memory

Introduction

A general term used for the recollection of that which was experienced or learned. It is also used in reference to the mental or other* information processing system that receives or registers, modifies, stores & retrieves informational stimuli.

* for example, immunological memory

Classification

Memory has multiple dimensions. These include:

• primary memory (immediate recall, registration or short-term memory)
• working memory (manipulation of primary memory)
• secondary memory (new learning or recent memory)
• tertiary memory (long-term memory; retrieval of remote information)

Another classification of memory:

• implicit (procedural) memory
  • skill memory
  • priming
  • classical conditioning
• explicit (declarative) memory
  • episodic
  • semantic
  • contextual

Genetics

• a region on chromosome 6q24 is linked to exceptional episodic memory in the elderly
  • MOXD1 is a candidate gene

Physiology

Memory is said to consist of 3 stages:

• encoding*
• storage or consolidation*
• retrieval

* Encoding & consolidation are components of learning

• newly learned information requires consolidation before it can be stored & retrieved recalled
• when a memory is recalled, it becomes labile & must undergo 'reconsolidation' to be stored reliably again
• the hippocampus is central to the consolidation & reconsolidation of memories
• IGF2, C/EBP-beta, ARC, GSK3B & GLUR1 all play a role in consolidation & reconsolidation of memories

Clinical trials

• short-term study of 3 months; 30% calorie restriction improved memory in elderly women

More general terms

• cognition (intelligence)

More specific terms

• declarative (explicit) memory
• immunological memory
• nondeclarative (implicit) memory
• primary (short-term) memory or registration
• secondary (recent) memory
• tertiary (long-term) memory
• working memory; mental control

Additional terms

• amnesia
• learning
• memory assessment
• memory consolidation
• memory impairment