falls in the elderly
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Introduction
Definition of a fall: A sudden, uncontrolled, unintentional, non-purposeful downward movement hitting the floor or an object such as a chair (VA 96).
Etiology
- intrinsic factors
- syncope#
- orthostatic hypotension as etiology of syncope & falls in demented elderly[77]
- atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response[92]
- neurologic disorders
- comorbidities in the elderly
- gait & balance disorders*[15]
- vestibular dysfunction
- proprioceptive dysfunction
- cerebellar dysfunction[119]
- neuropathies, peripheral neuropathy
- lumbar spinal stenosis
- drop attack
- musculoskeletal disorders
- underlying pathology
- muscular weakness
- sarcopenia, frailty
- joint pain
- foot problems
- sensory impairment
- visual disturbance
- multifocal eye glasses[20]
- cataracts, glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration[131]
- poor contrast sensitivity is associated with increased risk of falls
- near or distance visual acuity is not[139]
- hearing impairment
- olfactory dysfunction may be mediated in part by cerebellar effects[119]
- chronic pain may perturb other sensory modalities[21]
- visual disturbance
- cardiovascular disorders[50]
- postural hypotension[14]
- diminished baroreceptor sensitivity
- diminished arterial compliance, wide pulse pressure
- 40% of community-dwelling elderly with unexplained fall have prior diagnosis of orthostatic hypotension[64]
- elderly with either immediate (< 3 minutes) or delayed (> 3 minutes) orthostatic hypotension at risk of falls (RR= 1.7)
- risk slightly higher with delayed orthostatic hypotension[132]
- postprandial hypotension[3]
- higher systolic BP variability associated with falls in nursing home residents[148]
- cardiac arrhythmia, including ventricular tachycarida, atrial fibrillation[92]
- carotid sinus syndrome
- acute myocardial infarction[121]
- subclinical cardiovascular disease doubles risk[88]
- most common cause of recurrent unexplained falls[137]
- postural hypotension[14]
- acute medical illness
- medications
- psychotropic drugs top the list[122]
- antipsychotics (any or all)
- sedative/hypnotics
- benzodiazepines (trazodone no better)[84] - clobazam, prazepam, oxazepam, nitrazepam, lormetazepam, flurazepam, estazolam[116]
- barbiturates
- anxiolytics - meprobamate, zopiclone[116]
- medication use to treat insomnia[98] - zolpidem - eszopiclone may be safer in elderly[65]; not safer (GRS11)[3]
- antidepressants
- tricyclic antidepressants[5][87] - amitriptyline, doxepin, imipramine, maprotiline, nortriptyline, trimipramine[116]
- selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)[5] - citalopram, escitalopram, paroxetine, sertraline[116] - SSRI associated with decreased risk of fall-related injuries[144]
- selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) - duloxetine, venlafaxine[116] - SNRI associated with decreased risk of fall-related injuries[144]
- bupropion associated with decreased risk of fall-related injuries[144]
- monoamine oxidase inhibitors[32] - moclobemide[116]
- atypical antidepressants - mirtazapine[116] - mirtazapine associated with decreased risk of fall-related injuries[144] - trazodone associated with decreased risk of fall-related injuries[144]
- anticonvulsants[32]
- diuretics*
- class 1a antiarrhythmic agents
- antihypertensive agents[72]
- higher dose of antihypertensive medication is independently associated with falls in the elderly[71]
- no association with antihypertensives[100]
- perindopril, nitrendipine, reserpine, nimodipine, nicardipine, randolapril[116]
- aliskiren/HCTZ, amlodipine/valsartan, valsartan/HCTZ[116]
- in older adults with unplanned hospitalizations, frailty or polypharmacy, starting antihypertensive treatment is linked to acute kidney injury & risk of falls[125]
- similar rates of injurious falls & cardiovascular events after initiating any first-line antihypertensive in elderly with limited life expectancy[135]
- Alzheimer agents & other CNS-active drugs
- anti-Parkinson agent
- piribedil, procyclidine, benserazide, tolcapone, rasagiline, carbidopa, levodopa, entacapone, opicapone, istradefylline, biperiden, rotigotine, cabergoline, pramipexole, trihexyphenidyl,ropinirole
- carbidopa/levodopa, carbidopa/levodopa/entacapone[116]
- systemic glucocorticoids
- hypoglycemic agents, insulin & oral hypoglycemics [104
- narcotics (opiates)[104]
- especially during the 1st 4 weeks of treatment[134]
- anticholinergic agents (parasympatholytics)[113]
- 4 or more medications
- psychotropic drugs top the list[122]
- antipsychotics, anti-Parkinson agents, opioids, anticonvulsants, antidepressants, sedative/hypnotics, anxiolytics, muscle relaxants, NSAIDs & antirheumatic agents consistently increase risk of falls in the elderly[123]
- risk of falls higher in 14 days prior to administration of antipsychotics &/or cholinesterase inhibitors (RR=6.2) than after administration (RR=1.2-1.3)[106]
- risky behaviors
- hurrying or running, especially when carrying heavy load
- hurrying may be due to urge incontinence[59]
- high-risk activities, particularly standing on unsteady object
- hurrying or running, especially when carrying heavy load
- fear of falling is a risk factor for falls in the elderly[23]
- history of falls in the past year is the most predictive risk factor[3][99]
- syncope#
- Extrinsic factors
- risk of a fall at home is greatest in the 2 weeks immediately following hospitalization[3]
- mechanisms of falls in long-term care facility[35]
- incorrect weight shifting associated with 41% of falls[35]
- tripping or stumbling associated with 21% of falls
- bumping associated with 11% of falls
- slipping associated with 3% of falls
- 24% of falls occur while walking forward
- 13% of falls occur while standing
- 12% of falls occur while sitting down[35]
- modifiable risk factors
- cognition, physical function, psychological wellbeing, health status predicted subsequent falls[103]
- non-modifiable risk factors
- age > 85 years
- male, white
* balance problems top the list in the absence of other significant factors
# establish syncope vs non-syncope in initial assessment
* Ref 5 states diuretics NOT associated with falls
* review of predictive models[143]
Epidemiology
- 1/3 of community-living individuals > 75 years of age fall at least once in a year; 1/2 of these have multiple falls
- 10% of falls in the elderly cause major injuries including factures & intracranial hemorrhage[99]
- falls are the leading cause of death from traumatic brain injury in seniors[99]
- 5% of falls in the elderly result in a fracture; 1% in hip fracture
- account for 40% of admission to nursing homes
- women more likely than men to sustain injury after fall
- in males, better mobility not as protective of falls compared with females[103]
- poorer executive function, with decreased judgement or slowed decision-making during mobility in males vs females suggested[103]
- in males, better mobility not as protective of falls compared with females[103]
- risk of in home falls is greatest in 2 week period after hospitalization
- deaths from falls increased in elderly >= 65 years of age in the U.S.
- from 47 to 62 per 100,000 people between 2007 & 2016[83]
- death varied widely across states, from 24 per 100,000 in Alabama to 143 per 100,000 in Wisconsin[83]
- deaths more common in elderly > 85 years of age, whites & men[83]
- fall-related mortality doubled among adults >= 75 years in U.S. from 2000-2016, from 61 to 116 per 100,000 men, & from 46 to 106 per 100,000 women[86]
- between 1999 & 2020, from 10,097 in 1999 to 36,508 in 2020[118]
- from 47 to 62 per 100,000 people between 2007 & 2016[83]
- injurious falls occur early on medical/surgical units[90]
- peak incidence between day 1 & 4
- 47% of injurious falls occur by day 3 of admission
- Injurious falls associated with mental state change 24 hours prior to the fall more likely to have a bed alarm &/or physical restraint as fall prevention interventions[90]
- most falls occur in the bathroom > bedroom > kitchen > living room[99]
- < 1/2 of elderly who fall tell their clinician[99][137]
- high prevalence of elderly using medications that increase risk of falls with little evidence of reduction in use of these medications after fall-related injury[112]
History
- ask about previous falls
- circumstances of previous falls
- history of falls in the past year is the most predictive risk factor[3][99]
- ask about risk factor for falls
- fear of falling suggests balance disorder &/or mobility disorder[3][56]
Laboratory
- serum chemistries
- serum vitamin B12
- Chem 7 panel
- serum glucose, serum Na+, serum K+, serum creatinine, BUN
- serum Ca+2 (with Chem 7 = basic metabolic panel)
- complete blood count (CBC)
- thyroid function tests[32]
- serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D[32]
- therapeutic drug test if indicated
Diagnostic procedures
- performance-based balance & gait testing*
- have the patient rise from a chair, walk down a hall, turn, walk back & sit again
- Tinetti balance & gait evaluation[16]
- get-up & go test
- one leg balance[7]
- quadriceps strength[3]
- short steps, slow walking speed, difficulty turning, wide base of support & possible steppage gait to increase proprioceptive input suggest peripheral neuropathy[3]
- diminished gait speed & step length & difficulty with initiation of movement, changing direction, moving around or over objects, & dual-task performance suggest cognitive impairment[3]
- antalgic gait suggests arthritis[3]
- forward flexed posture, lower extremity weakness, knee buckling, & leg pain relieved by sitting suggests spinal stenosis[3]
- Morse fall risk assessment scale
- electrocardiogram & echocardiogram if syncope
- Holter if syncope: event-recorder is better
* top priority in the absence of other significant factors
Radiology
- X-ray* of injuries
- bone mineral density: men >= 70 years, women >= 65 years
- CT neuroimaging*
- magnetic resonance imaging of spine for suspected
* CT of subdural hematoma[115]
* X-ray of subtrochanteric fracture of femur (hip fracture)[115]
* X-ray of femoral neck fracture (hip fracture)[115]
* X-ray of humeral neck fracture[115]
Complications
- persistent fear of falling is associated with social, psychological, & physical risk factors for disability[56]
- bone fratures
- long-bone fractures, especially hip fracture
- pelvic fracture
- falling on outstretched hand
- humeral neck fracture
- sedentary frail elderly at higher risk[145]
- intracranial injury:
- death:
- strongest predictors of in-hospital mortality after fall
- Glasgow Coma Scale score <15
- age >=70[25]
- hypertension is the greatest intrinsic risk factor for a fatal fall although in most cases contributing factors are unknown[136]*
- home is the most common place for a fatal fall (61%)
- bedrooms, bathrooms & stairs are the most common sites of in-home fatal fall
- head trauma is the most common injury in a fatal fall
- the median survival after a fatal fall is 2 days with 24% of deaths occurring within 24 hours, range 0-25 hours to > 1 year[136]
- timely discovery after a fall increases survival time
- male seniors who engage in hazardous activities or tasks with high levels of difficulty in the workplace are at risk of fatal fall
- male or rural senior adults are more likely to experience delays in receiving timely care or no care at all resulting in significant survival vs female or urban counterparts[136]*
- injurious falls in the elderly may be a harbinger of dementia (RR=1.1-1.2)[146]
- strongest predictors of in-hospital mortality after fall
* data from study of adults >= 60 years in Southwest China[136]
* also see in hospital falls
Management
General
- review the circumstances of current & past falls (first step)[3]
- if patient is on anticoagulation & head trauma cannot be ruled out, transfer patient to the emergency room
- non-licensed caregivers cannot perform neurochecks
- multifactorial risk assessment, a multidisciplinary approach[120][137]
- physician
- physical therapist
- physical therapy in long term care facilities has resulted in improved physical performance & improvement in ADL but has not reduced falls[3]
- occupational therapist
- podiatrist[29]
- home assessment nurse
- paramedics
- protocol for transport to emergency department vs followup with primary care provider within 18 hours, including consult with primary care providers as needed reduces unnecessary emergency department visits without sacrifice of appropriate care[81]
- physical & occupational therapy services provided by a home health agency
- Medicare Part A skilled home health care
- access to short-term nursing & rehabilitation services for up to 60 days
- eligibility requires a health care provider certify a need for skilled nursing or rehabilitation & meets Medicare homebound criteria
- Medicare Part A skilled home health care
- multifactorial intervention addressing balance*, gait, strength, vision, medication & environmental factors[128]
- very low-certainty evidence precludes determining whether population-based multicomponent or nutrition medication interventions are effective at reducing falls & fall-related injuries in the elderly[133]
- multifactorial & exercise interventions are associated with reduced risk of falls across multiple clinical trials[141]
- multiple-component group exercise decreases the risk of falls & injury from a fall[3]
- risk factor reduction reduces incidence of falls by 46%[7][16][18]
- primary prevention: (community living elderly)
- routine in-depth work-up not cost effective
- simple approaches recommended[33]
- consistent hearing aid use by elderly with hearing impairment is associated with lower risk of falls[127]
- use of monofocal lenses when ambulating by elderly with visual impairment
- a falls clinic may reduce risk of falls[46]
- fall risk assessment should incorporate intrinsic & extrinsic factors[3]
- see in-hospital falls prevention
- primary prevention: (community living elderly)
- discontinue offending medications if possible[14][16]
- medications most readily modifiable risk factor[18]
- psychotropic agents top the list of implicated drugs[26]
- antidepressants (including SSRI) increase risk of falls & continued use should be evaluated periodically, especially after a fall[3]
- benzodiazepines, sedative/hypnotics & opiates
- zolpidem associated with 6-fold increased risk of falls & 2-fold risk of hip fracture in elderly inpatients[36]
- low-dose aspirin does not decrease risk of falls, but increases risk of serious falls[114]
- STOPPFALL is a tool for optimizing medication review for fall prevention[142]
- a health-system-embedded deprescribing intervention targeting in community-dwelling elderly, no better than usual care for preventing medically treated falls at 18 months[150]
- home safety evaluation (occupational therapy)[34][58][62]
- elimination of environmental hazards
- hazzards found in 2/3 of homes[18]
- most likely to reduce falls immediately after hospital discharge[3][138]
- remove electrical cords & loose items from floor
- carpet edges fixed to the floor
- use shallow-pile carpet
- slip-resistant indoor & outdoor surfaces & steps
- non-skid wax on floor
- grab bars in bathroom (toilet & shower), secure bathmats
- properly fitting shoes
- improved lighting (indoor & outdoor), eliminate glare, night lights
- lower bed[104]
- simple home improvements are cost-effective[58]
- education & counseling about environmental hazzards have only a modest benefit[40]
- elimination of environmental hazards
- Cochrane review 2023 reviews interventions for fall prevention in 4 categories
- reduction of home fall hazzards
- assistive technology
- education
- home modifications[117]
treatment of underlying disorders
- manage foot disorders & recomment appropriate footwear[104]
- postural hypotension
- discontinue offending antihypertensive agents
- compression stockings[104]
- liberalize salt intake[104]
- optimize hydration
- fludrocortisone or midodrine as indicated
- correction of vision & hearing problems[16]
- cataract surgery in the 1st eye reduces risk of falls[54]
- exercise combined with vision assessment & treatment (RR, 0.17) compared with exercise & balance training (RR=0.51)[80]
- avoid bifocal lenses while walking[104]
- adequate nutrition & hydration
- improving calcium & protein intakes by with dairy foods reduces risk of falls & fractures in residents in assisted living[107]
- treat vitamin D deficiency
- USPSTF & AGS recommends against vitamin D supplementation to prevent falls in community-dwelling adults >= 65 years[3][79][82]
- American Geriatric Society formerly recommended vitamin D supplementation for elderly at high risk of falls[3][69]
- vitamin D not useful in elderly with normal serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D
- vitamin D supplements do not reduce risk for falls in older adults[3][48][60]
- vitamin D3 2000 IU daily does not reduce risk of falls in community-dwelling elderly[95]
- vitamin D3 100,000 IU monthly does not reduce risk of falls in community-dwelling elderly[93],
- vitamin D supplementation may reduce falls in care facilities[3][45]
- vitamin D3 supplementation at doses of 1000-4000 IU/day does not prevent falls compared with doses of 200 IU/day in elderly with elevated fall risk & low serum 25-OH vitamin D levels[97]
- high-dose vitamin D3 (60,000 IU monthly) actually increases fall risk[63]
- vitamin D doses between 1000 and 4000 IU/day might increase the risk of first time falls with fractures[102]
- vitamin D 800-1000 IU/day may reduce risk of falls by increasing muscle strength[8][12][19][22][41]
- vitamin D 800-1000 IU/day reduces falls in the elderly
- lower or higher doses do not[140]
- number to treat: 15 to prevent one fall[8]
- hazzard ratio: 0.74[12]
- vitamin D prevents[43][68] does not prevent[48][60] falls in the elderly
- treat urge incontinence
- decreased vibration & temperature sensation does not warrant neurology consult[3]
- bigeminy & other benign arrhythmias does not warrant cardiology consult[3]
- do not discontinue or avoid starting anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation & infrequent falls[18]
- embolic stroke risk of atrial fibrillation > risk or intracerebral hemorrhage from fall[18]
individualize care plan
- fall-prevention programs are labor-intensive[5][6]
- fall-prevention programs can have unintended consequences among some patient populations[28]
- training nursing home staff can reduce falls up to 90 days after training, but not after 180 days[108]
- falls are especially difficult to prevent in
- patients with dementia[4]
- hospitalized or institutionalized elderly[13]
- warning posters placed over patient beds may be of benefit[24]
- see in-hospital falls prevention
- see prevention of falls
exercise &/or physical therapy
- indications: all elderly at risk[34][42] history of falls[3]
- exercise consistently beneficial across multiple clinical trials[141]
- exercise alone or as part of a multicomponent intervention is effective[79][80][82]
- walking exercise alone has NOT been shown to reduce risk of falls[3]
- exercise does not reduce risk of falls, but does reduce risk of injurious falls (6 vs 13 per 100 person-years)[60]
- stand-alone exercise programs that emphasize multiple exercise categories are effective in reducing fall risk in community-dwelling elderly[55]
- exercise, such as walking & balance training (RR=0.51)[80][82]
- balance* & gait training contributes more to fall reduction than does strength training[3] {see FICSIT trial}
- muscle strengthening
- combined strength & balance training may be better[5]
- multicomponent intervention consisting of strength & balance exercises reduces falls, injurious falls, & fear of falling over 24 months (RR=0.6-0.7)[105]
- integrated cognitive-behavioral therapy & exercise may alleviate fear of falling[111]
- multi-component group exercise intervention consisting of strength, endurance & balance training appears to be the best strategy to reduce risk of falls[3][37]
- Tai Chi 3 times/week, which combines both strengthening & balance, reduces fall risk among community-living elderly[3][37]
- exercises that challenge balance, use a higher dose of exercise, & do not include a walking program are the most effective[39]
- balance training* a component of successful fall reduction programs[42]
- balance training 3 time/week can prevent fall-related injuries[3][61]
- balance training alone reduces rate of falls but not risk of falls ? (GRS11)[3]
- digitally delivered balance training may reduce risk of falls[101]
- exercise/physical therapy scheduled toileting, cognitive behavioral therapy & vitamin D supplementation[3] - data is mixed on vitamin D[3]
- training on a treadmill outfitted with a virtual reality screen that displayed the position of the patient's feet & a program of simulated obstacles & distractors reduces risk of falls relative to treadmill alone[76]
- long-term exercise is associated with a reduction in fall injury, & probably fractures in older adults[85]
- exercise has little or no lasting effect on falls after cessation[130]
- home exercises 3x/week + 30 minutes walking twice weekly in elderly >= 70 years who have fallen in the prior year reduces fall risk from 2.1 to 1.4 per person-year[86]
- community exercise programs helpful[3]
- multifactorial & exercise-based interventions failed to prevent falls in elderly > 70 years of age[96]
assistive technology
- assistive devices
- indicated in patients with gait disorder
- not indicated if gait is normal
- patients with Parkinson's disease often have a tendency to fall backwards & do best with front wheel walkers or rollators[3][89]
- indicated in patients with gait disorder
- most elderly who have alarms do not use them[17]
- clinical training, geriatric expertise, & access to diagnostic equipment identified as essential in reducing potentially avoidable fall-related transfers to the emergency department[109]
prognosis & followup
- prognosis:
- inability to get up & longer down times portend poor outcomes[17]
- frailty index more accurate than injury severity score in predicting outcome[99]
- Follow-up:
- monthly for 3 months, then quarterly to assess risk factors
- keep diary of falls; falls are under-reported
* balance training is a component of successful fall reduction programs
Veterans Administration guidelines, Falls management:
- LOW RISK
- Educate the patient/family on the following Fall Prevention:
- Activity level and orders
- Making sure that wheelchair and commode brakes are locked
- Wear non-skid slippers
- How to maximize safety (i.e., eliminate spills, clutter, etc)
- Medication time/dose, side effects, and precautions
- Call for assistance with activities out of bed, as appropriate
- Maximize environmental safety as listed:
- Lock all moveable equipment
- Maintain occupied bed in low position
- Maintain adequate and appropriate lighting
- Educate the patient/family on the following Fall Prevention:
- HIGH RISK
- Educate the patient/family on fall prevention as listed above
- Maximize environmental safety as listed above
- Increase the frequency of rounds
- Anticipate ADL needs
- Assistance with activities out of bed
- Hip Protectors, consider for patients with:
- history of falling
- low bone density or osteoporosis
- over the age of 80
- normal or underweight,
- history of prior hip fracture
- data not very supportive of benefit for hip protectors
American Geriatrics Society guidelines, Falls management:
- multifactorial assessment of fall risk including:
- examination of feet & footwear
- a functional assessment
- an environmental assessment that includes home safety
- assessing the patient's perceived functional ability & fear of falling
- multiple-component group exercise if
- minimize medications, particularly antipsychotics & other psychoactive drugs
- assess & treat postural hypotension
- vitamin D 800 IU per day for all older adults at increased risk for falling
- in community-dwelling elderly, a multifactorial intervention that includes exercise that focuses on balance, gait, & strength training, such as tai chi or physical therapy (all)[3]
- identify & treat cataracts, i.e. cataract surgery, ASAP
- screening all patients aged 65+ annually for falls*
- use of the Timed Up and Go as a gait assessment, rather than relying on gait speed*
- clinical judgment on whether or not to check an ECG for those at risk for falling*
* differs from World Falls Guidelines
GRS8 proposes an algorithm-based approach
,
- if patient has fallen once, observe gait & balance only[3] (regardless of circumstance of fall)
- if normal, no further evaluation is needed
- if gait or balance is abnormal or patient has fallen more than once
- visual acuity testing
- assess for orthostatic hypotension
- evaluation of quadriceps strength, gait & balance
- examination of feet & footwear
- medication review
- home safety evaluation[3]
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
- environmental assessment for fall risk
- get up & go test (timed up & go, TUG)
- hip fracture
- Morse fall risk assessment scale
- prevention of falls
- prevention of fractures
- retropulsion (tendency to fall backward)
- risk factors for falls
- Tinetti gait & balance evaluation
References
- ↑ Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 1023-24
- ↑ Rubenstein L, Intensive Course in Geriatric Medicine, UCLA School of Medicine, Marina De Ray, 09/01
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 Geriatrics Review Syllabus, American Geriatrics Society, 5th edition, 2002-2004
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 7th edition Parada JT et al (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2010
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 9th edition (GRS9) Medinal-Walpole A, Pacala JT, Porter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2016
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 10th edition (GRS10) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2019
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022 - ↑ 4.0 4.1 Journal Watch 23(4):36, 2003 Shaw FE, Bond J, Richardson DA, Dawson P, Steen IN, McKeith IG, Kenny RA. Multifactorial intervention after a fall in older people with cognitive impairment and dementia presenting to the accident and emergency department: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2003 Jan 11;326(7380):73. Erratum in: BMJ. 2003 Mar 29;326(7391):699. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12521968 <Internet> http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7379/76
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 Journal Watch 24(10):81, 2004 Chang JT, Morton SC, Rubenstein LZ, Mojica WA, Maglione M, Suttorp MJ, Roth EA, Shekelle PG. Interventions for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2004 Mar 20;328(7441):680. Review. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031239 <Internet> http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/328/7441/680
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Journal Watch 24(10):81, 2004 Haines TP, Bennell KL, Osborne RH, Hill KD. Effectiveness of targeted falls prevention programme in subacute hospital setting: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2004 Mar 20;328(7441):676. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15031238 <Internet> http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/328/7441/676
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Vellas BJ et al, One-leg balance is an important predictor of injurious falls in older persons J Am Geriatr Soc 1997, 45:735 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9180669
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Prescriber's Letter 11(6):32 2004 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=200604&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ National INstitute on Aging Falls and falls prevention https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/topics/falls-and-falls-prevention
- ↑ Veterans Affairs (VA) National Center for Patient Safety 2004 Falls Toolkit http://www.patientsafety.gov/SafetyTopics/fallstoolkit/index.html
- ↑ Preventive Health Care, 2005: Prevention of Falls in Long-Term Care Facilities Canadian Task Force on Preventive Health Care (CTFPHC) http://www.ctfphc.org/Sections/Falls.htm
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Flicker L et al, Should older people in residential care receive vitamin D to prevent falls?? Results of a randomised trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2005; 53:1881 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16274368
Prescriber's Letter 15(6): 2008 Vitamin D for Fall Prevention in the Elderly Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=240604&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com - ↑ 13.0 13.1 Oliver D et al, Strategies to prevent falls and fractures in hospitals and care homes and effect of cognitive impairment: systematic review and meta-analyses. BMJ. 2007 Jan 13;334(7584):82. Epub 2006 Dec 8. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17158580
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 van der Velde N, van den Meiracker AH, Pols HA, Stricker BH, van der Cammen TJ. Withdrawal of fall-risk-increasing drugs in older persons: effect on tilt-table test outcomes. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 May;55(5):734-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17493193
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Thurman DJ et al, Practice Parameter: Assessing patients in a neurology practice for risk of falls (a evidence-based review): Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2008, 70:473 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18250292
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 Tinetti ME et al, Effect of Dissemination of Evidence in Reducing Injuries from Falls NEJM 2008, 359:252 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18635430
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Fleming J et al. Inability to get up after falling, subsequent time on floor, and summoning help: Prospective cohort study in people over 90. BMJ 2008 Nov 17; 337:a2227 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19015185 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a2227
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 18.4 18.5 18.6 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 14, 17. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2006, 2015
Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022 - ↑ 19.0 19.1 Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al, Fall prevention with supplemental and active forms of vitamin D: a meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2009;339:b3692 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19797342 doi:10.1136/bmj.b3692 http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/339/oct01_1/b3692
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Menant JC et al. Older people contact more obstacles when wearing multifocal glasses and performing a secondary visual task. J Am Geriatr Soc 2009 Oct; 57:1833. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19694864
Haran MJ et al Effect on falls of providing single lens distance vision glasses to multifocal glasses wearers: VISIBLE randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2010;340:c2265 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20501583 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/340/may25_1/c2265
Johnson L, Buckley JG, Harley C et al. Use of single-vision eyeglasses improves stepping precision and safety when elderly habitual multifocal wearers negotiate a raised surface. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008;56(1):178-180 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18184217 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1532-5415.2007.01485.x - ↑ 21.0 21.1 Leveille SG et al Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain and the Occurrence of Falls in an Older Population. JAMA. 2009;302(20):2214-2221 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19934422 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/302/20/2214
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Prescriber's Letter 17(3): 2010 (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
Prescriber's Letter 17(4): 2010 Fall Prevention in the Elderly COMMENTARY: Fall Prevention in the Elderly GUIDELINES: Fall Prevention in Older Persons GUIDELINES: Prevention of Falls (Acute Care) Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=260408&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
Michael YL, Whitlock EP, Lin JS, et al. Primary care-relevant interventions to prevent falling in older adults: a systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2010 Dec; 153(12):815-825. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21173416
Leipzig RM, Whitlock EP, Wolff TA, et al. Reconsidering the approach to prevention recommendations for older adults. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153:809-814. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21173415
Tinnetti ME. Making prevention recommendations relevant for an aging population. Ann Intern Med 2010; 153:843-844 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21173418 - ↑ 23.0 23.1 Delbaere K et al. Determinants of disparities between perceived and physiological risk of falling among elderly people: Cohort study. BMJ 2010 Aug 20; 341:c4165. http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c4165.full PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20724399
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Dykes PC et al, Fall Prevention in Acute Care Hospitals JAMA. 2010;304(17):1912-1918 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21045097 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/304/17/1912
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Spaniolas K et al Ground level falls are associated with significant mortality in elderly patients. J Trauma 2010 Oct; 69:821. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20938268
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Woolcott JC, Richardson KJ, Wiens MO, et al. Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 medication classes on falls in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med 2009; 169(21):1952-1960. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19933955
Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME. Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis, I: psychotropic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47(1):30-39. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9920227
Leipzig RM, Cumming RG, Tinetti ME. Drugs and falls in older people: a systematic review and meta-analysis, II: cardiac and analgesic drugs. J Am Geriatr Soc 1999; 47(1):40-50. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9920228 - ↑ AGS Clinical Practice Guideline: Prevention of Falls in Older Persons (2010) The American Geriatrics Society http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/clinical_practice/clinical_guidelines_recommendations/2010/
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Trombetti A et al. Effect of music-based multitask training on gait, balance, and fall risk in elderly people: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2011 Mar 28; 171:525 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098340
Haines TP et al. Patient education to prevent falls among older hospital inpatients: A randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 2011 Mar 28; 171:516. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21098343 - ↑ 29.0 29.1 Spink MJ et al. Effectiveness of a multifaceted podiatry intervention to prevent falls in community dwelling older people with disabling foot pain: Randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2011 Jun 16; 342:d3411 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21680622
- ↑ Cumming RG et al Home visits by an occupational therapist for assessment and modification of environmental hazards: a randomized trial of falls prevention. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1999 Dec;47(12):1397-402. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10591231
- ↑ Nikolaus T and Bach M Preventing falls in community-dwelling frail older people using a home intervention team (HIT): results from the randomized Falls-HIT trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2003 Mar;51(3):300-5. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12588572
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 32.4 32.5 Geriatrics at your Fingertips, 13th edition, 2011 Reuben DB et al (eds) American Geriatric Society
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Moyer VA et al Prevention of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement Annals of Internal Medicine, May 28, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22868837 <Internet> http://www.annals.org/content/early/2012/05/23/0003-4819-157-3-201208070-00462 (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Feb 2018)
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Gillespie LD et al Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Sep 12;9:CD007146 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972103 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD007146.pub3/abstract?systemMessage=Wiley+Online+Library+will+be+disrupted+on+15+September+from+10%3A00-12%3A00+BST+%2805%3A00-07%3A00+EDT%29+for+essential+maintenance
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 35.3 Robinovitch SN et al Video capture of the circumstances of falls in elderly people residing in long-term care: an observational study The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 17 October 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23083889 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61263-X/abstract
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Kolla BP et al Zolpidem is independently associated with increased risk of inpatient falls. Journal of Hospital Medicine, Nov 19, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23165956 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jhm.1985/abstract
Lin F-Y et al. Retrospective population cohort study on hip fracture risk associated with zolpidem medication. Sleep 2014 Apr; 37:673 http://www.journalsleep.org/ViewAbstract.aspx?pid=29396 - ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Cadore EL et al Effects of different exercise interventions on risk of falls, gait ability and balance in physically frail older adults. A systematic review. Rejuvenation Res. 2013 Jan 17. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23327448
- ↑ Serra-Rexach J, Bustamante-Ara N, Hierro Villaran M, et al. Short-term, light- to moderate-intensity exercise training improves leg muscle strength in the oldest old: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc 2011; 59:594-602 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21453381
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Sherrington C, Whitney JC, Lord SR, Herbert RD Effective exercise for the prevention of falls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2008 Dec;56(12):2234-43. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19093923
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Wyman JF, Croghan CF, Nachreiner NM et al Effectiveness of education and individualized counseling in reducing environmental hazards in the homes of community- dwelling older women. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 Oct;55(10):1548-56. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908058
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Kalyani RR, Stein B, Valiyil R et al Vitamin D treatment for the prevention of falls in older adults: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010 Jul;58(7):1299-310 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20579169
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 El-Khoury F, Cassou B, Charles MA, Dargent-Molina P. The effect of fall prevention exercise programmes on fall induced injuries in community dwelling older adults: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2013 Oct 29; 347:f6234 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24169944 Free PMC Article <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6234
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ et al Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2009 Apr 15;(2):CD007146 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19370674
Gillespie LD, Robertson MC, Gillespie WJ et al Interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD007146 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22972103 - ↑ Panel on Prevention of Falls in Older Persons, American Geriatrics Society and British Geriatrics Society. Summary of the Updated American Geriatrics Society/British Geriatrics Society clinical practice guideline for prevention of falls in older persons. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2011 Jan;59(1):148-57 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21226685
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Cameron ID, Gillespie LD, Robertson MC et al Interventions for preventing falls in older people in care facilities and hospitals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Dec 12;12:CD005465. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23235623
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 Palvanen M1, Kannus P, Piirtola M, et al Effectiveness of the Chaos Falls Clinic in preventing falls and injuries of home-dwelling older adults: a randomised controlled trial. Injury. 2014 Jan;45(1):265-71. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23579066
- ↑ Barnett A1, Smith B, Lord SR, Williams M, Baumand A. Community-based group exercise improves balance and reduces falls in at-risk older people: a randomised controlled trial. Age Ageing. 2003 Jul;32(4):407-14. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12851185
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Bolland MJ, Grey A, Gamble GD, Reid IR Vitamin D supplementation and falls: a trial sequential meta-analysis. The Lancet Diabetes & Endocrinology, April 24, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24768505 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587%2814%2970068-3/abstract
- ↑ Tinetti ME, Kumar C. The patient who falls: "It's always a trade-off". JAMA. 2010 Jan 20;303(3):258-66. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20085954
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Cronin H, Kenny RA. Cardiac causes for falls and their treatment. Clin Geriatr Med. 2010 Nov;26(4):539-67. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20934610
- ↑ Falls Prevention in Older Adults American Geriatrics Society http://www.americangeriatrics.org/health_care_professionals/clinical_practice/clinical_guidelines_recommendations/2010/
- ↑ Clemson L, Fiatarone Singh MA, Bundy A, et al. Integration of balance and strength training into daily life activity to reduce rate of falls in older people (the LiFE study): randomised parallel trial. BMJ. 2012 Aug 7;345:e4547. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22872695
- ↑ Ganz DA, Bao Y, Shekelle PG, Rubenstein LZ. Will my patient fall? JAMA. 2007 Jan 3;297(1):77-86. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17200478
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Harwood RH, Foss AJ, Osborn F et al Falls and health status in elderly women following first eye cataract surgery: a randomised controlled trial. Br J Ophthalmol. 2005 Jan;89(1):53-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15615747
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Rose DJ, Hernandez D. The role of exercise in fall prevention for older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2010 Nov;26(4):607-31. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20934613
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Austin N, Devine A, Dick I, Prince R, Bruce D. Fear of falling in older women: a longitudinal study of incidence, persistence, and predictors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2007 Oct;55(10):1598-603. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17908062
Visschedijk J, Achterberg W, Van Balen R, Hertogh C. Fear of falling after hip fracture: a systematic review of measurement instruments, prevalence, interventions, and related factors. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2010 Sep;58(9):1739-48. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20863333 - ↑ Barzilay JI, Cotsonis GA, Walston J Insulin resistance is associated with decreased quadriceps muscle strength in nondiabetic adults aged >or=70 years. Diabetes Care. 2009 Apr;32(4):736-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19171728
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 Keall MD et al. Home modifications to reduce injuries from falls in the Home Injury Prevention Intervention (HIPI) study: A cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015 Jan 17;385(9964):231-8; 2014 Sep 23 (ePub) <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25255696 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2961006-0/fulltext
Robinovitch SN et al. Home-safety modifications to reduce injuries from falls. Lancet 2014 Sep 23 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25255695 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2961188-0/fulltext - ↑ 59.0 59.1 Journal Watch 20(17):140, 2000 Brown JS et al Urinary incontinence: does it increase risk for falls and fractures? Study of Osteoporotic Fractures Research Group. J Am Geriatr Soc 48:721, 2000 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10894308
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 Uusi-Rasi K et al Exercise and Vitamin D in Fall Prevention Among Older Women. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 May 1;175(5):703-11 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799402 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2204033
LeBlanc ES, Chou R Vitamin D and Falls-Fitting New Data With Current Guidelines. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 May 1;175(5):712-3 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25799014 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2204029
LeBoff MS et al. Effects of supplemental vitamin D on bone health outcomes in women and men in the VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL). J Bone Miner Res 2020 May; 35:883 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31923341 PMCID: PMC7217747 https://asbmr.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/jbmr.3958 - ↑ 61.0 61.1 El-Khoury F et al. Effectiveness of two year balance training programme on prevention of fall induced injuries in at risk women aged 75-85 living in community: Ossebo randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2015; 351:h3830 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26201510 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h3830
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 Turner S, Arthur G, Lyons RA, et al. Modification of the home environment for the reduction of injuries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2011, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD003600 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21328262
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Dawson-Hughes B, Orav EJ et al Monthly High-Dose Vitamin D Treatment for the Prevention of Functional DeclineA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. Published online January 04, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26747333 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2478897
Cummings SR, Kiel DP, Black DM. Vitamin D Supplementation and Increased Risk of Falling. A Cautionary Tale of Vitamin Supplements Retold. JAMA Intern Med. Published online January 04, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26746474 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2478893 - ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Menant JC, Wong AK, Trollor JN, Close JC, Lord SR. Depressive Symptoms and Orthostatic Hypotension Are Risk Factors for Unexplained Falls in Community-Living Older People. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016 May;64(5):1073-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27225359
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Tom SE, Wickwire EM, Park Y, Albrecht JS. Nonbenzodiazepine Sedative Hypnotics and Risk of Fall-Related Injury. Sleep. 2016 May 1;39(5):1009-14. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26943470
- ↑ Woolcott JC, Richardson KJ, Wiens MO et al Meta-analysis of the impact of 9 medication classes on falls in elderly persons. Arch Intern Med. 2009 Nov 23;169(21):1952-60. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19933955
- ↑ Kosma M. An expanded framework to determine physical activity and falls risks among diverse older adults. Res Aging. 2014 Jan;36(1):95-114. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25651602
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 Bouillon R, Van Schoor NM, Gielen E, Optimal vitamin D status: a critical analysis on the basis of evidence-based medicine. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013 Aug;98(8):E1283-304. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23922354
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 American Geriatrics Society Workgroup on Vitamin D Supplementation for Older Adults. Recommendations abstracted from the American Geriatrics Society Consensus Statement on vitamin D for Prevention of Falls and Their Consequences. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Jan;62(1):147-52 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24350602
- ↑ Shubert TE Evidence-based exercise prescription for balance and falls prevention: a current review of the literature. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2011 Jul-Sep;34(3):100-8. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22267151
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 Callisaya ML, Sharman JE, Close J, Lord SR, Srikanth VK. Greater daily defined dose of antihypertensive medication increases the risk of falls in older people--a population- based study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014 Aug;62(8):1527-33. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24934339
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 Tinetti ME, Han L, Lee DS et al Antihypertensive Medications and Serious Fall Injuries in a Nationally Representative Sample of Older Adults. JAMA Intern Med. February 24, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24567036 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1832197
Berry SD and Kiel DP Treating Hypertension in the Elderly. Should the Risk of Falls Be Part of the Equation? JAMA Intern Med. February 24, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566852 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1832192 - ↑ Allan LM, Ballard CG, Rowan EN, Kenny RA. Incidence and prediction of falls in dementia: a prospective study in older people. PLoS One. 2009;4(5):e5521. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19436724 Free PMC Article
- ↑ Gill TM, Murphy TE, Gahbauer EA, Allore HG. The course of disability before and after a serious fall injury. JAMA Intern Med. 2013 Oct 28;173(19):1780-6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23958741 Free PMC Article
- ↑ Gill TM, Murphy TE, Gahbauer EA, Allore HG. Association of injurious falls with disability outcomes and nursing home admissions in community-living older persons. Am J Epidemiol. 2013 Aug 1;178(3):418-25. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23548756 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 Mirelman A, Rochester L, Maidan I et al. Addition of a non-immersive virtual reality component to treadmill training to reduce fall risk in older adults (V-TIME): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2016 Aug 11 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27524393
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 Ungar A et al. Etiology of syncope and unexplained falls in elderly adults with dementia: Syncope and Dementia (SYD) study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2016 Aug; 64:1567 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27351866
- ↑ Vieira ER, Palmer RC, Chaves PH. Prevention of falls in older people living in the community. BMJ. 2016;353:i1419 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27125497
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Draft Recommendation Statement. Sept 27, 2017 Falls Prevention in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: Interventions https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/falls-prevention-in-older-adults-interventions1
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Draft Recommendation Statement. Sept 27, 2017 Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Adults: Preventive Medication. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/vitamin-d-calcium-or-combined-supplementation-for-the-primary-prevention-of-fractures-in-adults-preventive-medication - ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 80.3 Tricco AC et al. Comparisons of interventions for preventing falls in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2017 Nov 7; 318:1687 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114830 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2661578
Larson EB. Evidence supports action to prevent injurious falls in older adults. JAMA 2017 Nov 7; 318:1659. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29114812 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2661558 - ↑ 81.0 81.1 Williams JG, Bachman MW, Lyons MD et al Improving Decisions About Transport to the Emergency Department for Assisted Living Residents Who Fall. Ann Intern Med. 2017. Dec 12. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230475 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2665903/improving-decisions-about-transport-emergency-department-assisted-living-residents-who
Growdon ME, Inouye SK. Improving Care for Ground-Level Falls in Assisted Living. Ann Intern Med. 2017. Dec 12. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29230473 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2665904/improving-care-ground-level-falls-assisted-living - ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 82.3 US Preventive Services Task Force. Grossman DC, Curry SJ, Owens DK et al Interventions to prevent falls in community-dwelling older adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2018 Apr 24;319(16):1696-1704. Apr 17; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29710141 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2678104
US Preventive Services Task Force. Vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation for the primary prevention of fractures in community-dwelling adults: US Preventive Services Task Force recommendation statement. JAMA 2018 Apr 17; 319:1592. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29677309 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2678622
Kahwati LC, Weber RP, Pan H et al Vitamin D, Calcium, or Combined Supplementation for the Primary Prevention of Fractures in Community-Dwelling Adults: Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018 Apr 17;319(15):1600-1612. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29677308
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Bhasin S, Manson JE. Preventing fractures and falls. JAMA 2018 Apr 17; 319:1552 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29677284 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2678595
Reuben DB New Prevention Guidelines for Falls and Fractures - Looking Beyond the Letters. JAMA Intern Med. Published online April 17, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29710323 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2678987 - ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 Burns E, Kakara R. Deaths from Falls Among Persons Aged >= 65 Years - United States, 2007-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:509-514 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6718a1.htm
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 Bronskill SE, Campitelli MA, Iaboni A et al. Low-dose trazodone, benzodiazepines, and fall-related injuries in nursing homes: A matched-cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018 Sep 24 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30247773 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.15519
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 de Souto Barreto P, Rolland Y, Vellas B et al Association of Long-term Exercise Training With Risk of Falls, Fractures, Hospitalizations, and Mortality in Older Adults. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. Published online December 28, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30592475 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2719424
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 Hartholt KA, Lee R, Burns ER et al Mortality From Falls Among US Adults Aged 75 Years or Older, 2000-2016. JAMA. 2019;321(21):2131-2133 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31162561 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2735063
Liu-Ambrose T, Davis JC, Best JR et al Effect of a Home-Based Exercise Program on Subsequent Falls Among Community-Dwelling High-Risk Older Adults After a Fall. A Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(21):2092-2100 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31162569 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2735075
Pahor M Falls in Older AdultsPrevention, Mortality, and Costs. JAMA. 2019;321(21):2080-2081 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31162553 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2735053 - ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Randolph AC, Lin YL, Volpi E, Kuo YF. Tricyclic antidepressant and/or gamma-aminobutyric acid-analog use is associated with fall risk in diabetic peripheral neuropathy. J Am Geriatr Soc 2019 Jun; 67:1174-1181 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30694557 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.15779
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 Tumolo J. Subclinical Cardiovascular Damage Boosts Fall Risk in Older Adults. Annals of Long-Term Care. Oct 9, 2019 https://www.managedhealthcareconnect.com/content/subclinical-cardiovascular-damage-boosts-fall-risk-older-adults
Juraschek SP, Daya N, Appel LJ et al. Subclinical cardiovascular disease and fall risk in older adults: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019;67(9):1795-1802 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31493355 - ↑ 89.0 89.1 Constantinescu R, Leonard C, Deeley C, Kurlan R. Assistive devices for gait in Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007 Apr;13(3):133-8. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16914362
Cubo E, Moore CG, Leurgans S, Goetz CG. Wheeled and standard walkers in Parkinson's disease patients with gait freezing. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2003 Oct;10(1):9-14. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14499200 - ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 Francis-Coad J, Hill AM, Jacques A et al Association between characteristics of injurious falls and fall preventive interventions in acute medical and surgical units. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A. Jan 30, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31996903 https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/gerona/glaa032/5717767
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 Rothaus C. NEJM Resident 360. Feb 19, 2020 Prevention of Falls in the Elderly. https://resident360.nejm.org/clinical-pearls/prevention-of-falls-in-the-elderly
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 Malik V, Gallagher C, Linz D et al Atrial Fibrillation Is Associated With Syncope and Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Apr;95(4):676-687. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32247342
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 Bhasin S, Gill TM, Reuben DB et al. A randomized trial of a multifactorial strategy to prevent serious fall injuries. N Engl J Med 2020 Jul 9; 383:129-140 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32640131 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2002183
- ↑ STEADI. Stopping Elderly Accidents, Deaths & Injuries Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) https://www.cdc.gov/steadi/index.html
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 LeBoff MS et al. VITamin D and OmegA-3 TriaL (VITAL): Effects of vitamin D supplements on risk of falls in the US population. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020 Sep; 105:2929. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32492153 PMCID: PMC7365686 Free PMC article https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/105/9/2929/5850900
- ↑ 96.0 96.1 Lamb SE et al. Screening and intervention to prevent falls and fractures in older people. N Engl J Med 2020 Nov 5; 383:1848. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33211928 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2001500
- ↑ 97.0 97.1 Appel LJ, Michos ED, Mitchell CM et al The Effects of Four Doses of Vitamin D Supplements on Falls in Older Adults. A Response-Adaptive, Randomized Clinical Trial. Ann Intern Med 2020. Dec 8 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33284677 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/abs/10.7326/M20-3812
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 Frech F, Juday T Higher Health Care Resource Use, Costs Associated With Falls Among Older Medicare Beneficiaries on Commonly Used Insomnia Medications in the United States. Annals of Long-Term Care. 2020. Dec 17 https://www.managedhealthcareconnect.com/content/higher-health-care-resource-use-costs-associated-falls-among-older-medicare-beneficiarie
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 99.3 99.4 99.5 99.6 99.7 Cimino-Fiallos N Falls in the Elderly: Causes, Injuries, and Management. Medscape. Feb 16, 2021 https://reference.medscape.com/slideshow/falls-in-the-elderly-6012395
- ↑ 100.0 100.1 Albasri A, Hattle M, Koshiaris C et al. Association between antihypertensive treatment and adverse events: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2021 Feb 10; 372:n189. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33568342 PMCID: PMC7873715 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n189
- ↑ 101.0 101.1 Delbaere K et al. E-health StandingTall balance exercise for fall prevention in older people: Results of a two year randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2021 Apr 6; 373:n740. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33824131 PMCID: PMC8022322 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n740
- ↑ 102.0 102.1 Wanigatunga AA, Sternberg AL, Blackford AL et al The effects of vitamin D supplementation on types of falls. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021. June 12 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34118059 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.17290
- ↑ 103.0 103.1 103.2 103.3 Jehu DA, Davis JC, Barha CK et al Sex Differences in Subsequent Falls and Falls Risk: A Prospective Cohort Study in Older Adults. Gerontology 2021. Jun 29;1-8 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34186535
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 104.3 104.4 104.5 104.6 Talebraza S et al Geriatrics Evaluation & Management Tools American Geriatrics Society. 2021 https://geriatricscareonline.org/ProductAbstract/geriatrics-evaluation-management-tools/B007/
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 Hentschke C, Halle M, Geilhof B et al 24-Months Cluster-Randomized Intervention Trial of a Targeted Fall Prevention Program in a Primary Care Setting. Gen Intern Med 2021. July 8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34240282 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11606-021-06944-w
- ↑ 106.0 106.1 Wang GHM, Man KKC, Maplethorpe CW et al. Use of antipsychotic drugs and cholinesterase inhibitors and risk of falls and fractures: Self-controlled case series. BMJ 2021 Sep 9; 374:n1925 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34503972 PMCID: PMC8427404 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1925
- ↑ 107.0 107.1 Iuliano S, Pooon S,Robbins J et al. Effect of dietary sources of calcium and protein on hip fractures and falls in older adults in residential care: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2021 Oct 20; 375:n2364 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34670754 https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj.n2364
- ↑ 108.0 108.1 Logan PA, Horne JC, Gladman JRF et al. Multifactorial falls prevention programme compared with usual care in UK care homes for older people: Multicentre cluster randomised controlled trial with economic evaluation. BMJ 2021 Dec 7; 375:e066991. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34876412 PMCID: PMC8649897 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/375/bmj-2021-066991
Robertson K, Logan P, Ward M et al Thinking falls-taking action: a falls prevention tool for care homes. Br J Community Nurs. 2012 May;17(5):206-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22584396 - ↑ 109.0 109.1 Matthews S Vital Resources for Reducing Fall-Related Emergency Department Transfers. Annals of Long-Term Care. Feb 23, 2022 https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/altc/news/vital-resources-reducing-fall-related-emergency-department-transfers
Guerbaai RA, Kressig RW, Zeller A et al. Identifying appropriate nursing home resources to reduce fall-related emergency department transfers. J Am Med Dir Assoc. Published online February 19, 2022. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35192846 - ↑ Sherrington C, Fairhall NJ, Wallbank GK et al. Exercise for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2019 Jan 31;1(1):CD012424. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30703272 PMCID: PMC6360922 Free PMC article https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD012424.pub2/full
- ↑ 111.0 111.1 Wetherell JL, Bower ES, Johnson K et al. Integrated exposure therapy and exercise reduces fear of falling and avoidance in older adults: a randomized pilot study. Am J Geriatr Psychiatry. 2018;26(8):849-859 https://www.ajgponline.org/article/S1064-7481(18)30295-1/fulltext
- ↑ 112.0 112.1 Hart LA, Phelan EA, Yi JY et al. Use of fall-risk-increasing medications after a fall in older adults: a systematic review. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2020;68(6):1334-1343 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32064594 PMCID: PMC7299782 Free PMC article
- ↑ 113.0 113.1 Mathews S Falls, Fractures Among OAs Linked to Anticholinergic Exposure Annals of Long-Term Care. April 1, 2022 https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/altc/conference-coverage/falls-fractures-among-oas-linked-anticholinergic-exposure https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.16369
- ↑ 114.0 114.1 Kneisel K Daily Aspirin No Help for Fracture Prevention in Seniors, Raises Risk of Falls. Serious falls 17% more frequent in low-dose aspirin arm, ASPREE substudy finds. MedPage Today November 7, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/geriatrics/generalgeriatrics/101629
Barker AL, Morello R, Thao LTP et al Daily Low-Dose Aspirin and Risk of Serious Falls and Fractures in Healthy Older People. A Substudy of the ASPREE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. Published online November 7, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36342703 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2797772 - ↑ 115.0 115.1 115.2 115.3 115.4 Abraham MK, Cimino-Fiallos N Falls in the Elderly: Causes, Injuries, and Prevention. Medscape. Nov 23 2022 https://reference.medscape.com/slideshow/falls-in-the-elderly-6012395
- ↑ 116.00 116.01 116.02 116.03 116.04 116.05 116.06 116.07 116.08 116.09 116.10 116.11 116.12 116.13 116.14 Stanley E Analyzing Drug-Induced Fall Risk Data Among Older Adults. Annals of Long-Term Care. December 28, 2022 https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/altc/news/analyzing-drug-induced-fall-risk-data-among-older-adults
Zhou S, Jia B, Kong J et al. Drug-induced fall risk in older patients: A pharmacovigilance study of FDA adverse event reporting system database. Front Pharmacol. 2022;13:1044744 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36523498 PMCID: PMC9746618 Free PMC article - ↑ 117.0 117.1 Clemson L, Stark S, Pighills AC et al Environmental interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Mar 10;3(3):CD013258. Review.
Lewis SR, Griffin XL Preventing falls in older people: the evidence for environmental interventions and why history matters. Cochrane Library. 2023. March 20 https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.ED000162/full - ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 Santos-Lozada AR Trends in Deaths From Falls Among Adults Aged 65 Years or Older in the US, 1999-2020. JAMA. 2023;329(18):1605-1607. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37159042 PMCID: PMC10170339 (available on 2023-11-09) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2804614
- ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 Yesantharao LV, Vohra V, Cheng M et al Olfactory Dysfunction and Balance Dysfunction are Associated with Increased Falls in Older Adults. Laryngoscope. 2023. May 9 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37159236 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lary.30733
- ↑ 120.0 120.1 NEJM Knowledge+ Complex Medical Care
Ganz DA, Latham NK. Prevention of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults. N Engl J Med. 2020 Feb 20;382(8):734-743. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32074420 Review. Video of gait, balance & mobility assessment https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMcp1903252 - ↑ 121.0 121.1 Goldstein DW, Hajduk AM, Song X et al Falls in older adults after hospitalization for acute myocardial infarction. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021 Dec;69(12):3476-3485. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34383963 PMCID: PMC8882265 Free PMC article.
- ↑ 122.0 122.1 Hanlon JT, Zhao X, Naples JG et al Central Nervous System Medication Burden and Serious Falls in Older Nursing Home Residents. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2017 Jun;65(6):1183-1189. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28152179 PMCID: PMC5478454 Free PMC article
- ↑ 123.0 123.1 Jung YS, Suh D, Kim E et al Medications influencing the risk of fall-related injuries in older adults: case-control and case-crossover design studies. BMC Geriatrics. 2023. 23(1):452 July 22 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37481554 PMCID: PMC10363319 Free PMC article https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-023-04138-z
- ↑ Phelan EA, Ritchey K. Fall prevention in community-dwelling older adults. Ann Intern Med. 2018;169:ITC81-ITC96. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30508457
- ↑ 125.0 125.1 Jodicke AM, Tan EH, Robinson DE, et al. Risk of adverse events following the initiation of antihypertensives in older people with complex health needs: a self-controlled case series in the United Kingdom. Age Ageing. 2023 Sep 1;52(9):afad177 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37725973 PMCID: PMC10508980 Free PMC article
- ↑ 126.0 126.1 Kelsey JL, Procter-Gray E, Nguyen US et al Footwear and Falls in the Home Among Older Individuals in the MOBILIZE Boston Study. Footwear Sci. 2010 Sep;2(3):123-129. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1080/19424280.2010.491074. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22224169 PMCID: PMC3250347 Free PMC article.
- ↑ 127.0 127.1 Campos L, Prochazka A, Anderson M et al Consistent hearing aid use is associated with lower fall prevalence and risk in older adults with hearing loss. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023 Oct;71(10):3163-3171. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37314100 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/jgs.18461
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 NEJM Knowledge+
Hopewell S, Adedire O, Copsey BJ et al Multifactorial and multiple component interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018 Jul 23;7(7):CD012221. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30035305 PMCID: PMC6513234 Free PMC article. Review. - ↑ 129.0 129.1 Ahuja M, Siddhpuria S, Karimi A et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors and falls, syncope and injuries in patients with cognitive impairment: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2023 Nov 2;52(11):afad205 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37993407
- ↑ 130.0 130.1 Dyer SM, Suen J, Kwok WS, et al. Exercise for falls prevention in aged care: systematic review and trial endpoint meta-analyses. Age Ageing. 2023 Dec 1;52(12):afad217 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38109410 PMCID: PMC10727475 Free PMC article https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10727475/
- ↑ 131.0 131.1 Tsang JY et al. Risk of falls and fractures in individuals with cataract, age-related macular degeneration, or glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol 2023 Dec 28; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38153708 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2813168
- ↑ 132.0 132.1 Petriceks AH et al. Timing of orthostatic hypotension and its relationship with falls in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023 Dec; 71:3711 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37668347 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.18573
- ↑ 133.0 133.1 Lewis SR, McGarrigle L, Pritchard MW et al Population-based interventions for preventing falls and fall-related injuries in older people. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2024 Jan 5;1(1):CD013789. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38180112 PMCID: PMC10767771 Free PMC article.
- ↑ 134.0 134.1 Hopkins RE et al. Age-related risk of serious fall events and opioid analgesic use. JAMA Intern Med 2024 Feb 19; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38373005 PMCID: PMC10877504 (available on 2025-02-19) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2815009
- ↑ 135.0 135.1 Berry SD, Hayes K, Lee Y Fall risk and cardiovascular outcomes of first-line antihypertensive medications in nursing home residents J Am Geriatr Soc. 2024 Mar;72(3):682-692 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38051600 PMCID: PMC10947930 (available on 2025-03-01)
- ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 136.3 136.4 Deng R, Li B, Qin M et al The characteristics and risk factors of fatal falls among adults aged 60 and above in Southwest China. Sci Rep. 2024 Mar 25;14(1):7020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38528015 PMCID: PMC10963769 Free PMC article. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-024-54265-9
- ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 137.3 137.4 Archer L, Relton SD, Akbari A, et al. Development and external validation of the eFalls tool: a multivariable prediction model for the risk of ED attendance or hospitalisation with a fall or fracture in older adults. Age Ageing. 2024 Mar 1;53(3):afae057 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38520142 PMCID: PMC10960070 Free PMC article
No authors listed 2019 surveillance of falls in older people: assessing risk and prevention (NICE guideline CG161) [Internet] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31869045 Bookshelf ID: NBK551819 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551819/
Montero-Odasso M, van der Velde N, Martin FC et al World guidelines for falls prevention and management for older adults: a global initiative. Age Ageing. 2022 Sep 2;51(9):afac205 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36178003 PMCID: PMC9523684 Free PMC article. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9523684/
Eckstrom E, Vincenzo JL, Casey CM, et al American Geriatrics Society response to the World Falls Guidelines J Am Geriatr Soc. 2024. Jun;72(6):1669-1686 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38131656 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jgs.18734 - ↑ 138.0 138.1 Naseri C, Haines TP, Etherton-Beer C et al Reducing falls in older adults recently discharged from hospital: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2018 Jul 1;47(4):512-519 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29584895 PMCID: PMC7206858 Free PMC article
- ↑ 139.0 139.1 Jin H, Zhou Y, Stagg BC, Ehrlich JR. Association between vision impairment and increased prevalence of falls in older US adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2024 May;72(5):1373-1383. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38514075 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.18879
- ↑ 140.0 140.1 Tan L, He R, Zheng X Effect of vitamin D, calcium, or combined supplementation on fall prevention: a systematic review and updated network meta-analysis. BMC Geriatr. 2024 May 2;24(1):390 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38698349 PMCID: PMC11064304 Free PMC article
- ↑ 141.0 141.1 141.2 Guirguis-Blake JM, Perdue LA, Coppola EL et al. Interventions to Prevent Falls in Older Adults: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2024 Jun 4. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38833257 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2819574
- ↑ 142.0 142.1 Seppala LJ, Petrovic M, Ryg J et al STOPPFall (Screening Tool of Older Persons Prescriptions in older adults with high fall risk): a Delphi study by the EuGMS Task and Finish Group on Fall-Risk-Increasing Drugs. Age Ageing. 2021 Jun 28;50(4):1189-1199. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33349863 PMCID: PMC8244563 Free PMC article.
- ↑ 143.0 143.1 Dormosh N, van de Loo B, Heymans MW et al A systematic review of fall prediction models for community-dwelling older adults: comparison between models based on research cohorts and models based on routinely collected data. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38979796 PMCID: PMC11231951 Free PMC article. https://academic.oup.com/ageing/article/50/4/1189/6043386
- ↑ 144.0 144.1 144.2 144.3 144.4 144.5 DePeau-Wilson M Antidepressants May Reduce Risk of Falls in Older Adults. Results differ from previous studies suggesting an increased risk MedPage Today. August 27, 2024. https://www.medpagetoday.com/psychiatry/depression/111690
Wang GH, Lai EC, Goodin AJ, Reise RC, Shorr RI, Lo-Ciganic WH. Injurious Fall Risk Differences Among Older Adults With First-Line Depression Treatments. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Aug 1;7(8):e2435535. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39186265 Free article. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2822799 - ↑ 145.0 145.1 Zhou J, Tang R, Wang X, Ma H, Li X, Heianza Y, Qi L. Frailty Status, Sedentary Behaviors, and Risk of Incident Bone Fractures. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2024 Sep 1;79(9):glae186. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39086331 PMCID: PMC11333823 Free PMC article. https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/article/79/9/glae186/7725354
- ↑ 146.0 146.1 George J Falling May Be a Harbinger of Dementia in Older Adults. Injurious falls upped the risk of a new Alzheimer's or dementia diagnosis 1 year later. MedPage Today September 30, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/112192
Ordoobadi AJ, Dhanani H, Tulebaevet SE et al. Risk of Dementia Diagnosis After Injurious Falls in Older Adults JAMA Netw Open. 2024. Sep 3;7(9):e2436606 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39348117 PMCID: PMC11443352 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2824208 - ↑ Hicks C, Menant J, Delbaere K et al Two simple modifications to the World Falls Guidelines algorithm improves its ability to stratify older people into low, intermediate and high fall risk groups. Age Ageing. 2024 Oct 1;53(10):afae192. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39348910
- ↑ 148.0 148.1 Soultan EH, Hara A, Knutson P et al Blood pressure variability associated with falls in nursing home residents. Geriatr Gerontol Int. 2024 Nov 3. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39489161 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/ggi.15014
- ↑ 149.0 149.1 Franco MR, et al. Exercise interventions for preventing falls in older people living in the community. Br J Sports Med. 2014. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23314888 Review. https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/48/10/867.long
- ↑ 150.0 150.1 Phelan EA, Williamson BD, Balderson BH, et al. Reducing Central Nervous System-Active Medications to Prevent Falls and Injuries Among Older Adults: A Cluster Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Jul 1;7(7):e2424234. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39052289 PMCID: PMC11273227 Free PMC article
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) STEADI - Older Adult Fall Prevention Materials for Healthcare Providers https://www.cdc.gov/steadi/materials.html