apraxia
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Introduction
A disorder of learned movement (praxis) unexplained by deficits in strength, coordination, sensation, or comprehension.
Classification
- limb-kinetic apraxia
- ideomotor apraxia
- ideational apraxia
- buccofacial apraxia* (facial-oral apraxia)
- verbal apraxia
- constructional apraxia
- oculomotor apraxia
* most common form
Etiology
- neurodegenerative diseases
- Alzheimer's disease
- Parkinson's disease
- Huntington's disease
- corticobasal degeneration (ideomotor apaxia)
- brain neoplasm
- stroke
- traumatic brain injury[5]
Pathology
- white matter lesion(s)
- deep in the left parietal lobe
- beneath the premotor cortex
- lesions of the corpus callosum
- decrease in blood flow to the left hemisphere, especially the parietal & premotor areas (ideomotor apraxia)
Procedure
Brief assessment:
- pantomime use of a toothbrush, comb, hammer &/or scissors with each hand
- patients with apraxia fail the test altogether or may susbtitute their hand for the object (i.e. placing their finger in their mouth for 'toothbrush')
Praxis battery:
- buccofacial
- upper limb
- use of objects
- brush teeth
- comb hair
- flip coin
- cut paper
- hammering
- sawing
- turn knob
- symbolic gestures
- other
- lower limb
- use of objects
- kick ball
- put out cigarette
- symbolic gestures
- figure 8
- whole body
- use of objects
- swing bat
- sweep
- symbolic gestures
- bow
- stand like a boxer
- other
- stand or sit
- turn around
- use of objects
Management
- physical therapy &/or occupational therapy
- identify & treat underlying disorder
- prognosis is variable
- with therapy, some patients improve significantly
- others show very little improvement with therapy
More general terms
More specific terms
- buccofacial apraxia (facial-oral apraxia)
- constructional apraxia
- ideational apraxia
- ideomotor apraxia
- limb kinetic apraxia
- oculomotor apraxia
- verbal apraxia
Additional terms
References
- ↑ nlmpubs.nlm.nih.gov/hstat/ahcpr/
- ↑ Cummings, Hospital Practice, May 1993, pg 56-68
- ↑ Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment, Osterweil et al eds, McGraw Hill, New York, 2000, pg 81
- ↑ Wikipedia: Apraxia http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apraxia
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 MedlinePlus: Apraxia http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/007472.htm
- ↑ WebMD Apraxia: Symptoms, Causes, Tests, Treatments http://www.webmd.com/brain/apraxia-symptoms-causes-tests-treatments
- ↑ NINDS Apraxia Information Page https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Apraxia-Information-Page