glaucoma

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Introduction

Although most forms of glaucoma occur with increased intraocular pressure, normal-pressure glaucoma* is a recognized entity.

* The pathophysiology is not well understood.

Etiology

Epidemiology

Pathology

Clinical manifestations

  • onset is insidious & often not recognized by the patient until late in the course of the disease
  • peripheral vision is lost 1st as the optic nerve degenerates

Diagnostic procedures

Complications

Management

Clinical trials

  • clinical trials of glaucoma therapy can be completed within 18 months[13]

More general terms

More specific terms

Additional terms

References

  1. Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 66-67
  2. Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 15, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2009
  3. Mangione C. In: Intensive Course in Geriatric Medicine & Board Review, Marina Del Ray, CA, Sept 12-15, 2001
  4. Prescriber's Letter 18(11): 2011 Drugs That Cause or Exacerbate Glaucoma Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=271124&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
  5. Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
  6. Razeghinejad MR, Katz LJ. Steroid-induced iatrogenic glaucoma. Ophthalmic Res. 2012;47(2):66-80. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21757964
  7. Jump up to: 7.0 7.1 Razeghinejad MR, Pro MJ, Katz LJ. Non-steroidal drug-induced glaucoma. Eye (Lond). 2011 Aug;25(8):971-80. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21637303
  8. Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Razeghinejad MR, Myers JS, Katz LJ. Iatrogenic glaucoma secondary to medications. Am J Med. 2011 Jan;124(1):20-5. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21092926
  9. Alward WL. Medical management of glaucoma. N Engl J Med. 1998 Oct 29;339(18):1298-307. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9791148
  10. Weinreb RN, Aung T, Medeiros FA. The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: a review. JAMA. 2014 May 14;311(18):1901-11. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24825645 Free PMC Article
  11. Inoue K. Managing adverse effects of glaucoma medications. Clin Ophthalmol. 2014 May 12;8:903-13. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24872675 Free PMC Article
  12. Stein JD, Khawaja AP, Weizer JS Glaucoma in Adults - Screening, Diagnosis, and ManagementA Review. JAMA. 2021;325(2):164-174. Jan 12 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33433580 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2774838
  13. Jump up to: 13.0 13.1 Proudfoot JA, Zangwill LM, Moghimi S et al Estimated Utility of the Short-term Assessment of Glaucoma Progression Model in Clinical Practice. JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online June 10, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34110362 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2780934
    Anderson DR, Vanner EA. Planning Clinical Research and Clinical Care for Different Rates of Glaucoma Progression. JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online June 10, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34110379 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2780940
  14. Bicket AK, Le JT, Azuara-Blanco A et al Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgical Techniques for Open-Angle Glaucoma: An Overview of Cochrane Systematic Reviews and Network Meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2021 Sep 1;139(9):983-989. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34264292
    Sarkisian SR, Jr Cochrane Reviews Regarding Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgical Techniques - Validity of Conclusions May Be Limited by Incomplete Evidence. JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online December 23, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34940786 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2787500
    Bicket AK, Le JT, Azuara-Blanco A et al Review of Cochrane Reviews Regarding Minimally Invasive Glaucoma Surgical Techniques - Validity of Conclusions May Be Limited by Incomplete Evidence - In Reply JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online December 23, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34940798 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2787499
  15. Jump up to: 15.0 15.1 Kolli A, Kabeto M, McCammon R et al Glaucoma and cognitive function trajectories in a population-based study: Findings from the health and retirement study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2022. Oct;70(10):2827-2837. Epub 2022 Jun 22 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35730426 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.17903
  16. Jump up to: 16.0 16.1 Nishida T, Moghimi S, Chang AC et al Association of Intraocular Pressure With Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer Thinning in Patients With Glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online October 27, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36301523 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2797830
    Palmberg PF What Is It About Intraocular Pressure That Matters in Glaucoma Progression? JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online October 27, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36301536 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2797835
  17. Jump up to: 17.0 17.1 Tsang JY et al. Risk of falls and fractures in individuals with cataract, age-related macular degeneration, or glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol 2023 Dec 28; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38153708 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2813168
  18. Jump up to: 18.0 18.1 Crump C, Sundquist J, Sieh W, Sundquist K. et al Risk of Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias in Persons with Glaucoma. A National Cohort Study. Ophthalmology. 2024 Mar;131(3):302-309. ePub: 2023. Oct. 13 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37839560 https://www.aaojournal.org/article/S0161-6420(23)00756-X/fulltext
  19. Jump up to: 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Ehrlich JR, Burke-Conte Z, Wittenborn JS et al Prevalence of Glaucoma Among US Adults in 2022. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2024 Oct 17. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39418040 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/article-abstract/2824476
  20. Jump up to: 20.0 20.1 Dotinga R Higher BP Linked to Faster Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma. Ophthalmologists say findings emphasize the importance of adhering to medication regimens. MedPage Today November 15, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/ophthalmology/glaucoma/112944
    Pham VQ, Nishida T, Moghimi S et al Long-Term Blood Pressure Variability and Visual Field Progression in Glaucoma. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2024 Nov 14. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39541129 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2826006
  21. Jump up to: 21.0 21.1 Lee SY, Paul ME, Coleman AL et al Associations between Statin Use and Glaucoma in the All of Us Research Program. Ophthalmol Glaucoma. 2024 Nov-Dec;7(6):563-571. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39094953 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2589419624001376
  22. Jump up to: 22.0 22.1 Schulz M, Ding L, Feng S, Chen A, Chen PP, Bojikian KD. The Association Between Intermittent Fasting and Glaucoma. J Glaucoma. 2025 Jan 1;34(1):1-6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39445885 PMCID: PMC11634075 Free PMC article. https://journals.lww.com/glaucomajournal/fulltext/2025/01000/the_association_between_intermittent_fasting_and.1.aspx
  23. Jump up to: 23.0 23.1 Dotinga R Higher Levels of 'Good' Cholesterol Linked to Increased Glaucoma Risk. Meanwhile, higher levels of LDL-C were associated with reduced risk. MedPage Today February 10, 2025 https://www.medpagetoday.com/ophthalmology/glaucoma/114151
    Ma Y, Wu Y, Hu L et al Associations between serum lipids and glaucoma: a cohort study of 400,229 UK Biobank participants. Br J Ophthalmol. 2025 Feb 4:bjo-2024-326062. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39904580 https://bjo.bmj.com/content/early/2025/01/14/bjo-2024-326062.long
  24. National Eye Institute: Glaucoma https://www.nei.nih.gov/learn-about-eye-health/eye-conditions-and-diseases/glaucoma

Patient information

glaucoma patient information