prevention of cognitive impairment
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Introduction
Also see:
- cognitive impairment in the elderly
- prevention of Alzheimer's disease
- cardiac risk factor (for prevention of vascular dementia)
Diagnostic procedures
- ophthalmoscopy:
- retinopathy may suggest small vessel disease in the brain increasing risk of cognitive impairment[18]
Management
- avoid traumatic brain injury
- improving cardiovascular health diminishes risk of dementia[21]
- good cardiovascular health at age 20 years lowers risk for dementia in older age (life's simple 7)[24]
- higher life's simple 7 scores at midlife associated with lower risk for dementia[42]
- management of dyslipidemia[34]
- control of systolic blood pressure & pulse pressure during midlife[15][34]
- tobacco cessation[22][34]
- exercise reduces the risk of dementia[1][4][22][32][34]
- aerobic exercise that improves cardiorespiratory fitness benefits cognition in healthy older adults more than other forms of exercise (GRS11)[40]
- 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity per week (WHO)
- moderate intensity aerobic training or stretching, balance, & range-of-motion exercise may prevent cognitive decline in persons with mild cognitive impairment[44]
- 30 minutes of exercise twice a week insufficient (GRS11)[40]
- this statement may contradict other evidence presented here
- social network more important if exercise insufficient (GRS11)[40]
- 9 additional minutes a day of moderate to vigorous physical activity improves cognition in middle-aged adults[51]
- exercise training may improve memory in elderly with intact cognition or mild cognitive impairment due to Alzheimer's disease[57]
- an intensive program of exercise & functional activity training did not improve activities of daily living, physical activity, or quality of life; reduce falls; or improve any other secondary health outcomes in elderly (80 years) with mild cognitive impairment or early dementia, despite good compliance[60]
- multicomponent strategy may help slow cognitive decline in elderly[14]
- nutrition, exercise, cognitive training, cardiovascular risk reduction
- engaging in physical, cognitive, & social activities can help lower risk for dementia[45]
- healthy diet, exercise, social contact, cognitive activity, & no smoking or drinking may slow memory decline[50]
- physical & mental activity lower risk for dementia[46]
- WHO 7 lifestyle interventions to prevent cognitive decline:
- 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity activity per week
- quitting smoking
- nutritional measures that focus on plant-based diets (Mediterranean diet, MIND diet) or intermittent fasting
- stop harmful drinking.
- cognitive training (a series of tasks designed to improve particular cognitive function)
- social engagement
- maintaining optimal weight[40]
- Mediterranean diet in combination with exercise, reduces risk of cognitive impairment & dementia[6][22][34]
- most studies describe Mediterranean diet rich in olive oil
- omega-6 fatty acids as present in olive oil reduce oxidative stress & mitigate cognitive decline in older adults[36]
- cognitive decline may be attenuated 63% with combination of high physical activity & high fruit & vegetable intake[43]
- in a 20-year follow-up study, neither adherence to conventional dietary recommendations nor to modified Mediterranean diet were associated with reduced risk for developing all-cause dementia, Alzheimer's dementia, or vascular dementia[48]
- a Mediterranean diet is associated with white matter microstructural integrity[53]
- adherence to a MIND diet is associated with a reduced risk of dementia in middle-age & older adults[56]
- consumption of green leafy vegetables [1-2 servings per day] & foods rich in phylloquinone (vitamin K), lutein, nitrate, folate, alpha-tocopherol, & kaempferol may slow cognitive impairment with older age[17]
- blueberries & strawberries may slow cognitive decline in elderly women[7]
- 600 mg (0.02 ounces) of flavonoids per day with 20% lower risk of cognitive decline than 150 mg (0.005 ounces) per day[31]
- claims probably true but obtained from news articles
- green leafy vegetables (spinach, kale, Swiss chard)
- dark chocolate, coffee, green tea, avocados, broccoli
- magnesium, fish especially salmon, choline (eggs), soy, nuts (walnuts)
- curcumin, turmeric, ginger, cinnamon, sage, rosemary, quinoa
- milk non-fat, low-fat, cheese (Mozzarella, goat, Cottage, Parmesan, Swiss)
- low caloric diet & low carbohydrate diets associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment[9]
- dietary fiber, especially soluble fiber, linked to lower risk of dementia[38]
- weight management: control of midlife overweight & obesity[34]
- management of diabetes mellitus[34]
- metformin reduces risk of dementia in elderly with type 2 diabetes[61]
- adequate sleep & good sleep hygiene may improve cognition in the elderly[16]
- participation in new stimulating activities contributes to cognitive fitness & might delay cognitive decline[11][34]
- exercise & computer classes seem to generate equivalent beneficial effects[11]
- a strong social network helps maintain cognitive function[40]
- internet use may prevent or delay dementia in older adults[58]
- midlife & late-life social & cognitive activities diminish likelihood of late-life cognitive decline[13][23]
- late-life participation in intellectual activities decreases odds of developing dementia (RR=0.7)[20][23]
- a healthy lifestyle may reduce risk of dementia in genetically prone individuals (NNT=121 for 10 years)[22]
- not smoking, regular physical activity, healthy diet, alcohol in moderation or not at all
- low-to-moderate alcohol consumption may attenuate cognitive decline in middle-age & older aldults relative to abstinence or heavy drinking[29]
- prevention of hospitalization in the elderly may diminish cognitive impairment[5]
- bilingual persons may have delayed onset of dementia[10]
- angiotensin receptor blockers may reduce indidence of dementia in patients with chronic hypertension[25]
- hormone replacement therapy, especially if begun within 5 years of menopause may help prevent late-life cognitive impairment[26]
- prevention & treatment of sensory impairment
- cataract extraction associated with reduced risk of dementia (RR=0.71)[35]
- hearing aids & cochlear implants may attenuate cognitive decline[49]
- may reduce 3 year cognitive decline in older adults at increased risk[59]
- not likely to benefit persons at low risk of cognitive decline[59]
- may reduce 3 year cognitive decline in older adults at increased risk[59]
- pet ownership may provide protection against cognitive decline[37]
- pharmaceutical lithium associated with decreased risk of dementia (RR=0.56) including Alzheimer's disease & vascular dementia[39]
- 1-6 cups of tea/day may reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease 16-19% & reduce risk of vascular dementia 25-29%[41]
- meditation may have benefits but does not modify volume of the insula or anterior cingulate cortex in older adults[47]
- factors favorable associated with maintenance of cognitive function include:
NOT preventative:
- medications, vitamins & herbal supplements do not prevent cognitive impairment[33]
- multivitamin-minerals may provide some cognitive resilience, countering conversion to mild cognitive impairment (MCI), but not significantly reducing incidence of MCI over 3 years[54]
- 81 mg of aspirin daily in women > 65 years of age[2]
- ref[8] claims some benefit
- no evidence to support use of low-dose aspirin or other NSAID of any class (celecoxib, rofecoxib or naproxen) for prevention of dementia; however there is evidence of harm (Cochrone review)[28]
- ACE inhibitors (as a class) (see ACE inhibitors & dementia)
- folic acid & vitamin B12 supplementation in elderly with elevated serum homocysteine[12]
- DHA-rich fish oil[19]
- vitamin D
- vitamin D (2000 IU/day), omega-3 fatty acids (1 g/day), &/or strength-training does not prevent cognitive impairment in healthy adults > 70 years of age[30]
- vitamin D supplementation reduces risk of dementia (40%)[52]
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
- ACE inhibitors & dementia
- cognitive impairment
- cognitive impairment in the elderly
- cognitive resilience
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Larson EB, Wang L, Bowen JD, McCormick WC, Teri L, Crane P, Kukull W. Exercise is associated with reduced risk for incident dementia among persons 65 years of age and older. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Jan 17;144(2):73-81. Summary for patients in: Ann Intern Med. 2006 Jan 17;144(2):I20. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418406
[No authors listed] Summaries for patients. Exercise in people age 65 years and older is associated with lower risk for dementia. Ann Intern Med. 2006 Jan 17;144(2):I20. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16418403 - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Kang JH et al, Low dose aspirin and cognitive function in the Women's Health Study cognitive cohort BMJ 2007, 334:987 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17468120
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Yaffe K et al. Predictors of maintaining cognitive function in older adults: The Health ABC study. Neurology 2009 Jun 9; 72:2029. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19506226
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Vercambre M-N et al. Physical activity and cognition in women with vascular conditions. Arch Intern Med 2011 Jul 25; 171:1244. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21771894
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Wilson RS et al Cognitive decline after hospitalization in a community population of older persons Neurology March 21, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22442434 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2012/03/21/WNL.0b013e31824d5894.abstract
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Scarmeas N et al Physical Activity, Diet, and Risk of Alzheimer Disease JAMA. 2009;302(6):627-637. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19671904 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/302/6/627
Feart C et al Adherence to a Mediterranean Diet, Cognitive Decline, and Risk of Dementia JAMA. 2009;302(6):638-648. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19671905 <Internet> http://mail.google.com/mail/?hl=en&tab=wm#inbox/1230e5270aa617fe
Knopman DS et al Mediterranean Diet and Late-Life Cognitive Impairment A Taste of Benefit JAMA. 2009;302(6):686-687 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19671912 <Internet> http://mail.google.com/mail/?hl=en&tab=wm#inbox/1230e5270aa617fe - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Devore EE et al Dietary intakes of berries and flavonoids in relation to cognitive decline Annals of Neurology, 25 APR 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535616 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.23594/abstract
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Kern S et al Does low-dose acetylsalicylic acid prevent cognitive decline in women with high cardiovascular risk? A 5-year follow-up of a non-demented population-based cohort of Swedish elderly women BMJ Open 2012;2:e001288 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23035037 <Internet> http://www.bmjopen.bmj.com/content/2/5/e001288
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Roberts RO et al Relative intake of macronutrients impacts risk of mild cognitive impairment or dementia. J Alzheimers Dis. 2012 Jan 1;32(2):329-39. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.3233/JAD-2012-120862. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22810099
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Alladi S et al Bilingualism delays age at onset of dementia, independent of education and immigration status. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24198291 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2013/11/06/01.wnl.0000436620.33155.a4.abstract
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Klusmann V, Evers A, Schwarzer R Complex mental and physical activity in older women and cognitive performance: a 6-month randomized controlled trial. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2010 Jun;65(6):680-8 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20418350
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 van der Zwaluw NL et al Results of 2-year vitamin B treatment on cognitive performance. Secondary data from an RCT. Neurology. Nov 12, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25391305 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2014/11/12/WNL.0000000000001050
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Roberts RO et al Risk and protective factors for cognitive impairment in persons aged 85 years and older. Neurology. April 8, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854867 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2015/04/08/WNL.0000000000001537
Galvin JE Too much of a good thing may still be good for your brain. Neurology. April 8, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25854870 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2015/04/08/WNL.0000000000001547 - ↑ 14.0 14.1 Ngandu T et al A 2 year multidomain intervention of diet, exercise, cognitive training, and vascular risk monitoring versus control to prevent cognitive decline in at-risk elderly people (FINGER): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. March 11, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25771249 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2815%2960461-5/abstract
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Kohler S et al. Temporal evolution of cognitive changes in incident hypertension: Prospective cohort study across the adult age span. Hypertension 2014 Feb; 63:245 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24296281 <Internet> http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/63/2/245
Gottesman RF et al Midlife Hypertension and 20-Year Cognitive Change: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study. JAMA Neurol. 2014;71(10):1218-1227 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25090106 - ↑ 16.0 16.1 Blazer DG, Yaffe K, Karlawish J Cognitive Aging. A Report From the Institute of Medicine. JAMA. 2015;313(21):2121-2122 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25875498 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleID=2276710
Blazer DG, Yaffe K, Liverman CT (eds) Cognitive Aging: Progress in Understanding and Opportunities for Action. Washington DC. National Academies Press. 2015 http://www.iom.edu/cognitiveaging - ↑ 17.0 17.1 Kneisel K Daily Serving of Leafy Greens May Boost Brain Health. Lutein, folate, and other nutrients seem to slow cognitive decline. MedPage Today. December 21, 2017 https://www.medpagetoday.com/primarycare/dietnutrition/70040
Morris MC, Wang Y, Barnes LL et al Nutrients and bioactives in green leafy vegetables and cognitive decline: Prospective study. Neurology 2018;90:1-9. Online: Dec 20, 2017 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29263222 - ↑ 18.0 18.1 Deal JA, Sharrett AR, Rawlings AM et al. Retinal signs and 20-year cognitive decline in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study. Neurology. 2018 Mar 27;90(13):e1158-e1166 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29490915
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Danthiir V, Hosking DE, Nettlelbeck T et al An 18-mo randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of DHA-rich fish oil to prevent age-related cognitive decline in cognitively normal older adults. Am J Clin Nutr. 2018 May 1;107(5):754-762 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29722833
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Lee ATC, Richards M, Chan WC et al Association of daily intellectual activities with lower risk of incident dementia among older Chinese adults. JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 May 30 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29847678
Blacker D, Weuve J. Brain exercise outcomes: Does cognitive activity really work to maintain your brain? JAMA Psychiatry. 2018 May 30 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29847611 - ↑ 21.0 21.1 Samieri C, Perier MC, Gaye B et al. Association of cardiovascular health level in older age with cognitive decline and incident dementia. JAMA. 2018 Aug 21;320(7):657-664. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30140876 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2697696
Williamson W, Lewandowski AJ, Forkert ND et al. Association of cardiovascular risk factors with MRI indices of cerebrovascular structure and function and white matter hyperintensities in young adults. JAMA. 2018 Aug 21;320(7):665-673. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30140877 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2697697
Saver JL, Cushman M. Striving for ideal cardiovascular and brain health: It is never too early or too late. JAMA 2018 Aug 21; 320:645-647. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30140858 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2697677 - ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 Lourida I, Hannon E, Littlejohns TJ et al Association of Lifestyle and Genetic Risk With Incidence of Dementia. JAMA. Published online July 14, 2019. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31302669 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2738355
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Xu H, Yang R, Qi X et al Association of Lifespan Cognitive Reserve Indicator With Dementia Risk in the Presence of Brain Pathologies. JAMA Neurol. Published online July 14, 2019. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31302677 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2738336
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Sabia S, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J et al Association of ideal cardiovascular health at age 50 with incidence of dementia: 25 year follow-up of Whitehall II cohort study. BMJ 2019;366:l4414 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31391187 Free full text https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4414
Brayne C, Matthews FE. The determinants of cognitive decline and dementia. BMJ 2019;366:l4946 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31391159 https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4946 - ↑ 25.0 25.1 Hulisz D, Hein DJ Does an ARB a Day Keep Dementia at Bay? Medscape - Jul 26, 2019. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/915949
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Matyi JM, Rattinger GB, Schwartz S, Buhusi M, Tschanz JT. Lifetime estrogen exposure and cognition in late life: The Cache County Study. Menopause 2019 Dec; 26:1366. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31613825 https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00042192-201912000-00005
Liu JH. Does estrogen provide "neuroprotection" for postmenopausal women? Menopause 2019 Dec; 26:1361 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31663985 https://insights.ovid.com/crossref?an=00042192-201912000-00003 - ↑ WHO guidelines for prevention of dementia https://www.who.int/mental_health/neurology/dementia/english_foreward_executive_summary_dementia_guidelines.pdf
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Jordan F, Quinn TJ, McGuinness B et al Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for the prevention of dementia. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020 Apr 30;4:CD011459 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32352165 https://www.cochrane.org/CD011459/aspirin-and-other-non-steroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-prevention-dementia
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Zhang,R, Shen L, Miles T et al Association of Low to Moderate Alcohol Drinking With Cognitive Functions From Middle to Older Age Among US Adults. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(6):e207922. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32597992 Free article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2767693
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Vellas B, Rizzoli R et al Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation, Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation, or a Strength-Training Exercise Program on Clinical Outcomes in Older Adults. The DO-HEALTH Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(18):1855-1868 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33170239 PMCID: PMC7656284 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2772758
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Yeh TS, Yuan C, Ascherio A et al Long-term Dietary Flavonoid Intake and Subjective Cognitive Decline in US Men and Women. Neurology. 2021 Jul 28;10.1212/WNL.0000000000012454. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34321362
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Brooks M Can Older Adults Walk Their Way Out of Dementia? Medscape - Aug 05, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/956078
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2021
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 34.3 34.4 34.5 34.6 34.7 34.8 34.9 Chowdhary N, Barbui C, Anstey KJ et al Reducing the Risk of Cognitive Decline and Dementia: WHO Recommendations. Front. Neurol. 2022. January 10. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35082745 Free PMC article. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fneur.2021.765584/full
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Lee CS, Gibbons LE, Lee AY et al Association Between Cataract Extraction and Development of Dementia. JAMA Intern Med. Published online December 6, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34870676 PMCID: PMC8649913 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2786583
Slomski A Cataract Surgery May Stave Off Dementia Among Older Patients. JAMA. 2022;327(5):416 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2788544 - ↑ 36.0 36.1 Anderson P Dietary Fat Tied to Better Cognition in Older Adults. Medscape Feb 3, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/967806
Liu D, Zhou L, Yang M et al Oxidative Stress Mediates the Association Between Dietary Fat Intake and Cognition in US Older Adults. Am J Geriatric Psychiatry 2022. Jan 14 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35151552 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S106474812200001X - ↑ 37.0 37.1 George J Owning a Pet May Protect Cognitive Health. Strongest benefit seen for long-term pet owners. MedPage Today February 23, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aan/97337
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Swift Yasgur B Dietary Fiber Tied to Lower Dementia Risk Medscape. March 07, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/969760
Yamagishi K, Maruyama K, Nagao M et al Dietary fiber intake and risk of incident disabling dementia: the Circulatory Risk in Communities Study Nutr Neurosci. 2022 Feb 6:1-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35125070 https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/1028415X.2022.2027592 - ↑ 39.0 39.1 Chen S, Underwood BR, Jones PB et al Association between lithium use and the incidence of dementia and its subtypes: A retrospective cohort study. PLOS Medicine 2022. March 17. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28832877 PMCID: PMC5710473 Free PMC article https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1003941
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 40.4 40.5 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Hu HY, Wu BS, Ou YN et al Tea consumption and risk of incident dementia: A prospective cohort study of 377,392 UK Biobank participants. Transl Psychiatry, 2022, 12, 171 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35474192 PMCID: PMC9042826 Free PMC article
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Tin A, Bressler J, Simino J et al Genetic Risk, Midlife Life's Simple 7, and Incident Dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Neurology 2022. May 25. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35613930 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2022/05/25/WNL.0000000000200520
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Wang RS, Wang BL, Huang YN, Wan TTH The combined effect of physical activity and fruit and vegetable intake on decreasing cognitive decline in older Taiwanese adults. Scientific Reports. 2022 volume 12: June 14 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35701477 PMCID: PMC9198009 Free PMC article https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-14219-5
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 George J Regular Exercise Program May Stall Cognitive Decline. Trial shows promise for people with mild cognitive impairment. MedPage Today August 3, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aaic/100054
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Brooks M Can Walking, Reading, Crafting Curb Dementia Risk? Medscape. Augus 17, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/979365
Su S, Shi L, Zheng Y et al Leisure Activities and the Risk of Dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Neurology. 2022. August 10. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35948447 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2022/08/10/WNL.0000000000200929 - ↑ 46.0 46.1 Zhu J et al. Physical and mental activity, disease susceptibility, and risk of dementia: A prospective cohort study based on UK Biobank. Neurology 2022 Jul 27; 99:e799. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35896434 PMCID: PMC9484730 Free PMC article https://n.neurology.org/content/99/8/e799
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 George J Meditation for Dementia Prevention? MedPage Today October 11, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/generalneurology/101169
Institut National de la Sante Et de la Recherche Medicale, France Study in Cognitively Intact Seniors Aiming to Assess the Effects of Meditation Training (Age-Well). ClinicalTrials.gov https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02977819 - ↑ 48.0 48.1 Glans I, Sonestedt E, Nagga K et al Association Between Dietary Habits in Midlife With Dementia Incidence Over a 20-Year Period. Neurology. 2022 Oct 12:10.1212/WNL.0000000000201336. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36224029
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Yeo BSY, Song HJJMD, Toh EMS et al Association of Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants With Cognitive Decline and Dementia. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. Published online December 5, 2022. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36469314 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2799139
Denham MW, Weitzman RE, Golub JS Hearing Aids and Cochlear Implants in the Prevention of Cognitive Decline and Dementia - Breaking Through the Silence. JAMA Neurol. Published online December 5, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36469311 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2799142 - ↑ 50.0 50.1 George J Memory Decline Tied to Lifestyle Factors. Healthy lifestyle slowed memory loss, even in APOE4 carriers. MedPage Today January 25, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/alzheimersdisease/102811
Swift Yasgur B Six Healthy Lifestyle Habits Linked to Slowed Memory Decline. Medscape. January 26, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987572
Jia J, Zhao T, Liu Z et al Association between healthy lifestyle and memory decline in older adults: 10 year, population based, prospective cohort study. BMJ 2023;380:e072691 https://www.bmj.com/content/380/bmj-2022-072691 - ↑ 51.0 51.1 Anderson P Nine More Minutes a Day of Vigorous Exercise Tied to Better Cognition. Medscape. Jan 25, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987479
Mitchell JJ, Blodgett JM, Chastin SF et al Exploring the associations of daily movement behaviours and mid-life cognition: a compositional analysis of the 1970 British Cohort Study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2023 Jan 23:jech-2022-219829 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36690475 https://jech.bmj.com/content/early/2023/01/03/jech-2022-219829 - ↑ 52.0 52.1 Ghahremani M, Smith EE, Chen HY et al Vitamin D supplementation and incident dementia: Effects of sex, APOE, and baseline cognitive status. Alzheimer' & Dementia 2023 Mar 1;15(1):e12404. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36874594 PMCID: PMC9976297 Free PMC article https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/dad2.12404
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Samuelsson J et al Associations between dietary patterns and dementia-related neuroimaging markers. Alzheimer;s & Dementia. 2023. March 24 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36960849 https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/alz.13048
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Sachs BC, Williams BJ, Gaussoin SA et al Impact of multivitamin-mineral and cocoa extract on incidence of mild cognitive impairment and dementia: Results from the COcoa Supplement and Multivitamin Outcomes Study for the Mind (COSMOS-Mind). Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2023. April 10. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37035889 https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.13078
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Ballarini T, Kuhn E, Roske S et al Linking early-life bilingualism and cognitive advantage in older adulthood. Neurobiology of Aging. 2023. 124:18-28. April PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36706574 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197458022002597
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 George J Dementia Risk and Diet Investigated. Analysis probes multiple studies about the MIND diet approach. MedPage Today May 3, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/104321
Chen H, Dhana K, Huang Y et al Association of the Mediterranean Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Intervention for Neurodegenerative Delay (MIND) Diet With the Risk of Dementia. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online May 3, 2023 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37133875 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2804268 - ↑ 57.0 57.1 Won J, Nielson KA, Smith JC. Large-Scale Network Connectivity and Cognitive Function Changes After Exercise Training in Older Adults with Intact Cognition and Mild Cognitive Impairment. J Alzheimers Dis Rep. 2023 7(1):399-413 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37220620 PMCID: PMC10200248 Free PMC article https://content.iospress.com/articles/journal-of-alzheimers-disease-reports/adr220062
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Swift Yasgur B Internet Use a Modifiable Dementia Risk Factor in Older Adults? Medscape. May 17, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/992111
Cho G, Betensky RA, Chang VW. Internet usage and the prospective risk of dementia: A population-based cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37132331 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jgs.18394 - ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Lin FR, Pike JR, Albert MS et al Hearing intervention versus health education control to reduce cognitive decline in older adults with hearing loss in the USA (ACHIEVE): a multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2023. July 17. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37478886 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)01406-X/fulltext
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Harwood RH, Goldberg SE, Brand A et al. Promoting Activity, Independence, and Stability in Early Dementia and mild cognitive impairment (PrAISED): randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2023 Aug 29;382:e074787. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37643788 PMCID: PMC10463053 Free PMC article. https://www.bmj.com/content/382/bmj-2023-074787
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Sun M, Chen WM, W SY, Zhang J Metformin in elderly type 2 diabetes mellitus: dose-dependent dementia risk reduction. Brain. 2023. Oct 25:awad366 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37878862 https://academic.oup.com/brain/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/brain/awad366/7329837
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 Arifi F A Diet Low In This Key Nutrient Could Be Linked To Age-Related Memory Loss. HuffPost June 2023 https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/nutrition/a-diet-low-in-this-key-nutrient-could-be-linked-to-age-related-memory-loss/ar-AA1cuXK4