osteoporosis
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Introduction
Definitions:
- low bone mass with a normal ratio of mineral to osteoid
- generalized skeletal fragility in which bone strength is sufficiently weak that fractures occur with minimal trauma
- low bone mass & microarchitectural deterioration of bone tissue leading to enhanced bone fragility & consequent increase in fracture risk
- DEXA T-score of <= -2.5 defines osteoporosis[7]
- minimal trauma fracture of the spine, proximal humerus, hip, or forearm[88]
Etiology
- primary (most common)
- postmenopausal women (1), estrogen deficiency
- men testosterone deficiency
- senile (2)
- idiopathic in younger men & women
- secondary
- endocrine disorders
- hematopoietic disorders
- connective tissue disorders
- kidney disease
- immobilization
- disseminated malignancy
- nutritional
- gastrointestinal disorders
- genetic disorders
- Turner syndrome
- Kleinfelter syndrome
- hypercalciuria
- pharmacologic causes:
- glucocorticoids
- androgen deprivation therapy
- aromatase inhibitors[88]
- chronic heparin administration
- thyroxine with suppressed TSH
- cancer chemotherapy[88]
- anticonvulsants: phenobarbital, phenytoin
- proton pump inhibitors[88]
- antiretroviral agents[88]
- SSRIs[88]
- methotrexate[88]
- cyclosporine
- high intake of vitamin A[4]
- interferes with action of vitamin D
- canagliflozin[96]
- thiazolidinediones - pioglitazone
- see pharmaceutical agents that cause bone loss
- solid organ transplantation
- major risk factors
- age (post-menopausal women, men > 70 years)[88]
- female sex
- early menopause
- androgen-deprivation therapy in men[7][39]
- Caucasian or Asian
- glucocorticoids
- low lean body mass (BMI < 20 kg/m2)[7]
- minor risk factors
- positive family history of osteoporosis
- low calcium intake
- lack of exercise
- smoking[7]
- alcoholism (> 2 drinks/day)
- rheumatoid arthritis[88]
- major depression & borderline personality disorder[29]
- depression[37]
- psoriasis in men[42]
- spinal cord injury[7]
- drinking carbonated beverages (colas) containing phosphoric acid NOT risk factor[20]
Epidemiology
- largely, but not exclusively a disease of women
- 20% of all osteoporotic fractures occur in men
- 1/3 of hip fractures in patients > 75 years of age occur in men
- osteoporosis manifests itself clinically ~10 years after menopause
- peak incidence in the 60s & early 70s
- senile osteoporosis presents after age 70 in either sex
- 39% of women over 70 have osteoporosis at any site
- 25% of women over 70 have osteoporosis at the hip
- 70% of women over 80 have osteoporosis at any site
- 48% of women over 80 have osteoporosis at the hip
Pathology
- postmenopausal osteoporosis
- enhanced bone resorption during 1st 7 years after menopause
- predominantly trabecular bone is lost
- loss of up to 2-4% of bone mineral density/year
- up to 1/4-1/3 of bone mineral density may be lost in 7 years
- after 7 years rate of bone loss slows to same rate as that of men
- senile osteoporosis
- both cortical & trabecular bone is lost
- defective bone formation may be involved
Genetics
- homozygosity for XbaI polymorphism of estrogen receptor- alpha gene may reduce risk of vertebral (RR = 0.65) & hip fracture (RR = 0.81) without increasing bone mineral density[23]
- defects in LRP5 are associated susceptibility to osteoporosis
- polymorphisms in COL1A1 may be associated with susceptibility to osteoporosis
- polymorphisms in CALCR may be correlated with low bone mineral density, osteoporosis
History
- family history of osteoporosis
- medication history
- history of previous fracture
- history of height loss
* also see etiology
Physical examination
- BMI
- gait & balance assessment
- palpation of spine for point tenderness
- assessment of kyphosis
Clinical manifestations
- postmenopausal osteoporosis
- vertebral crush fractures
- Colle's fractures of the distal forearm
- acute or chronic back pain
- kyphosis
- loss of height
- senile osteoporosis
- increased risk of vertebral & hip fractures
- vertebral fractures may cause back pain & kyphosis
- hip fractures are more serious, causing considerable morbidity & mortality
- minimal trauma fracture defines osteoporosis[2]
Laboratory
- biochemical profile to evaluate renal & hepatic function, primary hyperparathyroidism* & nutritional status[14]
- serum testosterone[7]
- free testosterone (pooled)
- serum 25-OH vitamin D3
- serum osteocalcin & serum alkaline phosphatase (bone) can be used to follow antiresorptive therapy
- urinalysis - 24 hour urine
- 24 hour urine calcium or calcium/creatinine
- < 100 mg/24 hours suggests calcium deficiency
- cross-linked N-telopeptides (OsteoMark)
- 24 hour urine calcium or calcium/creatinine
- serum TSH (check prior to initiating bisphosphonate)[2]
- serum protein electrophoresis (SPE)
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate[2]
- tissue transglutaminase IgA in serum if celiac disease suspected
- in the absence of bone fracture laboratory values are generally normal with primary osteoporosis[2]
- see ARUP consult[48]
* serum PTH not needed unless specifially indicated[14]
Radiology
- Dual-energy radiography (DEXA)
- measures bone mass of thelumbar spine & proximal femur with high precision
- screening beginning at age 65 (USPSTF) & screen women < 65 if their 10-year fracture risk >= that of a woman > 65 without additional risk factors ~ 9%[8][80]
- use WHO's FRAX tool to estimate fracture risk
- obtain Dexa scan as baseline if patient meets criteria for osteoporosis regardless of whether or not it will affec management
- men >= 70 years & younger if risk factors (smoking, low BMI, previous fracture, androgen-deprivation therapy)[47]
- recommendations apply to all racial & ethnic groups
- repeat measurement may be of little benefit in predicting risk of fracture[30][74]
- repeat DEXA is useful in predicting fracture risk[76]
- ref[2] recommends repeat DEXA in 2 years for women with osteopenia not meeting criteria for treatment
- radiology review of unexpected findings prior to change in management[7]
- T-score of <= -2.5 defines osteoporosis[7]
- threshold for treatment may be Z-score of < -1.8
- Endocrine Society recommends monitoring bone-mineral density every 1-3 years for postmenopausal women receiving treatment for osteoporosis[86]
- monitoring during therapy of no benefit[77][88]*
- ref[76] recommends repeat DEXA 2-3 years after initiating therapy, then again at 5 years
- ref[2] recommends repeat DEXA 12-24 months after initiating therapy (since[2] is MKSAP &[77] is ACP (more recent) probably deprecated)
- ref[47] recommends repeat DEXA every 1-2 years for men receiving treatment for osteoporosis
- include distal 3rd of radius in patients with hyperparathyroidism[95]
- dual- or single-energy radiography using forearm, finger or heel is a less expensive, office-based test which shows promise[5]
- ultrasound of calcaneus may offer alternative to DEXA[16]
- screening with DEXA reduces risk of hip fracture for individuals > 85 years of age[26]
- abdominal CT for other reasons may reveal vertebral osteoporosis[53]
- radiography of lumbar spine & thoracic spine to assess for vertebral fracture
- pathologic fracture makes diagnosis of osteoporosis []
* seems to be accepted guideline
Complications
- fracture, especially
- hip fracture
- vertebral compression fracture*
- osteoporotic fractures are associated with increased mortality[41]
- for risk calculotor, see[63]
- independent cardiac risk factor[20]
- benign positional vertigo[7][61]
* vertebral compression fracture makes diagnosis of osteoporosis regardless of bone mineral density T-score[2]
- disease interaction of hearing loss with osteoporosis
- disease interaction(s) of osteoporosis with chronic renal failure
- disease interaction(s) of rheumatoid arthritis with osteoporosis
Differential diagnosis
- osteomalacia:
- hypophosphatemia, hypocalcemia, elevated serum alkaline phosphase
- bone pain, aching pain with weight bearing, proximal muscle weakness
- Paget's disease of bone
- increased serum alkaline phosphatase
- hyperparathyroidism (hypercalcemia, normal PTH upper 1/2 of reference interval)[2]
Management
- parathyroidectomy for hyperparathyroidism & osteoporosis (see differential diagnosis)[2]
- indications for initiation of therapy
- bone mineral density T score < -2.5 at the femoral neck, total hip, or spine by DXA, after appropriate evaluation[38] men or women[47]
- postmenopausal women at high fracture risk, particularly patients with recent fracture[86]
- drug treatment not associated with diminished mortality[33]
- FRAX tool & QFracture evaluate risk of fracture
- FRAX treatment thresholds:
- >= 20% 10 year risk of major osteoporotic fracture
- bisphosphonate therapy recommended[95]
- >= 3% 10 year risk of hip fracture[2]
- bone mineral density (BMD) indicated if FRAX score >= 9.3%[2]
- >= 20% 10 year risk of major osteoporotic fracture
- FRAX treatment thresholds:
- also see recommendations for treatment of osteopenia
- calcium (CaCO3: calcium/magnesium citrate may be better)
- 1000 mg QD for premenopausal women & postmenopausal women under 65 on estrogen replacement therapy
- 1200 mg of calcium QD for older women
- prevents bone loss
- decreases fracture risk ~12% relative to lesser amounts[7],[65] fails to confirm
- men at risk:[47]
- 1000-1200 mg of calcium/day preferably from dietary sources
- vitamin supplements if serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D < 30 ng/mL
- calcium supplements do NOT increase bone density, but attenuate bone loss
- calcium supplements decrease risk of fracture[35]
- caution: calcium supplementation may be associated with increased risk of myocardial infarction (see calcium supplement)
- 800 IU of vitamin D3 QD may be prudent[27]
- vitamin D 50,000 IU weekly for 6-12 weeks for vitamin D deficiency
- calcium 1200 mg/day for men & women > 50 years preferably from dietary sources & vitamin D 600 IU/day, 800 IU/day recommended for elderly > 71 years[7]
- 1000 mg of Ca+2 + 400 IU of vitamin D3 does not prevent fractures (see Women's Health Initiative)
- supplemental calcium needed to reduce risk of hip fracture with vitamin D supplementation[51]
- sunlight not recommended by American Academy of Dermatology
- patients receiving glucocorticoids for more than 1-2 weeks should receive calcium & vit D supplementation
- adequate calcium intake is achieved through diet for most populations[7]
- dietary calcium* is preferred over calcium supplements for prevention of osteoporosis[7] (see dietary calcium)
- high dietary calcium without benefit on fracture risk[45]
- low dietary calcium associated with increased risk of fracture[45]
- calcium supplements &/or dietary calcium may not reduce risk of fractures[65]
- high dietary calcium + bisphosphonate +/- vitamin D is treatment of choice[7]
- bisphosphonates
- first line therapy[2][92]
- expected time-to-benefit is 1-2 years[7]
- begin after correction of vitamin D deficiency with resultant secondary hyperparathyroidism[95]
- increase bone mineral density (vertebral & hip)
- do not diminish mortality[87]
- alendronate, risedronate & zoledronate prevent hip fractures, vertebral fractures & other factures[66]
- avoid if creatinine clearance < 35 mL/min
- GRS11 describes case with CKD3B (unspecified eGFR) & recommends alendronate[7]
- avoid if creatinine clearance < 35 mL/min
- ibandronate diminishes risk of vertebral fractures[66]
- alendronate
- 10 mg PO QD or 70 mg weekly (treatment)
- 35 mg weekly (prophylaxis)[88]
- reassess risk after 5 years[67] (see bisphosphonate)
- benefit/risk ratio remains favorable for > 10 years in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis[75]
- osteoporosis refractory to oral bisphosphonate should be treated with IV zoledronate, denosumab or romosozumab[56][79][84][85]
- fragility fracture (pathologic fracture) unless it occurs 6-12 months after initiation of therapy does not indicate refractory to therapy & warrant a change in therapy[7][85]
- residronate 5 mg PO QD or 35 mg weekly or 150 mg/month
- see Fosamax Actonel Comparison Trial
- zoledronate (Zometa)
- 5 mg IV every 2 years (prophylaxis)
- 5 mg IV yearly (treatment)
- useful for women refractory to alendronate[84][85]
- decreases vertebral fracture risk in men[50]
- yearly zoledronate increases bone density & decreases bone turnover similarly to weekly alendronate[60]
- reassess risk after 3 years[63][67] (see zoledronate, bisphosphonate)
- duration of therapy 5 years[77]
- reassess need for bisphosphonate after 3-5 years[86]
- reassess after 3 years IV, 5 years oral bisphosphonate[2]
- patients at low-to-moderate risk may take a bisphosphonate holiday[86]
- reassess need for bisphosphonate after 3-5 years[86]
- first line therapy[2][92]
- denosumab (Prolia)
- 2nd line therapy (bisphosphate contraindicated or adverse effects)[92]
- 60 mg SC every 6 months
- effective in patients with renal failure (chronic renal failure stage G4, G5?)
- useful for women refractory to alendronate[84][85]
- men on androgen deprivation therapy for prostate cancer at high risk of fracture[49]
- denosumab plus teriparatide better than either drug alone for increasing bone mineral density in postmenopausal women[54]
- for the relatively few patients at very high fracture risk, combination treatment with teriparatide plus denosumab for 1-2 years followed by denosumab monotherapy[64]
- for most patients with osteoporosis, combination therapy with teriparatide is not indicated[64]
- treatment with denosumab followed by teriparatide is not recommended[64]
- denosumab prevents hip fractures, <A30707>vertebral fractures</A30707> & other factures[66]
- duration of therapy
- bone resorption transiently increases dramatically upon cessation of therapy, increasing risk of vertebral fractures[2]
- no established duration of therapy[2]
- duration of therapy 5 years[77]
- safe for 10 years of therapy[89]
- continued increases in bone mineral density without plateau
- reassess need for denosumab after 5-10 years[86]
- patients receiving long-term glucocorticoids
- fracture risk should be assessed within 6 months
- bone mineral density
- use of FRAX tool for adults > 40 years of age
- reassess fracture risk every 12 months[78]
- calcium supplement,vitamin D & a bisphosphonate[2][55][78]
- fracture risk should be assessed within 6 months
- raloxifene (Evista)
- increases vertebral bone mineral density
- diminished risk of vertebral fractures
- does not diminish risk of hip fracture[66]
- for women who cannot tolerate bisphosphonate[2]
- clinicians should not prescribe raloxifene to treat women with osteoporosis[77]
- calcitonin nasal spray
- bisphosphonates & raloxifene contraindicated
- relief of pain from osteoporotic fractures
- parathyroid hormone
- PTH 1-34 (teriparatide {Forteo} 20-40 ug SQ QD[9]
- indications: severe osteoporosis with fractures[2]
- preferred over raloxifene or calcitonin for women intolerant of bisphosphonates with prior vertebral fracture[7]
- in women with prior <A30707>vertebral fractures</A30707> reduces vertebral fractures by 65%
- reduces non-vertebral fractures by 53%[7]
- combined Forteo + Fosamax less effective than Forteo alone[15]
- recombinant PTH 1-84 100 ug SQ QD may reduce risk of vertebral fractures, but adverse effects common[33]
- increases bone mineral density, reduces vertebral fractures but not other fractures, relative to alendronate[36]
- daily teriparatide 20 ug SQ prevents fractures more effectively than risedronate 35 mg PO weekly in women with severe osteoporosis[81] (industry-sponsored study)
- abaloparatide, an analog of human PTH-related protein FDA approved April 2017 for high-risk patients
- recommended as option for postmenopausal osteoporosis by NICE August 2024
- romosozumab (Evenity) conditionally recommended for women with very high risk of fracture[92]
- 1 year of use maximum, follow with bisphosphonate[92]
- estrogen no longer recommended[2][77]
- premarin 0.625 mg PO QD (or other estrogen)
- PremPro 0.625/2.5 if woman still has uterus
- Menostar is a weekly estradiol patch[18]
- estrogen attenuates osteoclast bone resorption
- when prophylactically used, can prevent expected post-menopausal accelerated bone loss
- when used as treatment for established osteoporosis, increases in bone mineral density of 2-4% may be seen for 1-2 years, predominantly in the spine
- decreases incidence of spine fractures by 50%
- effects at the hip are more modest than the spine, but a decline in hip fractures is noted
- cessation of estrogen replacement therapy results in declining bone mass
- tibolone is a combination of estrogen, testosterone, progestin
- NOT protective if started late
- combined estrogen plus bisphosphonate[10]
- thiazide diuretics (HCTZ) diminish urinary Ca+2 excretion & may reduce bone loss & risk of hip fracture[15][21] RR 0.8
- beta-blockers may diminish bone loss & reduce risk of fracture[21] RR 0.83
- proton pump inhibitors may increase risk of hip fractures & vertebral fractures (see proton pump inhibitor)
- comparative effectiveness[62]
- for bisphosphonates, denosumab, teriparatide, & raloxifene, treatment of 60-89 women for 1-3 years to prevent one vertebral fracture[62]
- excluding raloxifene, treatment of 50-60 women for 1-3 years to prevent 1 nonvertebral fracture[62]
- for zoledronic acid, treatment of 30 men for 2 years to prevent one vertebral fracture
- bone anabolic agents, abaloparatide & romosozumab more effective than bisphosphonates in preventing clinical & <A30707>vertebral fractures</A30707>[94]
- universal measures
- reduce risk of falls
- identify & treat sensory deficits, neurologic disease, arthritis
- adjust doses of sedating drugs
- gait & balance training
- environmental measures
- increase in physical activity[7]
- weight-bearing aerobic exercise[91]*
- walking, dancing, hiking & stair climbing are preferable exercises
- skipping, jumping, step aerobics are associated with knee & ankle injuries in older adults
- resistance training with weights
- weight-bearing aerobic exercise[91]*
- smoking cessation
- avoid excessive alcohol
- hip protectors of questionable benefit
- reduce risk of falls
- see screening for osteoporosis
* see sclerostin for mechanism of weight-bearing exercise[91] Clinical trials;
- romosozumab a monoclonal antibody that binds to sclerostin & increases bone formation may be useful for treatment of osteoporosis[56]
- romosozumab increases bone mineral density at the hip in bisphosphonate non-responders[79]
Comparative biology
- in mice, semaphorin 3A simultaneously promotes bone formation & inhibits bone resorption[48]
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
- bone mineral density (BMD)
- Fosamax Actonel Comparison Trial
- FRAX fracture risk assessment tool
- Heart & Estrogen/Progestin Replacement Study (HERS)
- osteopenia
- Osteoporosis Self-Assessment Tool
- Prevent Recurrence of Osteoporotic Fracture (PROOF) Study
- screening for osteoporosis
- Study of Osteoporotic Fractures (SOF)
References
- ↑ Manual of Medical Therapeutics, 28th ed, Ewald & McKenzie (eds), Little, Brown & Co, Boston, 1995, pg 499
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 2.16 2.17 2.18 2.19 2.20 2.21 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2022
Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022 - ↑ Greenwood G. In: Intensive Course in Geriatric Medicine & Board Review, Marina Del Ray, CA, Sept 12-15, 2001
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Prescriber's Letter 9(2):8 2002 (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Journal Watch 22(2):11, 2002
Siris et al Identification and fracture outcomes of undiagnosed low bone mineral density in postmenopausal women: results from the National Osteoporosis Risk Assessment. JAMA 286:2815, 2001 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11735756
Chesnut CH Osteoporosis, an underdiagnosed disease. JAMA 286:2865, 2001 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11735763 - ↑ Prescriber's Letter 9(4):20 2002 (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 7.14 7.15 7.16 7.17 7.18 7.19 7.20 7.21 7.22 7.23 Geriatrics Review Syllabus, American Geriatrics Society, 5th edition, 2002-2004
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 7th edition Parada JT et al (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2010
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 9th edition (GRS9) Medinal-Walpole A, Pacala JT, Porter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2016
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 10th edition (GRS10) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2019
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 10th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022 - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Journal Watch 22(22):158, 2002 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Screening for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women: recommendations and rationale. Ann Intern Med 137:526, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12230355
Nelson HD et al, Screening for postmenopausal osteoporosis: a review of the evidence for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 137:529, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12230356
Nelson HD et al. Screening for osteoporosis: an update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2010 Jul 20; 153(2):99-111. Epub 2010 Jul 5. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20621892.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Screening for Osteoporosis: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement Annals of Internal Medicine, January 17, 2011 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21242341 <Internet> http://www.annals.org/content/early/2011/01/13/0003-4819-154-5-201103010-00307.full corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Feb 2017 - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Prescriber's Letter 10(1):5 2003
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Greenspan SL et al Combination therapy with hormone replacement and alendronate for prevention of bone loss in elderly women: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 289:2525, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12759324
- ↑ National Institutes of Health Osteoporosis and Related bone Diseases - National Resource Center http://www.osteo.org/
- ↑ International Osteoporosis Foundation http://www.osteofound.org/
- ↑ National Osteoporosis Foundation http://www.nof.org/
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Ferri's Clinical Advisor, Instant Diagnosis and Treatment, Ferri FF (ed), Mosby, Philadelphia, 2003. pg 589
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Prescriber's Letter 10(11):65 2003
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Journal Watch 24(5):39, 2004 Khaw KT et al Prediction of total and hip fracture risk in men and women by quantitative ultrasound of the calcaneus: EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study. Lancet 363:197, 2004 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14738792
- ↑ Journal Watch 24(13):104-105, 2004 Miller PD, Barlas S, Brenneman SK, Abbott TA, Chen YT, Barrett-Connor E, Siris ES. An approach to identifying osteopenic women at increased short-term risk of fracture. Arch Intern Med. 2004 May 24;164(10):1113-20. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15159269
Siris ES, Chen YT, Abbott TA, Barrett-Connor E, Miller PD, Wehren LE, Berger ML. Bone mineral density thresholds for pharmacological intervention to prevent fractures. Arch Intern Med. 2004 May 24;164(10):1108-12. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15159268 - ↑ 18.0 18.1 Prescriber's Letter 11(7):40 2004 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=200713&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 11(8): 2004 Drugs and Supplements that Cause Bone Loss Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=200820&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Prescriber's Letter 11(11): 64 2004 Carbonated Beverages and Osteoporosis Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=201103&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Journal Watch 24(20):153-154, 2004 Schlienger RG, Kraenzlin ME, Jick SS, Meier CR. Use of beta-blockers and risk of fractures. JAMA. 2004 Sep 15;292(11):1326-32. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15367554
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 11(12): 2004 Magnesium Plus Calcium Supplements Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=201205&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Journal Watch 24(24):187, 2004 Ioannidis JP, Ralston SH, Bennett ST, Brandi ML, Grinberg D, Karassa FB, Langdahl B, van Meurs JB, Mosekilde L, Scollen S, Albagha OM, Bustamante M, Carey AH, Dunning AM, Enjuanes A, van Leeuwen JP, Mavilia C, Masi L, McGuigan FE, Nogues X, Pols HA, Reid DM, Schuit SC, Sherlock RE, Uitterlinden AG; GENOMOS Study. Differential genetic effects of ESR1 gene polymorphisms on osteoporosis outcomes. JAMA. 2004 Nov 3;292(17):2105-14. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15523071
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 12(2): 2005 Osteoporosis in Men Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=210226&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ USPSTF http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/uspstf/uspsoste.htm
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Journal Watch 25(5):39, 2005 Kern LM, Powe NR, Levine MA, Fitzpatrick AL, Harris TB, Robbins J, Fried LP. Association between screening for osteoporosis and the incidence of hip fracture. Ann Intern Med. 2005 Feb 1;142(3):173-81. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15684205
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Prescriber's Letter 12(6): 2005 Calcium and Vitamin D for Reducing Fracture Risk Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=210609&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Marcovitz PA, Tran HH, Franklin BA, O'Neill WW, Yerkey M, Boura J, Kleerekoper M, Dickinson CZ. Usefulness of bone mineral density to predict significant coronary artery disease. Am J Cardiol. 2005 Oct 15;96(8):1059-63. Epub 2005 Aug 22. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16214438
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Kahl KG et al, Bone mineral density, bone turnover and osteoprotegerin in depressed women with and without borderline personality disorder Psychosom Med 2006, 68:669 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012519
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Hillier TA, Stone KL, Bauer DC, Rizzo JH, Pedula KL, Cauley JA, Ensrud KE, Hochberg MC, Cummings SR. Evaluating the value of repeat bone mineral density measurement and prediction of fractures in older women: the study of osteoporotic fractures. Arch Intern Med. 2007 Jan 22;167(2):155-60. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17242316
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 14(3): 2007 Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation: Who Needs It? Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=230304&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Orwoll E et al, Alendronate for the treatment of osteoporosis in men. N Engl J Med 2000, 343:604 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10979796
Adler RA, The need for increasing awareness of osteoporosis in men. Clinical Cornerstone 2006, 8[suppl 3]:S7-S13 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17046428 - ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Greenspan SL, Bone HG, Ettinger MP, Hanley DA, Lindsay R, Zanchetta JR, Blosch CM, Mathisen AL, Morris SA, Marriott TB; Treatment of Osteoporosis with Parathyroid Hormone Study Group. Effect of recombinant human parathyroid hormone (1-84) on vertebral fracture and bone mineral density in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2007 Mar 6;146(5):326-39. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17339618
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 14(9): 2007 Once-yearly Osteoporosis Treatment and Other Bisphosphonate Developments PATIENT HANDOUT: Bisphosphonates and Jaw Bone Damage INFORMATION FOR DENTISTS: American Dental Association recommendations for patients taking oral bisphosphonates RECLAST FOR OSTEOPOROSIS Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=230902&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Tang BM, Eslick GD, Nowson C, Smith C, Bensoussan A. Use of calcium or calcium in combination with vitamin D supplementation to prevent fractures and bone loss in people aged 50 years and older: a meta-analysis. Lancet. 2007 Aug 25;370(9588):657-66. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17720017
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Saag KG et al, Tetriparatide or alendronate in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. N Eng J Med 2007, 357:2028 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18003859
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Eskandari F et al, Low bone mineral mass in premenopausal women with depression. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:22329 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18039992
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Prescriber's Letter 15(4): 2008 New guideline for prevention and treatment of osteoporosis from the National Osteoporosis Foundation Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=240404&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
CLINICIAN'S GUIDE TO PREVENTION AND TREATMENT OF OSTEOPOROSIS National Osteoporosis Foundation, 2008 http://www.nof.org/professionals/NOF_Clinicians%20_Guide.pdf - ↑ 39.0 39.1 Liu H, Paige NM, Goldzweig CL, Wong E, Zhou A, Suttorp MJ, Munjas B, Orwoll E, Shekelle P. Screening for osteoporosis in men: a systematic review for an American College of Physicians guideline. Ann Intern Med. 2008 May 6;148(9):685-701. Review. Summary for patients in: Ann Intern Med. 2008 May 6;148(9):I35. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458282 <Internet> http://www.annals.org/content/148/9/685.full
Qaseem A et al, Screening for osteoporosis in men: A clinical practice guideline from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2008 May 6;148(9):680-4 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18458281 <Internet> http://www.annals.org/content/148/9/680.full - ↑ FRAX: WHO Fracture Risk Assessment Tool http://www.shef.ac.uk/FRAX/
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Bliuc D et al Mortality risk associated with low-trauma osteoporotic fracture and subsequent fracture in men and women. AMA 2009 Feb 4; 301:513. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19190316
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Dreiher J et al. Psoriasis and osteoporosis: A sex-specific association? J Invest Dermatol 2009 Jan 22 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19158845 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/jid.2008.432
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 16(12): 2009 Safety of Long-Term Bisphosphonate Therapy COMMENTARY: Safety of Long-Term Bisphosphonate Therapy GUIDELINES: Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis (NOF) GUIDELINES: Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis (ICSI) GUIDELINES: NAMS Position Statement on the Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women GUIDELINES: Prevention and Treatment of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis (AACE) GUIDELINES: Menopause and Osteoporosis Update (Canadian) Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=251205&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ deprecated reference
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Warensjo E et al Dietary calcium intake and risk of fracture and osteoporosis: Prospective longitudinal cohort study. BMJ 2011 May 24; 342:d1473 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21610048
- ↑ Favus MJ. Bisphosphonates for osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2010; 363:2027-2035. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21083387
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 47.3 Watts NB et al Osteoporosis in Men: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline J Clin Endocrinol Metab, June 2012, 97(6):1802-1822 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22675062 <Internet> http://www.endo-society.org/guidelines/upload/FINAL-Osteoporosis-in-Men-Guideline.pdf
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 ARUP Consult: Osteoporosis The Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation https://www.arupconsult.com/content/osteoporosis
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Prescriber's Letter 19(9): 2012 Osteoporosis in Men CHART: Comparison of Meds for Osteoporosis Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=280920&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Boonen S et al Fracture Risk and Zoledronic Acid Therapy in Men with Osteoporosis N Engl J Med 2012; 367:1714-1723 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23113482 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1204061
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Boonen S, Lips P, Bouillon R, et al. Need for additional calcium to reduce the risk of hip fracture with vitamin D supplementation: evidence from a comparative metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2007; 92:1415-1423 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17264183
- ↑ Lecart MP, Reginster JY. Current options for the management of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2011 Nov;12(16):2533-52 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21916810
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Pickhardt PJ et al Opportunistic Screening for Osteoporosis Using Abdominal Computed Tomography Scans Obtained for Other Indications. Ann Intern Med. 16 April 2013;158(8):588-595 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588747 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1676454
Majumdar SR and Leslie WD Conventional Computed Tomography Imaging and Bone Mineral Density: Opportunistic Screening or "Incidentaloporosis"? <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23588751 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1676459 - ↑ 54.0 54.1 Tsai JN et al Teriparatide and denosumab, alone or combined, in women with postmenopausal osteoporosis: the DATA study randomised trial. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 15 May 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23683600 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60856-9/abstract
Eastell R and Walsh JS Is it time to combine osteoporosis therapies? The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 15 May 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23683601 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60984-8/fulltext - ↑ 55.0 55.1 Grossman JM, Gordon R, Ranganath VK et al American College of Rheumatology 2010 recommendations for the prevention and treatment of glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2010 Nov;62(11):1515-26 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20662044 corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Dec 2015
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 McClung MR et al Romosozumab in Postmenopausal Women with Low Bone Mineral Density. N Engl J Med. Jan 1, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382002 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1305224
Becker CB Sclerostin Inhibition for Osteoporosis - A New Approach. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24382003 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1315500 - ↑ Watts NB, Bilezikian JP, Camacho PM et al American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Medical Guidelines for Clinical Practice for the diagnosis and treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Endocr Pract. 2010 Nov-Dec;16 Suppl 3:1-37 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21224201
- ↑ Gaines JM, Marx KA. Older men's knowledge about osteoporosis and educational interventions to increase osteoporosis knowledge in older men: a systematic review. Maturitas. 2011 Jan;68(1):5-12. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20950969
- ↑ Gielen E, Vanderschueren D, Callewaert F, Boonen S. Osteoporosis in men. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011 Apr;25(2):321-35. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21397201
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Orwoll ES, Miller PD, Adachi JD Efficacy and safety of a once-yearly i.v. Infusion of zoledronic acid 5 mg versus a once-weekly 70-mg oral alendronate in the treatment of male osteoporosis: a randomized, multicenter, double-blind, active-controlled study. J Bone Miner Res. 2010 Oct;25(10):2239-50 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20499357
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Jang YS, Kang MK. Relationship between bone mineral density and clinical features in women with idiopathic benign paroxysmal positional vertigo. Otol Neurotol. 2009 Jan;30(1):95-100 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19008769
Jeong SH, Choi SH, Kim JY, Koo JW, Kim HJ, Kim JS. Osteopenia and osteoporosis in idiopathic benign positional vertigo. Neurology. 2009 Mar 24;72(12):1069-76. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19307540
Mikulec AA, Kowalczyk KA, Pfitzinger ME et al Negative association between treated osteoporosis and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo in women. J Laryngol Otol. 2010 Apr;124(4):374-6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19930786 - ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Crandall CJ et al Comparative Effectiveness of Pharmacologic Treatments to Prevent Fractures: An Updated Systematic Review. Ann Intern Med. Published online 9 September 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25199883 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1902273
Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Meyer O. Comparative Effectiveness of Pharmacologic Treatments to Prevent Fractures: Is This All We Need to Know? Ann Intern Med. 2014 Sep 9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25199999 - ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 Cosman F et al. Reassessment of fracture risk in women after 3 years of treatment with zoledronic acid: When is it reasonable to discontinue treatment? J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014 Dec; 99:4546 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25215556
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 Leder BZ et al. Denosumab and teriparatide transitions in postmenopausal osteoporosis (the DATA-Switch study): Extension of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015 Jul 2; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26144908
Hofbauer LC and Rachner TD. More DATA to guide sequential osteoporosis therapy. Lancet 2015 Jul 2 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26144907 - ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Tai V et al Calcium intake and bone mineral density: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2015;351:h4183 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26420598 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h4183
Bolland MJ et al Calcium intake and risk of fracture: systematic review. BMJ 2015;351:h4580 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26420387 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h4580
Michaelsson K Calcium supplements do not prevent fractures. BMJ 2015;351:h4825 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26420735 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/351/bmj.h4825 - ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 66.3 66.4 Reid IR Efficacy, effectiveness and side effects of medications used to prevent fractures. J Intern Med. 2015 Jun;277(6):690-706 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25495429
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 Adler RA et al Managing Osteoporosis in Patients on Long-Term Bisphosphonate Treatment: Report of a Task Force of the American Society for Bone and Mineral Research. J Bone Miner Res. 2015 Sep 9. [Epub ahead of print] <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26350171 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jbmr.2708/epdf
- ↑ Black DM, Rosen CJ Clinical Practice. Postmenopausal Osteoporosis. N Engl J Med 2016; 374:254-262. January 21, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26789873 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1513724
- ↑ Kling JM, Clarke BL, Sandhu NP. Osteoporosis prevention, screening, and treatment: a review. J Womens Health (Larchmt). 2014 Jul;23(7):563-72. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24766381 Free PMC Article
- ↑ Hudec SM, Camacho PM. Secondary causes of osteoporosis. Endocr Pract. 2013 Jan-Feb;19(1):120-8 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23186949
- ↑ Weinstein RS. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis and osteonecrosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2012 Sep;41(3):595-611. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22877431 Free PMC Article
- ↑ Buehring B, Viswanathan R, Binkley N, Busse W. Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis: an update on effects and management. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2013 Nov;132(5):1019-30. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24176682
- ↑ Drake MT, Khosla S. Male osteoporosis. Endocrinol Metab Clin North Am. 2012 Sep;41(3):629-41. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22877433 Free PMC Article
Watts NB, Adler RA, Bilezikian JP et al Osteoporosis in men: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012 Jun;97(6):1802-22. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22675062 (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Feb 2018) - ↑ 74.0 74.1 Leslie WD, Majumdar SR, Morin SN et al Change in Bone Mineral Density Is an Indicator of Treatment- Related Antifracture Effect in Routine Clinical Practice: A Registry-Based Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. Published online 19 July 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27428723 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2534408
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 Abrahamsen B, Eiken P, Prieto-Alhambra D, Eastell R. Risk of hip, subtrochanteric, and femoral shaft fractures among mid and long term users of alendronate: Nationwide cohort and nested case-control study. BMJ 2016 Jun 28; 353:i3365 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27353596 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 Leslie WD, Majumdar SR, Morin SN, Lix LM. Change in Bone Mineral Density Is an Indicator of Treatment- Related Antifracture Effect in Routine Clinical Practice: A Registry-Based Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Oct 4;165(7):465-472. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27428723
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 77.4 77.5 77.6 Qaseem A, Forciea MA, McLean RM et al Treatment of Low Bone Density or Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures in Men and Women: A Clinical Practice Guideline Update from the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2017. May 9. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492856 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2625385/treatment-low-bone-density-osteoporosis-prevent-fractures-men-women-clinical
Orwoll ES Clinical Practice Guidelines for Osteoporosis: Translating Data to Patients? Ann Intern Med. 2017. May 9. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28492858 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2625389/clinical-practice-guidelines-osteoporosis-translating-data-patients - ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Buckley L, Guyatt G, Fink HA et al 2017 American College of Rheumatology Guideline for the Prevention and Treatment of Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2017 Jun 6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28585373 https://www.rheumatology.org/Portals/0/Files/Guideline-for-the-Prevention-and-Treatment-of-GIOP.pdf
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Langdahl BL, Libanati C, Crittenden DB, et al. Romosozumab (sclerostin monoclonal antibody) versus teriparatide in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis transitioning from oral bisphosphonate therapy: A randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2017 Jul 26; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28755782
Compston J. Bone-forming agents in non-responders to bisphosphonates. Lancet 2017 Jul 26 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28755781 - ↑ 80.0 80.1 U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Draft Recommendation Statement. Nov 2017 Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-recommendation-statement/osteoporosis-screening1
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) Draft Evidence Review. Nov 2017 Draft Evidence Review for Osteoporosis to Prevent Fractures: Screening. https://www.uspreventiveservicestaskforce.org/Page/Document/draft-evidence-review/osteoporosis-screening1 - ↑ 81.0 81.1 Kendler DL, Marin F, Zerbini CAF et al Effects of teriparatide and risedronate on new fractures in post-menopausal women with severe osteoporosis (VERO): a multicentre, double-blind, double-dummy, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. Nov 9, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29129436 <Internet> http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32137-2/fulltext
Ferrari SL Prevention of fractures in patients with osteoporosis. Lancet. Nov 9, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29129437 <Internet> http://thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32167-0/fulltext - ↑ Cotts KG, Cifu AS. Treatment of Osteoporosis JAMA. 2018;319(10):1040-1041 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29536084 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2674651
- ↑ Rotaus C Glucocorticoid-Induced Osteoporosis NEJM Resident 360. Dec 26, 2018 https://resident360.nejm.org/content_items/glucocorticoid-induced-osteoporosis
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 84.3 Cosman F, de Beur SJ, LeBoff MS et al Clinician's Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int. 2014 Oct;25(10):2359-81. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25182228 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 NEJM Knowledge+ Question of the Week. Feb 26, 2019 https://knowledgeplus.nejm.org/question-of-week/885/
Diez-Perez A et al. Treatment failure in osteoporosis. Osteoporos Int 2012 Dec; 23:2769. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22836278 - ↑ 86.0 86.1 86.2 86.3 86.4 86.5 Eastell R, Rosen CJ, Black DM et al Pharmacological Management of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 May 1;104(5):1595-1622 Online: March 25, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30907953 https://academic.oup.com/jcem/advance-article/doi/10.1210/jc.2019-00221/5418884
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 Cummings SR, Lui LY, Eastell R et al Association Between Drug Treatments for Patients With Osteoporosis and Overall Mortality Rates. A Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med. Published online August 19, 2019. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31424486 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2747869
- ↑ 88.00 88.01 88.02 88.03 88.04 88.05 88.06 88.07 88.08 88.09 88.10 88.11 88.12 Kline GA, Morin SN, Feldman S et al. Diminishing value from multiple serial bone densitometry in women receiving antiresorptive medication for osteoporosis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021 Sep; 106:2718. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33784384 https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/106/9/2718/6204740
- ↑ 89.0 89.1 Bone HG, Wagman RB, Brandi ML et al.10 years of denosumab treatment in postmenopausal women with osteoporosis: results from the phase 3 randomized FREEDOM trial and open-label extension. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017;5(7):513-523 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28546097 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/landia/article/PIIS2213-8587(17)30138-9/fulltext
- ↑ Talebraza S et al Geriatrics Evaluation & Management Tools American Geriatrics Society. 2021 https://geriatricscareonline.org/ProductAbstract/geriatrics-evaluation-management-tools/B007/
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Misra M Which Exercise Is Best for Bone Health? Medscape. Nov 14, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/983792
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 92.3 92.4 Qaseem A, et al. Pharmacologic Treatment of Primary Osteoporosis or Low Bone Mass to Prevent Fractures in Adults: A Living Clinical Guideline From the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med. 2023. Jan 3; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36592456 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M22-1034
Ott SM. Osteoporosis treatment: Not easy. Ann Intern Med 2023 Jan 3; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36592468 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M22-3580 - ↑ Foundation for Osteoporosis Research an Education (FORE) 10 Year Fracture Risk Ralculator https://riskcalculator.fore.org
- ↑ 94.0 94.1 Handel MN et al Fracture risk reduction and safety by osteoporosis treatment compared with placebo or active comparator in postmenopausal women: systematic review, network meta- analysis, and meta-regression analysis of randomised clinical trials. BMJ. 2023. May 2;381:e068033 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37130601 PMCID: PMC10152340 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2021-068033.short
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 NEJM Knowledge+ Endocrinology
- ↑ 96.0 96.1 Jackson K, Moseley KF. Diabetes and Bone Fragility: SGLT2 Inhibitor Use in the Context of Renal and Cardiovascular Benefits. Curr Osteoporos Rep. 2020 Oct;18(5):439-448. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32710428 Review.
- ↑ Ensrud KE, Crandall CJ. Osteoporosis. Ann Intern Med. 2017;167:ITC17-ITC32. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28761958
- ↑ Camacho PM, Petak SM, Binkley N et al AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CLINICAL ENDOCRINOLOGISTS/AMERICAN COLLEGE OF ENDOCRINOLOGY CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINES FOR THE DIAGNOSIS AND TREATMENT OF POSTMENOPAUSAL OSTEOPOROSIS-2020 UPDATE. Endocr Pract. 2020 May;26(Suppl 1):1-46. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32427503
- ↑ National Institute of Arthritis and Muscluloskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) Osteoporosis https://www.niams.nih.gov/health-topics/osteoporosis
National institute on Aging: Osteoporosis https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/osteoporosis
Patient information
osteoporosis patient information