examination
- Sweet 16 simpler & faster
- Montreal cognitive assessment tool (MoCA)
- MoCA takes priority over screening for depression[103]
- time & change test
- neuropsychologic testing
- high-functioning patients
- patients with mental retardation
- patients with low levels of education
- Framingham Risk Score predicts dementia[75]
- screening for depression
- CAGE questions (screening for alcoholism)
- occasionally helpful tests
- electroencephalogram (EEG)
- brain biopsy (rarely if ever necessary)
Radiology
- indications for neuroimaging
- onset before 60 years of age
- the American Academy of Neurology affirms neuroimaging is appropriate in the routine initial evaluation of patients with dementia[99]
- cognitive decline < 6 month duration
- focal signs/symptoms or papilledema
- new onset seizures
- ataxic or apraxic gait
- onset before 60 years of age
- computed tomography (CT) of the brain (without contrast)
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain
- imaging modality of choice
- may be more useful for patients with suspected vascular dementia
- T2-weighted white matter changes are generally unrelated to dementia
- large pervascular space dilation in both the basal ganglia & the centrum semiovale, or in the centrum semiovale alone associated with a decline in global cognition over 4 years[80]
- transcranial magnetic stimulation[72]
- reliably & selectively distinguishes
- positron emission tomography (PET) or SPECT[10]
- may be helpful for distinguishing Alzheimer's disease from frontotemporal dementia
- community-based PET scans may be unreliable[34]
- amyloid PET: both amyloid-positive & amyloid-negative results associated with changes in diagnosis & treatment
- marked personality change
- angiogram of the brain may be helpful
- chest X-ray (optional testing)
Complications
- increased risk of hospitalizations[22]
- infection-related hospitalizations associated with increased risk of mortality (RR-3 vs non-demented patients)[76]
- infections & eating problems are the most common problems requiring management decisions in patients with advanced dementia[46]
- pneumonia is common cause of mortality in patients with advanced dementia
- sepsis associated with increased in-hospital mortality relative to non-demented patients[76]
- vulnerability to scams in older patients is associated with cognitive impairment & Alzheimer dementia[68]
- polypharmacy
- 72% of elderly with dementia are prescribed >= 5 medications, 43% >= 10 medications[85]
- these medications often include highly sedating & anticholinergic agents[85]
- 1 in 7 elderly with dementia who live outside nursing homes have overlapping prescriptions for >= 3 drugs that act on the central nervous system according to Medicare part D claims[82] increasing risks for falls, respiratory depression, & cognitive impairment
- 72% of elderly with dementia are prescribed >= 5 medications, 43% >= 10 medications[85]
- increased risk of suicide within 1st year of dementia diagnosis[90][91]
- injury-related emergency department visits[98]
- no difference between residents in memory care assisted living & general assisted living[98]
- disease interaction(s) of chronic pain with dementia
- disease interaction(s) of pain with dementia
- disease interaction(s) of dementia with hearing loss & visual impairment
- disease interaction(s) of atrial fibrillation with dementia
- disease interaction(s) of diabetes mellitus with dementia
- disease interaction(s) of sleep disorder with dementia
- disease interaction(s) of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with dementia
- disease interaction(s) of depression with dementia
- disease interaction(s) of dementia with urinary incontinence
- disease interaction(s) of pneumonia with dementia
Differential diagnosis
- delirium (see dementia vs delirium)
- psychosis
- depression (see depressive pseudodementia)
- depression is common in demented patients
- apathy
- apathy is common in demented patients & affects ADLs beyond the level of cognitive impairment
- minimal cognitive impairment
- no impairment in activities of daily living
- also see
Management
general
- depends upon underlying etiology
- treat underlying cause when possible
- manage associated behavioral & affective disorders
- identify & treat hunger & thirst, urinary retention, constipation, infection & pain or discomfort[102]
- see psychosis & agitation in the elderly (Management: section)
- environmental strategies
- quitting smoking reduces risk of dementia, but cutting back may be of no benefit[96]
- pharmacologic agents (start low, go slow)
- antidepressants with minimal anticholinergic effects:
- SSRI (agents of choice in elderly)
- trazodone, nortriptyline (avoid tricyclic antidepressants)[3]
- patients generally tolerate discontinuation of SSRIs without recurrence of symptoms initiating treatment[24]
- carbamazepine
- haloperidol
- benzodiazepines may result in paradoxical agitation
- agents used to manage hypersexuality in men[4]:
- cimetidine, SSRI, medroxyprogesterone, estrogens, GNRH analogues (leuprolide)
- antidepressants with minimal anticholinergic effects:
- periodically evaluate need for continued therapy
- identify & treat hunger & thirst, urinary retention, constipation, infection & pain or discomfort[102]
- treat comorbidities
- treating depression in patients with dementia is controverial[24][27]
- treat pain (see pain & assessment of pain in patients with dementia)
- maximize functional skills of the patient
- address legal & financial issues at the time of diagnosis
- monitor the needs of the caregiver
- increased incidence of depression
- increased incidence of stress-related illnesses
- telehealth is a cost-effective alternative to in home visits[74]
pharmaceutical agents
- also see Alzheimer's disease (Alzheimer's agents)
- see drugs to avoid in patients with dementia
- no effective pharmacotherapy to prevent mild cognitive impairment or slow its transition to dementia[3]
- pharmacologic & nonpharmacologic interventions for mild- to-moderate dementia may yield statistically significant benefits of unknown clinical importance[41]
- cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, & statins inappropriate in patients with advanced dementia[45]
other
- cognitive training of no benefit[61]
- moderate-intense exercise does not improve cognition
- improves physical fitness
- may contribute to cognitive decline
- complications include exercise-induced angina, falls, & worsening hip pain
- bright light +/- melatonin may reduce cognitive decline & improve physical function[18]
- phototherapy improves cognitive function in demented elderly assessed by the Folstein mini-mental status examination (MMSE)[101]
- dementia is a reportable disorder & must be reported to the heath department
- advanced dementia
- enteral feeding not recommended in patients with advanced dementia
- does not prolong life, improve quality of life, reduce pain, improve psychotic or behavioral symptoms, improve family or caregiver outcomes[37]
- some evidence for risk of pressure ulcers from enteral tube feeding[37]
- cholinesterase inhibitors, memantine, & statins inappropriate in patients with advanced dementia[45]
- enteral feeding not recommended in patients with advanced dementia
- prognosis (see prognosis for patients with dementia)
- prevention: see
Notes
- cognitive assessment for the diagnosis of dementia by general practitioners is more specific than sensitive[89]
- false negatives more likely in elderly with less severe impairment
- false positives may occur in those with depression[89]
More general terms
More specific terms
- Alzheimer's disease (ADD)
- autoimmune dementia
- dementia pugilistica
- familial British dementia (cerebral amyloid angiopathy ITM2B-related type 1, CAA-ITM2B1)
- familial Danish dementia (cerebral amyloid angiopathy ITM2B-related type 2, CAA-ITM2B2, heredopathia ophthalmo-oto-encephalica)
- frontal-subcortical dementia
- frontotemporal dementia; frontotemporal lobar degeneration; frontotemporal neurocognitive disorder (FTD, FTLD)
- Lewy body dementia
- mixed dementia
- Parkinson's dementia; Parkinson's psychosis-dementia complex
- rapidly progressive dementia
- semantic dementia
- vascular dementia
Additional terms
- ACE inhibitors & dementia
- cardiovascular risk factors, aging, & dementia (CAIDE) trial
- causes of dementia
- cortical versus frontal-subcortical dementia
- dementia vs delirium vs depression
- dementia, driving & California state law
- depressive pseudodementia
- diagnostic criteria for dementia (DSM III/IV/V)
- drugs to avoid in patients with dementia
- encephalopathy
- neuropsychological battery for dementia evaluation
- prediction of dementia
- prevention of Alzheimer's disease/dementia
- prevention of cognitive impairment
- prognosis for patients with dementia
- risk factors for dementia
- screening for dementia; screening for cognitive impairment; screening for Alzheimer's disease
References
- ↑ Stedman's Medical Dictionary 27th ed, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, 1999
- ↑ Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 1025-27
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 15, 16, 17. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015
Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Prescriber's Letter 7(10):58 2000
- ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. Fauci et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1998, pg 142-150
- ↑ Role of cholinergic therapy in treatment of Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, Farlow, M et al, 2001
- ↑ UCLA Intensive Course in Geriatric Medicine & Board Review, Marina Del Ray, CA, Sept 12-15, 2001
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.6 8.7 Geriatrics Review Syllabus, American Geriatrics Society, 5th edition, 2002-2004;
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 7th edition Parada JT et al (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2010
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022 - ↑ NIH consensus statement Differential diagnosis of dementing diseases http://consensus.nih.gov/cons/063/063_statement.htm
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Centers for Medicare & Medicaid. Billing requirements for positron emission tomography (PET) scans for dementia and neurodegenerative diseases. Oct 2004 http://www.cms.hhs.gov/medlearn/matters/mmarticles/2004/MM3426.pdf
- ↑ Costa PT et al, Early identification of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. Clinical practice guideline, Quick reference guide for clinicians, No. 19, Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, Public Health Service, US Department of Health and Human Services; 1996. AHCPR publication No 97-0703 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rd=hstat6.chapter.35013
- ↑ Ridha B and Josephs KA Young-onset dementia: A practical approach to diagnosis. Neurologist 2006; 12:2 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16547442
- ↑ Purandare N et al, Cerebral emboli as a potential cause of Alzheimer's and vascular dementia: Case-control study. BMJ 2006; 332:1119 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16648133
- ↑ Garrard P, Carroll E. Lost in semantic space: a multi-modal, non-verbal assessment of feature knowledge in semantic dementia. Brain. 2006 May;129(Pt 5):1152-63. Epub 2006 Apr 3. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16585052
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Aiello A, Haan M, Blythe L, Moore K, Gonzalez JM, Jagust W. The influence of latent viral infection on rate of cognitive decline over 4 years. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2006 Jul;54(7):1046-54. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16866674
- ↑ Holsinger et al, Does this patient have dementia? JAMA 2007, 297:2391 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17551132
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 15(5): 2008 Pharmacotherapy Choices for Patients with Dementia CHART: Drugs to Avoid in Patients with Dementia COMMENTARY: Efficacy of Dementia Drugs and Guidelines for Use GUIDELINES: American College of Physicians and the American Academy of Family Physicians Clinical Practice Guideline on Current Pharmacologic Treatment of Dementia Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=240510&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Riemersma-van der Lek RF et al, Effect of bright light and melatonin on cognitive and noncognitive function in elderly residents of group care facilities: A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008, 299:2642 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18544724
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Mitchell SL et al The Clinical Course of Advanced Dementia N Engl J Med 2009, 361:1529 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19828530 <Internet> http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/361/16/1529
Sachs GA Dying from Dementia N Engl J Med 2009, 361:1595 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19828537 <Internet> http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/extract/361/16/1595 - ↑ Gill TM, Gahbauer EA, Han L, Allore HG. Trajectories of disability in the last year of life. N Engl J Med 2010 Apr 1; 362(13):1173-1180. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20357280
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Geriatrics at your Fingertips, 13th edition, 2011 Reuben DB et al (eds) American Geriatric Society
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Phelan EA et al. Association of incident dementia with hospitalizations. JAMA 2012 Jan 11; 307:165 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22235087
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Purandare N et al. Association of cerebral emboli with accelerated cognitive deterioration in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. Am J Psychiatry 2012 Mar 1; 169:300. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22193532
Doraiswamy PM. Silent cerebrovascular events and Alzheimer's disease: An overlooked opportunity for prevention? Am J Psychiatry 2012 Mar 1; 169:251. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22407112 - ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Bergh S et al. Discontinuation of antidepressants in people with dementia and neuropsychiatric symptoms (DESEP study): Double blind, randomised, parallel group, placebo controlled trial. BMJ 2012 Mar 9; 344:e1566 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22408266
- ↑ Bullain SS et al. Poor physical performance and dementia in the oldest old: The 90+ study. Arch Neurol 2012 Oct 22; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23090391
- ↑ Mitchell SL, Black BS, Ersek M, et al. Advanced dementia: State of the art and priorities for the next decade. Ann Intern Med 3 January 2012; 156(1 Part 1):45-51 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22213494
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Nelson JC, Devanand DP. A systematic review and meta-analysis of placebo-controlled antidepressant studies in people with depression and dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59(issue 4):577-585 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21453380
Banerjee S et al Sertraline or mirtazapine for depression in dementia (HTA-SADD): a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo- controlled trial The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 18 July 2011 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21764118 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(11)60830-1/abstract
Coupland C, Dhiman P, Morriss R, et al. Antidepressant use and risk of adverse outcomes in older people: population-based cohort study. BMJ 2011; 343:d4551 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21810886 - ↑ 28.0 28.1 Hurd MD et al Monetary Costs of Dementia in the United States. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:1326-1334. April 4, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23550670 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa1204629
- ↑ MedlinePlus: Dementia https://medlineplus.gov/dementia.html
- ↑ Kaiser Permanente, Care Management Institute's Dementia Guidelines Workup http://members.kaiserpermanente.org/kpweb/pdf/feature/247clinicalpracguide/CMI_DementiaGuideline_public_web_020604.pdf
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Matthews FE et al. A two-decade comparison of prevalence of dementia in individuals aged 65 and older from three geographical areas of England: Results of the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study I and II. Lancet 2013 Jul 16 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23871492 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)61570-6/fulltext
- ↑ Hong CH, Falvey C, Harris TB et al Anemia and risk of dementia in older adults Neurology. July 31, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23902706 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2013/07/31/WNL.0b013e31829e701d.short
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Chan KY et al. Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease and other forms of dementia in China, 1990-2010: A systematic review and analysis. Lancet 2013 Jun 8; 381:2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23746902 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60221-4/fulltext
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Shipley SM et al. Potential for misdiagnosis in community-acquired PET scans for dementia. Neurol Clin Pract 2013 Aug; 4:305 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24195019 <Internet> http://cp.neurology.org/content/3/4/305
- ↑ Blass DM, Rabins PV. In the clinic. Dementia. Ann Intern Med. 2008 Apr 1;148(7):ITC4-1-ITC4-16. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18378944
- ↑ Odenheimer G et al. Quality improvement in neurology: Dementia management quality measures. Neurology 2013 Oct 22; 81:1545 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24068786 <Internet> http://viajwat.ch/1b8z490
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Sampson EL, Candy B, Jones L. Enteral tube feeding for older people with advanced dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD007209. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370678
Davies N, Barrado-Martin Y, Vickerstaff V et al Enteral tube feeding for people with severe dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021. Aug 13;8:CD013503 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34387363 https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013503.pub2/full - ↑ Banerjee S, Wittenberg R. Clinical and cost effectiveness of services for early diagnosis and intervention in dementia. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2009 Jul;24(7):748-54 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19206079
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Yaffe K et al. Effect of socioeconomic disparities on incidence of dementia among biracial older adults: Prospective study. BMJ 2013 Dec 19; 347:f7051 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355614 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f7051
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Woo BK, Chung JO. Public stigma associated with dementia in a Chinese-American immigrant population. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 Oct;61(10):1832-3. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24117304
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Moyer VA et al Screening for Cognitive Impairment in Older Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. Ann Intern Med. Published online 25 March 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24663815 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1850963
- ↑ Wang HX, Karp A, Herlitz A, Personality and lifestyle in relation to dementia incidence. Neurology. 2009 Jan 20;72(3):253-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19153372
- ↑ Manly JJ, Espino DV. Cultural influences on dementia recognition and management. Clin Geriatr Med. 2004 Feb;20(1):93-119. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15062490
- ↑ Montine TJ et al. Recommendations of the Alzheimer's Disease-Related Dementias Conference. Neurology 2014 Jul 30; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25080517
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Tjia J et al Use of Medications of Questionable Benefit in Advanced Dementia. JAMA Intern Med. Published online September 08, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25201279 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1901117
Sachs GA Improving Prescribing Practices Late in LifeA Task for all Clinicians, Not Just Nursing Home Physicians. JAMA Intern Med. Published online September 08, 2014. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25200598 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1901111 - ↑ 46.0 46.1 Mitchell SL Advanced Dementia. N Engl J Med 2015; 372:2533-2540. June 25, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26107053 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1412652
- ↑ Paterson RW, Takada LT, Geschwind MD. Diagnosis and treatment of rapidly progressive dementias. Neurol Clin Pract. 2012 Sep;2(3):187-200. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23634367
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Satizabal CL, Beiser AS, Chouraki V et al. Incidence of dementia over three decades in the Framingham Heart Study. N Engl J Med 2016 Feb 11; 374:523 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863354 Free PMC Article
Jones DS, Greene JA. Is dementia in decline? Historical trends and future trajectories. N Engl J Med. 2016 Feb 11;374:507-509 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26863352 Free full text - ↑ McLaren AN, Lamantia MA, Callahan CM. Systematic review of non-pharmacologic interventions to delay functional decline in community-dwelling patients with dementia. Aging Ment Health. 2013;17(6):655-66. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23611141 Free PMC Article
- ↑ Hanson LC, Ersek M, Gilliam R, Carey TS. Oral feeding options for people with dementia: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59:463-472 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21391936
- ↑ Mitchell SL. A 93-year-old man with advanced dementia and eating problems. JAMA. 2007 Dec 5;298(21):2527-36. Epub 2007 Nov 6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17986683
- ↑ Nead KT, Gaskin G, Chester C Association Between Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Risk of Dementia. JAMA Oncol. Published online October 13, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27737437 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2569059
Walsh CG, Johnson KB Observational Cohort Studies and the Challenges of In Silico Experiments. JAMA Oncol. Published online October 13, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27737433 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2569057 - ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Langa KM, Larson EB, Crimmins EM et al. A comparison of the prevalence of dementia in the United States in 2000 and 2012. JAMA Intern Med 2016 Nov 21 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27893041 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2587084
Okonkwo OC, Asthana S. Dementia trends in the United States: Read up and weigh in. JAMA Intern Med 2016 Nov 21 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27893015 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2587081 - ↑ Terracciano A, Stephan Y, Luchetti M, Albanese E, Sutin AR. Personality traits and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. J Psychiatr Res 2017 Jun; 89:22. Epub 2017 Jan 22. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28153642 <Internet> http://www.journalofpsychiatricresearch.com/article/S0022-3956(16)30635-5/fulltext
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Dearborn JL, Zhang Y, Qiao Y et al. Intracranial atherosclerosis and dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study. Neurology 2017 Apr 18; 88:1556. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28330958 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/88/16/1556
- ↑ Almeida OP et al. Depression as a modifiable factor to decrease the risk of dementia. Transl Psychiatry 2017 May 2; 7:e1117 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28463236 https://www.nature.com/tp/journal/v7/n5/full/tp201790a.html
- ↑ Livingston G, Sommerlad A, Orgeta V et L Dementia prevention, intervention, and care. Lancet. July 19, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28735855 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31363-6/fulltext
Prince M Progress on dementia - leaving no one behind Lancet. July 19, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28735856 <Internet> http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31757-9/fulltext
Frankish H. Horton R Prevention and management of dementia: a priority for public health. Lancet. July 19, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28735854 <Internet> http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31756-7/fulltext
Livingston G et al. Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 report of the Lancet Commission. Lancet 2020 Aug 8; 396:413 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30367-6/fulltext - ↑ 58.0 58.1 Friberg L, Rosenqvist M. Less dementia with oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. European Heart Journal. Oct 24, 2017 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29077849 https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx579
Styles S Cutting Dementia Risk in Atrial Fibrillation: Does Rhythm Control Strategy Matter? Medscape. April 29, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/972967 - ↑ Bagge CN, Henderson VW, Laursen HB et al Risk of Dementia in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: Population-Based Cohort Study. Circulation. 2018. Feb 12, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29440121 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2018/02/07/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029686
- ↑ Gray SL, Walker RL, Dublin S et al. Proton pump inhibitor use and dementia risk: Prospective population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018 Feb; 66:247. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29134629
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Kallio EL, Ohman H, Hietanen M et al. Effects of cognitive training on cognition and quality of life of older persons with dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018 Apr; 66:664 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2934572
- ↑ Lamb SE, Sheehan B, Atherton N et al Dementia And Physical Activity (DAPA) trial of moderate to high intensity exercise training for people with dementia: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2018;361:k1675 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29769247 https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k1675
- ↑ Monaco K Apathy Tied to Higher Dementia Risk in Memory Clinic Patients. Findings suggest early marker for clinically significant cognitive decline. MedPage Today. July 18, 2018 https://www.medpagetoday.com/geriatrics/dementia/74088
Willem van Dalen J, van Wanrooij LL, Moll van Charante EP et al Association of apathy with risk of incident dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, July 18, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30027214 - ↑ George J, Wilson FP, Caputo D Orthostatic Hypotension at Midlife Tied to Dementia - Link with stroke confirmed, too. MedPage Today. July 25, 2018 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/74227
Rawlings AM, Juraschek SP, Heiss G et al Association of orthostatic hypotension with incident dementia, stroke, and cognitive decline Neurology. 2018 Jul 25 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30045960 <Internet> http://n.neurology.org/content/early/2018/07/25/WNL.0000000000006027 - ↑ Sabia S, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J et al Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: 23 year follow-up of Whitehall II cohort study. BMJ 2018;362:k2927 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30068508 Free full text https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k2927
Yasar S Relation between alcohol consumption in midlife and dementia in late life. BMJ 2018;362:k3164 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30068510 https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3164https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3164 - ↑ Geschwind MD. Rapidly Progressive Dementia. Continuum (Minneap Minn). 2016 Apr;22(2 Dementia):510-37. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27042906 Free PMC Article
- ↑ Basit S, Wohlfahrt J, Boyd HA. Pre-eclampsia and risk of dementia later in life: nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2018;363:k4109 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333106 Free PMC Article https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4109
Ray JG, Park AL Pre-eclampsia and the brain BMJ 2018;363:k4236 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333102 https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4236 - ↑ 68.0 68.1 Boyle PA, Yu L, Schneider JA, Wilson RS, Bennett DA. Scam awareness related to incident Alzheimer dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A prospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2019 Apr 16; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30986826 https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2731121/scam-awareness-related-incident-alzheimer-dementia-mild-cognitive-impairment-prospective
- ↑ Coupland CAC, Hill T, Dening T et al Anticholinergic Drug Exposure and the Risk of Dementia. A Nested Case-Control Study. JAMA Intern Med. Published online June 24, 2019. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31233095 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2736353
Campbell NL, Holden R, Boustani MA et al. Preventing Alzheimer disease by deprescribing anticholinergic medications. JAMA Intern Med 2019 Jun 24 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31233087 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2736349 - ↑ George J Dementia Tied to Trans Fats - Study links all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's to higher blood levels of elaidic acid MedPage Today. October 24, 2019 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/82917
Honda T, Ohara T, Shinohara M et al Serum elaidic acid concentration and risk of dementia. The Hisayama study. Neurology 2019. Oct 23 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31645469 - ↑ Jorgensen TSH, Okholm GT, Christensen K et al Body height in young adult men and risk of dementia later in adult life. eLife 2020;9:e51168. Feb 11 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32041683 Free PMC Article https://elifesciences.org/articles/51168
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 Benussi A, Grassi M, Paslluzzi F et al. Classification accuracy of transcranial magnetic stimulation for the diagnosis of neurodegenerative dementias. Ann Neurol 2020 Jan 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31925823 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/ana.25677
- ↑ Annals of Long-Term Care. April 30, 2020 Seizure Onset May Signal Dementia in Older Adults. https://www.managedhealthcareconnect.com/content/seizure-onset-may-signal-dementia-older-adults
Keret O, Hoang TD, Xia F, Rosen HJ, Yaffe K. Association of Late-Onset Unprovoked Seizures of Unknown Etiology With the Risk of Developing Dementia in Older Veterans JAMA Neurol. 2020;e200187. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32150220 - ↑ 74.0 74.1 Laver K, Liu E, Clemson L et al. Does telehealth delivery of a dyadic dementia care program provide a noninferior alternative to face-to-face delivery of the same program? A randomized, controlled trial. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32234275 Free Article Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 2020 Mar 2; https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1064748120302402
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 Song R, Xu Hn Dintica CS et al. Associations between cardiovascular risk, structural brain changes, and cognitive decline. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020 May 26; 75:2525. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32439001 Free article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109720347458
Iadecola C, Parikh NS. Framingham general cardiovascular risk score and cognitive impairment: The power of foresight. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020 May 26; 75:2535 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32439002 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0735109720347549 - ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 George J Infections Tied to Increased Mortality in Dementia Patients - Death rates higher even 10 years later, Danish study shows. MedPage Today July 27, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aaic/87771
- ↑ Velkers C et al Association Between Exposure to General Versus Regional Anesthesia and Risk of Dementia in Older Adults. J Am Geriatrics Soc, 2020 Oct 6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33025584 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.16834
- ↑ George J Apathy Predicts Dementia in Cognitively Normal Older People - Independent of depression as risk factor, study indicates MedPage Today October 14, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/89123
Bock M, et al Apathy and risk of probable incident dementia among community-dwelling older adults. Neurology 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33055276 - ↑ 79.0 79.1 Power MC, Bennett EL, Turner RW et al Trends in Relative Incidence and Prevalence of Dementia Across Non-Hispanic Black and White Individuals in the United States, 2000-2016. JAMA Neurol. Published online November 30, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33252617 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/10.1001/jamaneurol.2020.4471
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 George J Dementia Tied to Large Perivascular Spaces - Enlarged spaces around cerebral small blood vessels linked to cognitive decline over time. MedPage Today January 27, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/90915
Paradise M, Crawford JD, Lam BCP et al The Association of Dilated Perivascular Spaces with Cognitive Decline and Incident Dementia. Neurology January 27, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33504642 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2021/01/27/WNL.0000000000011537 - ↑ Grant K High Prevalence of Early-Onset Dementia in Schizophrenia Patients. More than a quarter had a dementia diagnosis by age 66. MedPage Today March 10, 2021. https://www.medpagetoday.com/psychiatry/generalpsychiatry/91574
Stroup TS et al Age-specific prevalence and incidence of dementia diagnoses among older US adults with schizophrenia, JAMA Psychiatry 2021. March 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33688938 - ↑ 82.0 82.1 George J Dementia Patients Often Have Dangerous Mix of Drugs at Home. Combinations increase risk of falls, respiratory suppression, cognitive impairment. MedPage Today March 9, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/91541
Maust DT et al Prevalence of central nervous system-active polypharmacy among older adults with dementia in the U.S. JAMA. 2021;325(10):952-961 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33687462 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2777235 - ↑ Talebraza S et al Geriatrics Evaluation & Management Tools American Geriatrics Society. 2021 https://geriatricscareonline.org/ProductAbstract/geriatrics-evaluation-management-tools/B007/
- ↑ Cantuaria ML, Waldorff FB, Wermuth L et al Residential exposure to transportation noise in Denmark and incidence of dementia: national cohort study. BMJ 2021;374:n1954 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34497091 Free article https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1954
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 Growdon ME, Gan S, Yaffe K, Steinman MA. Polypharmacy among older adults with dementia compared with those without dementia in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021 Sep; 69:2464 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34101822 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.17291
- ↑ George J Dementia Tied to Resting Heart Rate. Findings persist even after accounting for cardiovascular disease. MedPage Today December 3, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/95999
Imahori Y, Vetrano DL, Xia X et al Association of resting heart rate with cognitive decline and dementia in older adults: A population-based cohort study. Alzheimer's & Dementia. Dec 3, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34859936 https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.12495 - ↑ 87.0 87.1 Kornblith E et al. Association of race and ethnicity with incidence of dementia among older adults. JAMA 2022 Apr 19; 327:1488 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35438728 PMCID: PMC9020215 (available on 2022-10-19) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2791223
- ↑ George J Social Isolation Tied to Higher Risk of Subsequent Dementia. Isolation linked with lower brain volume in areas related to cognition. MedPage Today June 9, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/99159
Shen C, Rolls E, Chen W et al Associations of Social Isolation and Loneliness With Later Dementia. Neurology. June 8, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35676089 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2022/06/08/WNL.0000000000200583 - ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 Creavin ST et al Clinical judgement by primary care physicians for the diagnosis of all- cause dementia or cognitive impairment in symptomatic people. Cochrane Library. 2022. June 16. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35709018 PMCID: PMC9202995 Free PMC article https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012558.pub2/full
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Alothman D, Card T, Lewis S et al Risk of Suicide After Dementia Diagnosis. JAMA Neurol. Published online October 3, 2022. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36190708 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2796654
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 Schmutte T, Olfson M, Maust DT et al. Suicide risk in first year after dementia diagnosis in older adults. Alzheimers Dement. 2022. Feb;18(2):262-271. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34036738 PMCID: PMC8613307 (available on 2023-02-01)
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 AMA Morning Report. Nov 14, 2022 American Medical Association
Hudomiet P, Hurd HD, Rohwedder S Trends in inequalities in the prevalence of dementia in the United States. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022 Nov 16;119(46):e2212205119. Nov 7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36343247 https://www.pnas.org/doi/suppl/10.1073/pnas.2212205119 - ↑ George J Dementia Risk Higher After Hospital Stay With Infection. Is neuroinflammation a factor? MedPage Today January 9, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/102551
Bohn B, Lutsey PL, Misialek JR et al Incidence of Dementia Following Hospitalization With Infection Among Adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Cohort. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2250126 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36622673 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2800141 - ↑ George J Dementia Tied to Hearing Loss Likelihood of developing dementia was lower for older adults who used hearing aids. MedPage Today January 10, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/102578
Huang AR, Jiang K, Lin FR et al Hearing Loss and Dementia Prevalence in Older Adults in the US. JAMA. 2023;329(2):171-173 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3662581 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2800197 - ↑ Huang AR, Roth DL, Cidav T et al Social isolation and 9-year dementia risk in community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023. Jan 11. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36628523 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.18140
- ↑ 96.0 96.1 Short E Cutting Back on Smoking No Help for Dementia Risk. But large study of long-time smokers confirms reduced risk with quitting altogether. MedPage Today January 19, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/pulmonology/smoking/102701
Jeong SM, Park J, Han K et al Association of Changes in Smoking Intensity With Risk of Dementia in Korea. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2251506 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36656579 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2800609 - ↑ George J Dementia Risk Tied to Blood Pressure Fluctuations. Relationship was stronger in people not taking calcium channel blockers. MedPage Today January 20, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/102733
Mahinrad S et al Blood pressure variability, dementia, and role of antihypertensive medications in older adults. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2023. Jan 19 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36656086 https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/alz.12935 - ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 Hua CL, Cornell PY, White EM, Thomas KS. Injury-related emergency department use among assisted living residents with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2022. December 26. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36572964 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.18207
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 NEJM Knowledge+ Question of the week. Feb 14, 2022 https://knowledgeplus.nejm.org/question-of-week/1614/
Arvanitakis Z, Shah RC, Bennett DA. Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: Review JAMA. 2019 Oct 22;322(16):1589-1599 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31638686 PMCID: PMC7462122 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2753376 - ↑ 100.0 100.1 Liu X, Sun Y, Zhang A et al Prevalence and outcomes of rapidly progressive dementia: a retrospective cohort study in a neurologic unit in China. BMC Geriatrics. 2023. March 14 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36918794 PMCID: PMC10012734 Free PMC article
- ↑ 101.0 101.1 Lu Xm Liu C, Shai F Phototherapy improves cognitive function in dementia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain & Behavior 2023. April 5 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37017012 Review. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/brb3.2952
- ↑ 102.0 102.1 NEJM Knowledge+ Question of the Week May 23, 2023 https://knowledgeplus.nejm.org/question-of-week/2143/
van Dalen-Kok AH, Pieper MJ, de Waal MW, Lukas A, Husebo BS, Achterberg WP. BMC Geriatr. 2015 Apr 19;15:49. Association between pain, neuropsychiatric symptoms, and physical function in dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25928621 PMCID: PMC4409739 Free PMC article
Lobbezoo F, Delwel S, Weijenberg RAF, Scherder EJA. Orofacial Pain and Mastication in Dementia. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2017;14(5):506-511 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28490315 Review
Marchini L, Ettinger R, Caprio T, Jucan A. Oral health care for patients with Alzheimer's disease: An update. Spec Care Dentist. 2019 May;39(3):262-273. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30964560 - ↑ 103.0 103.1 NEJM Knowledge+
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 Section II, Neurocognitve Disorders. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 5th ed. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2013:602
Mao HF, Chang LH, Tsai AY et al Diagnostic accuracy of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living for dementia in community-dwelling older adults. Age Ageing. 2018 Jul 1;47(4):551-557 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29528375 - ↑ Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) Guiding an Improved Dementia Experience (GUIDE) Model https://innovation.cms.gov/innovation-models/guide