ultrasound (US, UTZ)
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Introduction
The use of high frequency sound waves (1.6-10 MHz) in medical imaging. Deep structures may be delineated by measuring the reflection or transmission of ultrasonic waves. The ultrasound image displays in a single plane at a time; however, computer calculations allow for 2 dimensional real-time imaging. Real-time imaging displays motion, doppler displays flow.
1971 pulsed doppler (M-mode - movement)
1974 B mode (brightness) 'Duplex scanner' M & B modes
- Advantages of ultrasound:
- biologically harmless
- can display motion
- requires no contrast
- provides images in many planes
- available at the bedside
- able to differentiate solid tissue from fluid
- low cost
- Disadvantages of ultrasound:
- bone cannot be penetrated
- gas-containing structures (e.g. bowel) are obstacles
- operator-dependent
- angle of incination should be 60 degrees
- Clinical uses of ultrasound:
- echocardiography
- location of foreign bodies in the eye
- pregnancy
- suspected ectopic pregnancy
- suspected fetal demise
- estimate of gestational age
- confirm presence of multiple fetuses
- localization & evaluation of placenta
- estimate of amount of amniotic fluid
- normal, oligohydramnios, polyhydramnios
- detectection of fetal anomalies
- repeated ultrasound does not pose risk to fetus[2]
- postpartum retained products of conception
- newborn
- head - intracranial hemorrhage, hydrocephalus
- kidneys - renal dysplasia, lower urinary tract obstruction
- liver - biliary atresia, hepatitis
- spleen
- splenomegaly
- subcapsular hematoma
- the spleen is the most commonly injured organ in blunt abdominal trauma
- pancreas - tumor versus cyst or pseudocyst
- liver - solid or cystic lesions, abscesses
- kidneys
- abdominal abscesses
- gallstones - 90% of gallstones are radiolucent
- dilation of the biliary tree as in obstructive jaundice
- abdominal aortic aneurysms
- thyroid - cystic versus solid thyroid nodules
- parathyroid adenoma
- testes - tumor versus hydrocele or hematocele
- musculoskeletal ultrasonography[3]
More general terms
More specific terms
- abdominal ultrasound
- bladder scan
- breast ultrasound; somo-v Automated Breast Ultrasound System (ABUS)
- carotid intimal medial thickness (CIMT)
- carotid ultrasound
- central cardiovascular study by US
- doppler effect/shift/principle/phenomenon
- doppler sonography/ultrasonography (DUS)
- duplex doppler scan
- echocardiography
- echocardiography bubble study; saline contrast study
- elastography
- endoscopic ultrasound; endosonography (EUS)
- fetal ultrasound
- Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST); Focused Multiorgan Bedside Ultrasound
- focused ultrasound
- gastrointestinal ultrasound
- hepatobiliary ultrasonography
- ICU-sound protocol
- inferior vena cava collapsibility index
- intravascular ultrasound
- laparoscopic ultrasound
- low intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS)
- MRI-guided transcranial focused ultrasound (ExAblate Neuro)
- pelvic ultrasound
- point of care ultrasonography
- renal ultrasound
- retroperitoneal ultrasound
- therapeutic ultrasound
- transbronchial ultrasound
- transcranial sonography (TCS)
- transrectal ultrasound of prostate
- transvaginal ultrasonography (TVS)
- ultrasound anus
- ultrasound aortic arch & neck
- ultrasound aortic root
- ultrasound aortic valve
- ultrasound appendix
- ultrasound artery
- ultrasound AV fistula
- ultrasound axilla
- ultrasound biliary ducts & gallbladder
- ultrasound brachial plexus
- ultrasound breast specimen
- ultrasound chest
- ultrasound chest wall
- ultrasound diaphragm
- ultrasound diaphragm & liver
- ultrasound endometrium
- ultrasound extremity
- ultrasound extremity nonvascular
- ultrasound eye + orbit
- ultrasound femoral & popliteal veins
- ultrasound femoral vesselss
- ultrasound follicle
- ultrasound gallbladder
- ultrasound of chest/mediastinum
- ultrasound of scrotum
- ultrasound soft tissue head & neck
- ultrasound wound therapy
- ultrasound, infant hips
- ultrasound, spinal canal
- ultrasound, transplanted kidney
References
- ↑ Introduction to Clinical Imaging, Radiology Syllabus, UCSF, 1993
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Journal Watch 25(2):16-17, 2005 Newnham JP, Doherty DA, Kendall GE, Zubrick SR, Landau LL, Stanley FJ. Effects of repeated prenatal ultrasound examinations on childhood outcome up to 8 years of age: follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2004 Dec 4;364(9450):2038-44. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15582061
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 17, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2015
- ↑ Joshua F Ultrasound applications for the practicing rheumatologist. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2012 Dec;26(6):853-67 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23273796