atrial fibrillation (AF)
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63][64][65][66][67][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][102][103][104][105][106][107][108][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136][137][138][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195]
Classification
- paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
- intermittent, stops spontaneously within 7 days of onset
- persistent atrial fibrillation
- persists for >= 7 days
- long-standing persistent last >= 1 year
- permanent refers to cases where any attempts to maintain sinus rhythm have been abandoned[5]
Etiology
- hypertension, systolic hypertension[97]
- lowering systolic BP lowers risk of new-onset AF
- acute alcohol ingestion (holiday heart syndrome)
- ischemic heart disease
- myocardial infarction
- congestive heart failure
- valvular heart disease
- mitral valve disease
- pericarditis
- sick sinus syndrome[6]
- pulmonary disease
- s/p open heart surgery
- theophylline intoxication
- endocrinopathies
- hypothyroidism
- hyperthyroidism
- even subclinical hyperthyroidism increases risk of atrial fibrillation[51]
- pheochromocytoma
- infections
- cardiac tumors: atrial myxoma[6]
- substrate for acute atrial fibrillation[183]
- atrial scars from prior cardiac surgery
- lung disease
- chronic pressure overload
- triggers of acute atrial fibrillation[183]
- sepsis, volume changes, pericardial inflammation, thyrotoxicosis, medications
- risk factors -[23]
- obesity
- obesity appears to be associated with electrical & structural changes in the heart that increase the risk of AF[95]
- weight reduction appears to lower that risk[95]
- diabetes mellitus[47] (weak association)
- high pulse pressure
- advanced age
- long-term endurance exercise (2-10 fold risk)[30] due to left atrial enlargement
- long-term glucocorticoids, as little as 7.5 mg of prednisone/day[33]
- chronic renal failure (HR=3.2 GFR <30 ml/min/1.73 m2)
- premature atrial contractions (RR=1.2][63]
- pharmaceutical & other drugs
- NSAID & COX2 inhibitors
- alcoholic beverage use, even in moderation increases risk[80]
- smoking
- cocaine, methamphetamine, opioids, cannabis[176]
- marine omega-3 fatty acids supplementation > 1 gram/day[189] Atrial Fibrillation
- asthma (RR=1.4, RR=1.7 for uncontrolled asthma)[141]
- bereavement from death of a partner (RR=1.9)[106]
- neurogenic mechanism suggested for atrial fibrillation after ischemic stroke[138]
- sleep apnea[5]
- elevated plasma Lp(a) evidence conflicting[173]
- obesity
Epidemiology
- most common sustained arrhythmia
- prevalence is 96.2/1000 person-years in men & 49.4/1000 person-years in women[94]
- prevalence is 6.4% at 65-69 years & 28.5% at >= 85 years of age[179]
- 50% of patients with AF are >= 75 years of age[68]
- AF affects 10-19% of Americans over age 75[55]
- incidence is 14.2 per 1000 person-years at 65-69 years & 50.8 per 1000 person-years at >= 85 years[179]
- incidence is greater in men 33.4 per 1000 person-years vs women 16.8 per 1000 person-years[179]
- > 98% of patients have comorbidity
- 14% increase in hospitalizations for atrial fibrillation 2000-2010[75]
- lifetime risk 23% among persons with optimal risk factors[140]
- recurrent atrial fibrillation occurs in 32% of patients with transient new-onset atrial fibrillation during hospitalization[185]
Pathology
- multiple simultaneous wandering wave fronts of activation with simultaneously occurring reentrant circuits within the atria
- any disease process that increases atrial size (left atrial enlargement) &/or decreases atrial conduction or refractory period may result in AF
- the pulmonary veins have been implicated in generating the electrical current of AF[19]
- atrial fibrillation may induce atrial cardiomyopathy[6]
- resultant atrial cardiomyopathy promotes further atrial fibrillation
- subtle abnormalities in left ventricular function, not corrected by ablation with cardioversion described[123]
- calcitonin is produced by atrial myocytes & diminishes production of collagen by atrial fibroblasts. [161
- in mice, increasing atrial calcitonin production prevents fibrosis & atrial fibrillation
- inhibiting calcitonin production enhances fibrosis & atrial fibrillation
Genetics
Clinical manifestations
- may be asymptomatic
- palpitations
- irregular heart rate, irregularly irregular pulse
- dizziness
- dyspnea
- angina
- syncope
- heart failure
- systemic embolism
- no A wave in jugular venous pulse
- pulse deficit (auscultated pulse > palpated pulse, especially radial artery)
- variable S1 heart sound
Laboratory
- thyroid function tests
- theophylline level if indicated
- urinary metanephrines if indicated
- pulse oximetry
- digoxin level if possible exposure
- high levels of plasma GDF15 (median 1383 ng/L) associated with increased risk for major bleeding, mortality, & stroke (investigational)[88]
Diagnostic procedures
- electrocardiogram
- irregularly fluctuating baseline: atrial rate 350-600 bpm
- no P waves
- deformed T waves or ST segment may hide P waves
- irregular spacing of R waves
- a regular ventricular rate (regular spacing of R waves) suggests complete AV block with a junctional rhythm[5]
- wide complex tachycardia may occur with pre-excitation (WPW); look for delta wave[5]
- echocardiogram
- rule out valvular heart disease, i.e. mitral stenosis
- assess left atrial size: an enlarged left atrium is unlikely to maintain sinus rhythm if cardiovertedy
- sleep study for evaluation of sleep apnea[5]
- also see paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
- complex & costly screening protocols not required for detection[159]
Staging
- stage 1: risk factors for atrial fibrillation
- stage 2: pre-atrial fibrillation because of structural or electrical findings
- stage 3: paraoxysmal atrial fibrillation
- stage 4: permanent atrial fibrillation[190]
Complications
- rapid ventricular response
- if unstable, immediate synchronized cardioversion[188]
- potentially serious complications with
- Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome
- aortic stenosis or mitral stenosis
- need for atrial kick to maintain cardiac output
- diastolic dysfunction
- non compliant ventricle, impaired ventricular filling
- cardiovascular collapse with rapid ventricular response
- thromboembolism (see risk factors for thromboembolism)
- the majority of thromboembolic strokes occur in association with AF
- stroke risk is 4%/year for untreated patients
- embolic stroke risk for patients on aspirin alone
- 2%/year for low risk patients
- 4%/year with any risk factor
- as high as 18%/year for high risk patients
- patients with resolved AF still at risk for stroke or TIA
- 12.1 vs 7.4 per 1000 person-years (no AF) not as high as those with current AF (16.7 per 1000 person-years)[139]
- 2-fold risk of silent stroke[82]
- study unable to assess possible risk reduction with anticoagulation[82]
- 84% of patients with atrial fibrillation & ischemic/ embolic stroke with no or inadequate anticoagulation[125]
- > 90% of atrial thrombi in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation are believed to originate in the left atrial appendage
- risk greater for women than men (independent of warfarin)
- see CHADS2 score[105]
- risk not greater for lone atrial fibrillation[45]
- chronic renal failure increases risk of thromboembolism[124]
- thromocytopenia increases risk of thromboembolism[191]
- perioperative atrial fibrillation associated with increased risk of atrial fibrillation after surgery
- RR = 1.3 for cardiac surgery
- RR = 2.0 for non-cardiac surgery[81]
- hemorrhage associated with anticoagulation
- has-bled score estimates risk
- risk factors include[53]
- hypertension
- renal insufficiency[124]
- abnormal liver function
- prior stroke
- history of bleeding or predisposition to bleeding
- labile INR
- age > 65
- concurrent aspirin or NSAID
- alcohol intake in excess of recommended limits
- thromocytopenia associated with increased risk of bleeding & thromboembolism[191]
- restart of oral anticoagulation after GI bleeding is associated with reduced risk of thromboembolism & lower mortality[103]
- 1 year risk of colorectal cancer after lower GI bleed in patients anticoagulated for atrial fibrillation is similar to that for patients without atrial fibrillation or anticoagulation[155] (3.7% < 65 years, 8.1% > 75 years)
- cognitive impairment & vascular dementia linked to atrial fibrillation[58]
- high prevalence of mild cognitive impairment in hospitalized elderly with chronic atrial fibrillation[52]
- association attenuated but not eliminated by excluding patients with heart failure[58]
- anticoagulation diminishes risk of dementia[132]
- rhythm control, especially catheter ablation may be best strategy to diminish risk of dementia[178]
- increases risk of myocardial infarction (RR = 2)[61]
- increased risk for sudden cardiac death (0.6/1000)[119]
- increased risk for heart failure (11.1/1000)[119]
- increased risk for renal failure (6.6/1000)[119]
- increased cardiovascular mortality (2.6/1000)[119]
- newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in women is associated with increased cancer risk (1.4% vs 0.8/year) & vice versa[108]
- increased mortality (3.6/1000)[119]
- mortality risk associated with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation has not changed for 1972-2015[160]
- little correlation between estimated & patient perceived risk for stroke or hemorrhage
- 1 in 5 patients believe anticoagulation lowers stroke risk by 90% (trials suggest risk reudction about 2/3)[149]
- almost all older adults > 64 years under-estimate bleeding risk[170]
- increased risk of syncope & falls in the elderly[156]
- disease interaction(s) of intracranial hemorrhage with atrial fibrillation
- disease interaction(s) of asthma with atrial fibrillation
- disease interaction(s) of atrial fibrillation with frailty
- disease interaction(s) of atrial fibrillation with dementia
- disease interaction(s) of atrial fibrillation with ischemic stroke
- disease interaction(s) of atrial fibrillation with myocardial infarction
- disease interaction(s) of atrial fibrillation with coronary artery disease
- disease interaction(s) of atrial fibrillation with chronic renal failure
- disease interaction(s) of atrial fibrillation with mitral stenosis
- disease interaction(s) of atrial fibrillation with heart failure
Differential diagnosis
- multifocal atrial tachycardia in COPD
- digitalis toxicity - atrial tachycardia with AV block
- preexitation tachycardia
- ventricular tachycardia
- AF may appear as wide-complex tachycardia if intraventricular conduction delay (RBBB)
Management
- hospitalize for
- hemodynamically unstable, prepare for cardioversion (see below)[5][12]
- high risk for thromboembolism
- immediate anticoagulation with heparin & warfarin[5]
- may be difficult to distinguish cardiogenic tachycardia (suppress) from tachycardia due to physiological needs (allow)
- assess intravascular volume & other noncardiac determinants of a rapid ventricular response prior to treatment[89]
- correct precipitating causes (first line)
- correct hyperthyroidism prior to cardioversion[7]
- correct hypovolemia[89]
- weight loss & intensification of exercise, especially when BMI > 27
- AHA/ACC class 1 recommendation for newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation in addition to consideration of anticoagulation (see below)[147][158][188]
- rate control formerly preferred strategy (exception WPW) (see below)
cardioversion
- DC cardioversion (50, 100, 200, 300, 360 joules)
- more effective than chemical cardioversion[44]
- chemical cardioversion
- pharmacologic agents
- class 1A, 1C or 3 antiarrhythmic agents
- amiodarone & dronedarone formerly class 3 antiarrhythmics now antiarrhythmic multichannel blockers
- useful for cardioversion & maintenance of sinus rhythm
- adenosine is not effective[5]
- amiodarone & dronedarone formerly class 3 antiarrhythmics now antiarrhythmic multichannel blockers
- class 1A, 1C or 3 antiarrhythmic agents
- conversion & maintenance of sinus rhythm
- pharmacologic agents
- indications
- urgent cardioversion if patient is unstable[5]
- mitral stenosis
- mitral regurgitation
- new onset of atrial fibrillation within 48 hours
- immediate cardioversion in the emergency department no better than cardioversion at 48 hours[148]
- early rhythm control (median time from diagnosis = 36 days) may be associated with better outcomes than rate control[158]
- patients with continued symptoms despite adequate rate control[5]
- contraindications:
- atrial thrombus: delay cardioversion until completion of 4-6 weeks of anticoagulation with warfarin
- if patient is unstable, do not delay cardioversion for atrial thrombus, to check INR or any other reason
- anticoagulation
- IV heparin prior to emergent cardioversion if duration of AF not known[5]
- 3 weeks prior to elective cardioversion
- if atrial fibrillation < 48 hours, then may proceed with cardioversion without prior anticoagulation[6]
- trans-esophageal echocardiography (TEE) may be use to determine presence of atrial thrombosis; if none then may proceed with cardioversion without prior anticoagulation[6]
- edoxaban is as safe & effective as enoxaparin-warfarin[118]
- major bleeding less with dabigatran than warfarin (1.6% vs 6.9%) without difference in thrombosis[127]
- continue for 4 weeks after successful cardioversion[5]
maintenance of sinus rhythm
- antiarrhythmic therapy for maintenance of sinus rhythm
- rhythm-control strategies, especially ablation, are effective in protecting cognitive function, reducing dementia risk & improving quality of life[193]
- younger, symptomatic patients benefit more often than elderly
- class III agents
- amiodarone (most commonly used, formerly class 3 agent)
- 400 mg for 30 days, then 200 mg QD
- especially useful with structural heart disease
- 1st line agent for AF if ischemic heart disease & LV dysfunction[5]
- sotalol in patients with CAD
- dronedarone (Multaq)[31]
- amiodarone (most commonly used, formerly class 3 agent)
- class 1C agents, if no structural heart disease
- flecainide 100 mg BID, or
- propafenone 150-225 mg TID
- 30-50% of patients will maintain sinus rhythm after 1-2 years
- PRN flecainide or sotalol for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
- ranolazine (Ranexa)
- may be useful for maintenance of sinus rhythm
- may accelerate chemical cardioconversion with amiodarone
- observational study finds mortality benetit for rhythm control vs rate control at 5 years (RR = 0.89) & 8 years (RR = 0.77), but not at 6 months (RR = 1.07)[46]
- lower risk for adverse outcomes with a rhythm-control strategy, but only when initiated within one year of diagnosis[5][168]
- rhythm control associated with lower adverse cardiovascular risk than rate control in newly diagnosed patients with atrial fibrillation[175]
- use of antiarrhythmic agents in patients with new onset atrial fibrillation increases risk of syncope (RR=2.0) & pacemaker placement (RR=5.0)[195]
ablation
- ablation first line strategy for all LV ejection fractions[190]
- AV node ablation with permanent ventricular pacing
- radiofrequency ablation of focal atrial fibrillation in younger patients[35]
- catheter ablation for persistent or paroxysmal atrial fibrillation
- reduces dementia & mortality vs rate control with anticoagulation in older patients (>= 65 years) with or without
- reduces hospitalization for worsening heart failure in patients with HFrEF[135]
- radiofrequency ablation vs cryoablation[120]
- pulmonary vein isolation/ablation may become 1st line therapy[18][20][21][22][27]
- indicated if rhythm control needed & not achievable with antiarrhythmics (i.e. WPW)[69]
- more extensive ablation than pulmonary vein isolation alone does not result in better outcomes for patients with persistent atrial fibirllation[93]
- repeat ablations common 20-30%[93]
- residual cardiac arrhythmias in 1/2 of patients[65]
- risk of cardiac tamponade[65]
- maze procedure may be useful for patients undergoing cardiac surgery for other reasons[5]
- anticoagulation should continue for 2-3 months after ablation[5]
- continue warfarin past 2-3 months even in the absence of evidence of further atrial fibrillation if CHADs2 score >= 2[5][98]
- left atrial appendage closure
- noninferiority for preventing stroke (with lower bleeding risk) compared with warfarin
- procedure-related adverse events (pericardial effusion, major bleeding, device embolization) in ~ 1 in 25 device-implanted patients[146]
- anticoagulation after successful catheter ablation reduces risk of thromboembolism only in highest risk patients[192]
rate control strategy
- control ventricular rate via AV nodal blocking agents formerly preferred strategy (excluding WPW)#[11][13]
- Ca+2-channel antagonists (NOT dihydropyridines)
- beta-blocker
- metoprolol, atenolol, carvedilol
- may not reduce either the frequency or severity of symptoms[54]
- may exacerbate symptoms of asthma or obstructive lung disease[125]
- digoxin (last resort, no other options)[91]
- not very effective in controlling ventricular response during exercise
- add calcium channel antagonist or beta-blocker in patients controlled at rest, but with tachycardia during exercise
- do not use as single agent for rate control[5]
- may be associated with higher mortality among patients with atrial fibrillation (RR= 1.2)[79][91][137]
- higher risk of toxicity in patients with renal failure[125]
- no difference in patient-reported quality of life vs beta blocker[162]
- lenient rate control (< 110/min) with outcomes similar to standard control (< 80/min)[36]
- diltiazem may be best choice (metabolized by liver)
- rate + rhythm control offers better symptom management than rate control alone[5]
anticoagulation for rate control strategy
- indications for anticoagulation[16][76]
- CHADS2 score >= 2 (men), >= 3 (women)[147] (see CHADS score)
- anticoagulation may be reasonable in men with CHADs score of 1 or women with CHADS score of 2[147]
- benefit of anticoagulation unlikely with CHADS2 score of 1[92]
- combination of anticoagulant & antiplatelet agent rarely indicated (see antiplatelet therapy below & Complications: above)
- in patients with history of intracranial hemorrhage, threshold for CHADS2 score >= 6[109]
- transient ischemic attack
- warfarin if hypertrophic cardiomyopathy regardless of CHADs score[2]
- only 1/3 of patients receive recommended anticoagulation[110]
- almost 40% of eligible patients do not receive oral anticoagulants[131]
- anticoagulation in patients with ESRD on dialysis
- apixaban 5 mg BID is associated with a reduced risk of thromboembolism & mortality risk (GRS11 cites a 2018 paper)[68][172] later questioned in a more recent 2020 paper[151] (cited below)
- anticoagulation is not associated with lower embolic risk in patients with ESRD on dialysis, but is associated with higher bleeding risk[151]
- anticoagulation in elderly > 75 years reduces 1.5 risk of dementia 12%[181]
- risks of anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation in demented frail elderly may exceed benefits[180]
- CHADS2 score >= 2 (men), >= 3 (women)[147] (see CHADS score)
- direct oral anticoagulants (thrombin inhibitor, factor Xa inhibitor, DOAC)
- preferred vs warfarin[147][166]
- more effective & safer than warfarin[64][120][166]
- reduced all-cause mortality relative to warfarin[133]
- better & safer than warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with bioprosthetic valvular atrial fibrillation [166, 184]
- safer than warfarin in the very old[164]
- strongly recommended if therapeutic INR not achieved with warfarin[69]
- not for use in patients with mechanical heart valves or moderate to severe mitral stenosis[5][69][147]
- apixaban seems to be direct oral anticoagulant of choice[133]
- apixaban more effective & safer than rivaroxaban[152]
- continue 81 mg aspirin with DOAC if MI in past year
- risk using pooled cohort equations not a consideration for dual therapy
- thrombin inhibitor (dabigatran)[8]
- FDA approved (2010) & included in AHA guidelines for treatment of atrial fibrillation[38]
- no need for therapeutic monitoring (INR)
- superior to warfarin in Asians[121]
- lower risk of hospitalization for GI bleed & for intracranial hemorrhage than with rivaroxaban[121][122]
- less risk of osteoporotic fracture than with warfarin (0.7 vs 1.1 per 100 person-years)[129]
- higher risk of extracranial bleeding in patients > 75 years of age[68]
- check renal function[66]
- factor Xa inhibitor
- rivaroxaban
- not inferior to wafarin in preventing embolic stroke[42]
- superior to warfarin in Asians[121];reduced risks for ischemic stroke & systemic embolism,intracranial hemorrhage, & all-cause mortality at 1 year[121]
- higher risk of hospitalization for GI bleed & for intracranial hemorrhage than with dabigatran[121][122]
- apixaban
- better than warfarin, regardless of number of concurrent medications[48][112]
- apixaban with lowest risk of GI bleed among DOACs[177]
- rates of ischemic stroke, systemic embolism, intracranial hemorrhage & all-cause mortality similar for apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, & rivaroxaban including for patients >= 80 years & those with chronic kidney disease[177]
- in patients with ESRD, apixaban associated with lower risk of major bleeding than warfarin, & with reductions in thromboembolism & mortality (dose 5 mg BID)[142]
- not associated with benefit in patients with ESRD on dialysis[151]
- alternative to warfarin in patients with end-stage renal disease[147]
- safe with close monitoring in patients with ESRD on dialysis (MKSAP19)[5]
- among Medicare recipients with atrial fibrillation >= 65 years, apixaban is associated with lower risk of major ischemic events & major hemorrhage than rivaroxaban[171]
- seems to be direct oral anticoagulant of choice[133]
- low-dose edoxaban 15 mg/day effective in reducing thromboembolism & stroke in elderly >80 years of age[157]
- check renal function[66]
- renal dosing of factor Xa inhibitor associated with increased mortality relative to 70% warfarin dosing (RR=0.1.48 for rivaroxaban & 1.23 for apixaban)[126]
- rivaroxaban
- warfarin - INR of 2.0-3.0 is therapeutic%
- see risk factors for thromboembolism
- anticoagulant of choice in patients with mechanical heart valve[147], or hypertrophic cardiomyopathy[1]
- reduces risk 50%[10] & lessens severity of stroke[9]
- 50% of patients benefit from anticoagulation[32]; patients with < 2 risk factors for stroke will not benefit
- risk of stroke on warfarin;
- in elderly (> 75 years of age), stroke scores with poor predictive value[41]
- in elderly (> 75 years of age), risk of hemorrhage is high
- risk of major hemorrhage 10%/year
- risk of life-threatening hemorrhage 5%/year,
- risk of fatal hemorrhage 1%/year[17]
- increased risk of intracranial hemorrhage associated with INR > 3.5, age > 85
- reduces overall mortality 4.5 vs 5.3 per 100 person years[10]
- reduces risk of mortality, MI & stroke in patients with chronic renal failure stage 3 & higher without increased risk of hemorrhage[67]
- treatment of choice in patients with chronic renal failure stage 5[182]
- increased risk of hemorrhage due to warfarin in patients with chronic renal failure[67][124]
- increased risk of ischemic stroke (RR=2.6), hemorrhage (RR=2.4) but decreased mortality (RR=0.8) relative to no anticoagulation in patients with chronic renal failure (GFR < 50 mL/min)[136]
- warfarin may cause more harm than benefit in patients with end-stage renal disease[71]
- warfarin of no benefit in preventing thromboembolism when GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2[124]
- low risk of bleeding (2%), in elderly[25] <same as aspirin>
- risk or bleeding inversely associated with kidney function in older adults[90]
- risk schemes to predict warfarin-associated hemorrhage described in[43][53]
- warfarin may paradoxically increase risk of ischemic stroke during initiation of therapy by inhibition of endogenous anticoagulants[62]
- addition of aspirin to warfarin may not reduce risk of myocardial infarction in patients with stable coronary artery disease[84]
- no data after cororary revascularization
- restart warfarin 7 days after major gastrointestinal bleed
- comparisons of direct oral anticoagulants with warfarin
- stroke rate similar for dabigatran, rivaroxaban & warfarin, regardless of comorbidites[144]
- rivaroxaban with higher rate of major hemorrhage than dabigatran & higher rate of GI bleeding than warfarin in patients with comorbidites[144]
- mortality lower with dabigatran & rivaroxaban than with warfarin regardless of comorbidites[144]
- apixaban & dabigatran more effective than warfarin in preventing embolic stroke; rivaroxaban & edoxaban with efficacy similar to warfarin
- apixaban & edoxaban associated with less bleeding than warfarin; dabigatran & rivaroxaban similar to warfarin
- factor Xa inhibitors (apixaban, edoxaban, rivaroxaban) associatedwith less hemorrhagic stroke, intracranial bleeding, & lower all-cause mortality than warfarin[146]
- rivaroxaban noninferior to warfarin for prevention of stroke or systemic embolism & is associated with less intracranial hemorrhage or fatal bleeding[5]
- direct oral anticoagulants safer & more effective than warfarin for preventing reinfarction or bleeding in patients >= 75 years with prior stroke[174]
- patients should continue anticoagulation during dental procedures & dermatologic procedures[56]
*
- CAUTION
- concurrent use of SSRI with oral anticoagulants among patients with atrial fibrillation further increases risk of bleeding[194]
anticoagulation in renal failure
- warfarin
- reduces risk of mortality, MI & stroke in patients with chronic renal failure stage 3 & higher without increased risk of hemorrhage[67]
- treatment of choice in patients with chronic renal failure stage 5[182]
- increased risk of hemorrhage due to warfarin in patients with chronic renal failure[67][124]
- increased risk of ischemic stroke (RR=2.6), hemorrhage (RR=2.4) but decreased mortality (RR=0.8) relative to no anticoagulation in patients with chronic renal failure (GFR < 50 mL/min)[136]
- warfarin may cause more harm than benefit in patients with end-stage renal disease[71]
- warfarin of no benefit in preventing thromboembolism when GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2[124]
- reduces risk of mortality, MI & stroke in patients with chronic renal failure stage 3 & higher without increased risk of hemorrhage[67]
- apixaban
- in patients with ESRD, apixaban associated with lower risk of major bleeding than warfarin, & with reductions in thromboembolism & mortality (dose 5 mg BID)[142]
- not associated with benefit in patients with ESRD on dialysis[151]
- alternative to warfarin in patients with end-stage renal disease[147]
- safe with close monitoring in patients with ESRD on dialysis (MKSAP19)[5]
antiplatelet therapy
- see coronary stent for patients with atrial fibrillation who undergo PCI with coronary stenting
- aspirin 81-325 mg PO QD
- no longer recommended for prevention of thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation[147][153]
- formerly recommended for elderly with CHADS2 score of 1[6]
- ref[68] recommends changing warfarin to aspirin 81 mg QD for elderly with GI bleed, creatinine clearance 15-30 ml/min, INR therapeutic
- renal dosing of dabigatran considered not indicated
- no mention of apixaban
- no mention of acid suppression with proton pump inhibitor
- NSAIDs are associated with increased risks for bleeding & thromboembolism in patients with atrial fibrillation[83]
- increased risk with or without anticoagulation[83]
- clopidogrel no better than aspirin[19]
- clopidogrel + aspirin
- inferior to warfarin[24]
- better than aspirin alone but associated with increased risk of GI bleed (see ACTIVE A trial)[29]
- may be a reasonable alternative to aspirin alone in the occasional high-risk patient who cannot be treated with anticoagulation[68]
- anticoagulation + P2Y12 receptor inhibitor (without aspirin) if coronary stent
- anticoagulation alone for AF + chronic stable CAD[150]
- warfarin plus antiplatelet agent substantially increases risk of bleeding, & risk outweighs any potential benefit[58]
- for older adults with atrial fibrillation & acute MI who undergo PCI, treatment with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) plus warfarin (triple therapy) of no benefit over DAPT alone & may increase risk of bleeding[96]
cardiac pacemaker
- sick sinus syndrome accompanying AF
- symptomatic patients with paroxysmal AF
elective surgery
- target ventricular response for patients with chronic atrial fibrillation to undergo elective surgery is < 110/min[182]
- see direct oral anticoagulant vs warfarin or perioperative anticoagulation if patient anticoagulated
diet & lifestyle changes
- weight reduction >= 10% in obese or overweight patients[95]
- moderate physical activity can improve quality of life[154]
- limit alcohol consumption as this may trigger or exacerbate atrial fibrillation[154]
prevention of atrial fibrillation
- control hypertension
- control weight
- smoking cessation
- treatment of sleep apnea may be of benefit[130]
- chocolate may be of benefit[130]
- fish oil (840 mg of omega-3 fatty acids EPA/DHA) &/or vitamin D (2000 IU/day) of no benefit in preventing atrial fibrillation[165]
- fish oil of no benefit in preventing post-operative atrial fibrillation
screening for atrial fibrillation
- palpating pulse most cost effective means[5]
- USPSTF finds insufficient evidence to recommend for or against screening for atrial fibrillation with ECG[143]
wearable devices
- use of smartwatches or other wearable devices that measure pulse & detect arrhythmias is associated with increased follow-up health care use[167]
prognosis
- mortality for hospitalization due to AF = 1%[75]
- recurrent atrial fibrillation occurs in 32% of patients with transient new-onset atrial fibrillation during hospitalization[185]
- in-home nursing visit 7-14 days after hospital discharge with multidisciplinary support as needed[85]
- does not prevent death or hospital readmission
- shortens duration of subsequent hospitalization
* aspirin may not be effective in patients > 75 years of age
# in patients with WPW, rhythm control is indicated; procainamide is the drug of choice (see Wolf-Parkinson-White syndrome)
% exception is rheumatic heart disease, INR=2.5-3.5[5]
More general terms
More specific terms
- paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF)
- postoperative atrial fibrillation; perioperative atrial fibrillation
Additional terms
- ablation for atrial fibrillation; pulmonary vein isolation/ablation
- Atrial Fibrillation Follow-up Investigator of Rhythm Management (AFFIRM)
- Atrial Fibrillation Suppression Trial (AFIST)
- atrial flutter
- cardiac conduction system
- cardioversion
- pharmaceutical agents for treatment of atrial fibrillation
- risk factors for thromboembolism associated with atrial fibrillation
- Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Manual of Medical Therapeutics, 28th ed, Ewald & McKenzie (eds), Little, Brown & Co, Boston, 1995, pg 145
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 272
- ↑ Albers GW Choice of antithrombotic therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: warfarin, aspirin, or both? Arch Int Med 158:1487-91 1998 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9679788
- ↑ Mayo Internal Medicine Board Review, 1998-99, Prakash UBS (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1998, pg 74-75
- ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2022.
Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022 - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 6.6 Feliciano Z. In: Intensive Course in Geriatric Medicine & Board Review, Marina Del Ray, CA, Sept 12-15, 2001
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Solomon DH, in: UCLA Intensive Course in Geriatric Medicine & Board Review, Marina Del Ray, CA, Sept 12-15, 2001
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Journal Watch 23(16):125, 2003 Peterson P et al Ximelagatran versus warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. SPORTIF II: a dose-guiding, tolerability, and safety study. J Am Coll Cardio 41:1445, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12742279
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Journal Watch 23(21):166, 2003 Hylek EM et al Effect of intensity of oral anticoagulation on stroke severity and mortality in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 349:1019, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12968085
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Journal Watch 24(2):15-16, 2004 Go AS et al Anticoagulation therapy for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation: how well do randomized trials translate into clinical practice? JAMA 290:2685, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14645310
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Journal Watch 24(4):34, 2004 Snow V et al Management of newly detected atrial fibrillation: a clinical practice guideline from the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American College of Physicians. Ann Intern Med 19:1009, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678921
Mcnamara RL et al Management of atrial fibrillation: review of the evidence for the role of pharmacologic therapy, electrical cardioversion, and echocardiography. Ann Intern Med 19:1018, 2003 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14678922 <Internet> http://www.annals.org/content/139/12/1018.full - ↑ 12.0 12.1 Summary of the New Atrial Fibrillation Guidelines from the American Academy of Family Physicians and the American College of Physicians Prescriber's Letter 11(2):8 2004 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=200205&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Journal Watch 24(24):184, 2004 Marshall DA, Levy AR, Vidaillet H, Fenwick E, Slee A, Blackhouse G, Greene HL, Wyse DG, Nichol G, O'Brien BJ; AFFIRM and CORE Investigators. Cost-effectiveness of rhythm versus rate control in atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Nov 2;141(9):653-61. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15520421 b) Zimetbaum P, Josephson ME. Is there a role for maintaining sinus rhythm in patients with atrial fibrillation? Ann Intern Med. 2004 Nov 2;141(9):720-6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15520430
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 12(1): 2005 'Pill-in-the-Pocket Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=210108&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Journal Watch 25(2):14, 2005 Fang MC, Chang Y, Hylek EM, Rosand J, Greenberg SM, Go AS, Singer DE. Advanced age, anticoagulation intensity, and risk for intracranial hemorrhage among patients taking warfarin for atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2004 Nov 16;141(10):745-52. Summary for patients in: Ann Intern Med. 2004 Nov 16;141 (10):I38. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15545674
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Fang MC, Singer DE. Anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation. Cardiol Clin. 2004 Feb;22(1):47-62. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14994847
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Johnson CE, Lim WK, Workman BS. People aged over 75 in atrial fibrillation on warfarin: the rate of major hemorrhage and stroke in more than 500 patient-years of follow-up. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005 Apr;53(4):655-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15817013
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Journal Watch 25(14):113, 2005 Wazni OM, Marrouche NF, Martin DO, Verma A, Bhargava M, Saliba W, Bash D, Schweikert R, Brachmann J, Gunther J, Gutleben K, Pisano E, Potenza D, Fanelli R, Raviele A, Themistoclakis S, Rossillo A, Bonso A, Natale A. Radiofrequency ablation vs antiarrhythmic drugs as first-line treatment of symptomatic atrial fibrillation: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2005 Jun 1;293(21):2634-40. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15928285
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Veterans Administration, Cardiology
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Oral H et al, Circumferential pulmonary vein ablation for chronic atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:934 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510747
Wood MA and Ellengboogen KA, Catheter ablation of chronic atrial fibrillation - The gap between promise and pactice N Eng J Med 2006; 354:934 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16510752 - ↑ 21.0 21.1 Fuster V et al, ACC.AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation - Executive Summary: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 Guidelines for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation). J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:854 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16904574
Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused updates incorporated into the ACC/ AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines developed in partnership with the European Society of Cardiology and in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Mar 15;57(11):e101-98. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21392637 - ↑ 22.0 22.1 Pappone C et al, A randomized trial of circumferential pulmonary vein ablation versus antiarrhythmic drug therapy in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. The APAF study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:2340 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17161267
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Mitchell GF et al Pulse pressure and risk of new-onset atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2007, 297:709-15
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Stroke Risk in Atrial Fibrillation Working Group. Independent predictors of stroke in patients with atrial fibrillation: a systematic review. Neurology. 2007 Aug 7;69(6):546-54. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17679673
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Mant J, Hobbs FD, Fletcher K, Roalfe A, Fitzmaurice D, Lip GY, Murray E; BAFTA investigators; Midland Research Practices Network (MidReC). Warfarin versus aspirin for stroke prevention in an elderly community population with atrial fibrillation (the Birmingham Atrial Fibrillation Treatment of the Aged Study, BAFTA): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2007 Aug 11;370(9586):493-503. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17693178
- ↑ Roy D et al for the Atrial Fibrillation and Congestive Heart Failure Investigators. Rhythm control versus rate control for atrial fibrillation and heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2667 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565859
Kober L et al for the Dronedarone Study Group. Increased mortality after dronedarone therapy for severe heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008, 358:2678 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565860
Cain ME and Curtis AB. Rhythm control in atrial fibrillation - One setback after another. N Engl J Med 2008 Jun 19; 358:2725. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18565866 - ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Khan MN et al. Pulmonary-vein isolation for atrial fibrillation in patients with heart failure. N Engl J Med 2008 Oct 23; 359:1778. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18946063
- ↑ Schnabel RB et al Development of a risk score for atrial fibrillation (Framingham Heart Study): a community-based cohort study The Lancet 2009, 373:739-745 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19249635
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Prescriber's Letter 16(5): 2009 Clopidogrel (Plavix) Plus Aspirin for Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=250502&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Mont L et al Endurance sport practice as a risk factor for atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter Europace 2009 11(1):11-17 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18988654
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Prescriber's Letter 16(8): 2009 COMMENTARY: New Drug: Multaq (Dronedarone) GUIDELINES: Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (ACC/AHA/ESC 2006) Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=250807&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Singer DE et al. The net clinical benefit of warfarin anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2009 Sep 1; 151:297. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19721017
Hart RG and Halperin JL. Do current guidelines result in overuse of warfarin anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation? Ann Intern Med 2009 Sep 1; 151:355. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19721024
Hart RG, Pearce LA, Aguilar MI. Meta-analysis: Antithrombotic therapy to prevent stroke in patients who have nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med 2007; 146:857-867 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17577005 - ↑ 33.0 33.1 Prescriber's Letter 16(12): 2009 Experts are debating whether corticosteroids prevent or cause atrial arrhythmias (discussion) no Detail-Document (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 17(1): 2010 Warfarin for Atrial Fibrillation: Who Needs It? COMMENTARY: Warfarin for Atrial Fibrillation: Who Needs It? GUIDELINES: ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 Guidelines for Atrial Fibrillation Management GUIDELINES: ACCP Guidelines for Antithrombotic Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=260104&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Wilber DJ et al Comparison of Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy and Radiofrequency Catheter Ablation in Patients With Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2010;303(4):333-340. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20103757 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/303/4/333
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Van Gelder IC et al Lenient versus Strict Rate Control in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation www.nejm.org March 15, 2010 (10.1056/NEJMoa1001337) <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231232 <Internet> http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/NEJMoa1001337
- ↑ van Walraven C, Hart RG, Connolly S, et al. Effect of age on stroke prevention therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation: the atrial fibrillation investigators. Stroke 2009 Apr; 40(4):1410-1416. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19182090
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Wann LS et al 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS Focused Update on the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation (Update on Dabigatran) A Report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/ American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines Circulation Feb 15, 2011 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21321155 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/cgi/reprint/CIR.0b013e31820f14c0v1
Wann LS, Curtis AB, January CT et al 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS focused update on the management of patients with atrial fibrillation (updating the 2006 guideline): a report of the American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2011 Jan 4;123(1):104-23 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21173346 - ↑ 39.0 39.1 Alonso A et al. Chronic kidney disease is associated with the incidence of atrial fibrillation: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 2011 Jun 28; 123:2946. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21646496
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Schmidt M et al. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug use and risk of atrial fibrillation or flutter: Population based case-control study. BMJ 2011 Jul 4; 343:d3450 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21727167
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Hobbs FDR et al. Performance of stroke risk scores in older people with atrial fibrillation not taking warfarin: Comparative cohort study from BAFTA trial. BMJ 2011 Jun 23; 342:d3653. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21700651
- ↑ 42.0 42.1 Patel MR et al. for the ROCKET AF Investigators. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011 Aug 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21830957
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Fang MC et al. A new risk scheme to predict warfarin-associated hemorrhage: The ATRIA (Anticoagulation and Risk Factors in Atrial Fibrillation) study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011 Jul 19; 58:395. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21757117
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 Bellone A et al. Cardioversion of acute atrial fibrillation in the emergency department: A prospective randomised trial. Emerg Med J 2012 Mar; 29:188. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21422032
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Avgil Tsadok M et al. Sex differences in stroke risk among older patients with recently diagnosed atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2012 May 9; 307:1952. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22570463
Friberg L et al. Assessment of female sex as a risk factor in atrial fibrillation in Sweden: Nationwide retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2012 May 31; 344:e3522 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22653980 - ↑ 46.0 46.1 Ionescu-Ittu R, Abrahamowicz M, Jackevicius CA et al Comparative Effectiveness of Rhythm Control vs Rate Control Drug Treatment Effect on Mortality in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Rhythm vs Rate Control Drug Treatment Arch Intern Med. 2012;():1-8 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22664954 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1171906
Dewland TA and Marcus TA Rate vs Rhythm Control in Atrial Fibrillation: Can Observational Data Trump Randomized Trial Results? Rate vs Rhythm Control in Atrial Fibrillation Arch Intern Med. 2012;():1-2 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22665022 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1171906 - ↑ 47.0 47.1 Schoen T et al. Type 2 diabetes mellitus and risk of incident atrial fibrillation in women. J Am Coll Cardiol 2012 Oct 9; 60:1421. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22981550 <Internet> http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/07351097/60/15
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Granger CB et al. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011 Aug 28 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870978
Mega JL. A new era for anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2011 Aug 28 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21870977
Lopes RD et al. Efficacy and safety of apixaban compared with warfarin according to patient risk of stroke and of bleeding in atrial fibrillation: A secondary analysis of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2012 Oct 2 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036896 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)60986-6/fulltext
Vassiliou VS and Flynn PD Apixaban in atrial fibrillation: Does predicted risk matter? Lancet 2012 Oct 2 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23036897 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(12)61673-0/fulltext - ↑ Mozaffarian D et al. Fish oil and postoperative atrial fibrillation: The omega-3 fatty acids for prevention of post-operative atrial fibrillation (OPERA) randomized trial. JAMA 2012 Nov 5 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23128104 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1389226
- ↑ Guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA)/European Society of Cardiology (ESC) http://www.acc.org/qualityandscience/clinical/guidelines/atrial_fib/pdfs/AF_Full_Text.pdf
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Selmer C et al. The spectrum of thyroid disease and risk of new onset atrial fibrillation: A large population cohort study. BMJ 2012 Nov 27; 345:e7895 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23186910
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Ball J et al. Mild cognitive impairment in high-risk patients with chronic atrial fibrillation: A forgotten component of clinical management? Heart 2013 Jan 12 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23315607 <Internet> http://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2013/01/11/heartjnl-2012-303182
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Roldan V et al. Predictive value of the HAS-BLED and ATRIA bleeding scores for the risk of serious bleeding in a "real-world" population with atrial fibrillation receiving anticoagulant therapy. Chest 2013 Jan; 143:179 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22722228 <Internet> http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1216079
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 54.3 Ulimoen SR et al. Comparison of four single-drug regimens on ventricular rate and arrhythmia-related symptoms in patients with permanent atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol 2013 Jan 15; 111:225. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23111138
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 McManus DD, Rienstra M, Benjamin EJ. An update on the prognosis of patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation. 2012 Sep 4;126(10):e143-6 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22949543
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Armstrong MJ et al Summary of evidence-based guideline: Periprocedural management of antithrombotic medications in patients with ischemic cerebrovascular disease. Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology May 28, 2013 vol. 80 no. 22 2065-2069 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23713086 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/80/22/2065.full
- ↑ Johnson SG et al, Outcomes associaed with combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy. Chest 2008, 133:948 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18198244
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 Thacker EL et al Atrial fibrillation and cognitive decline. Neurology. June 5, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23739229 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2013/06/05/WNL.0b013e31829a33d1.abstract
- ↑ Zimetbaum P. In the clinic. Atrial fibrillation. Ann Intern Med. 2010 Dec 7;153(11):ITC61-15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21135291
- ↑ Chowdhury P, Lewis WR, Schweikert RA, Cummings JE. Ablation of atrial fibrillation: what can we tell our patients? Cleve Clin J Med. 2009 Sep;76(9):543-50 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19726559
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Soliman EZ et al. Atrial fibrillation and the risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA Intern Med 2013 Nov 4 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24190540
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 Azoulay L et al Initiation of warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: early effects on ischaemic strokes. Eur Heart J first published online December 18, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24353282 <Internet> http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/12/15/eurheartj.eht499.full
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Dewland TA et al. Atrial ectopy as a predictor of incident atrial fibrillation: A cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2013 Dec 3; 159:721 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24297188
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Ruff CT et al. Comparison of the efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants with warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis of randomised trials. Lancet 2013 Dec 4; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24315724
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 Morillo CA et al Radiofrequency Ablation vs Antiarrhythmic Drugs as First-Line Treatment of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation. (RAAFT-2)A Randomized Trial JAMA. 2014;311(7):692-700. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24549549 https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1829990
Calkins H Has the Time Come to Recommend Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation as First-Line Therapy? JAMA. 2014;311(7):679-680 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24549546 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1829970 - ↑ 66.0 66.1 66.2 Culebras A et al Summary of evidence-based guideline update: Prevention of stroke in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology February 25, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24566225 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/82/8/716.full
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 67.3 67.4 Carrero JJ et al Warfarin, Kidney Dysfunction, and Outcomes Following Acute Myocardial Infarction in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2014;311(9):919-928. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24595776 https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1835505
Winkelmayer WC and Turakhia MP Warfarin Treatment in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Advanced Chronic Kidney Disease. Sins of Omission or Commission? JAMA. 2014;311(9):913-915. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24595773 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1835482
Olesen JB et al. Stroke and bleeding in atrial fibrillation with chronic kidney disease. N Engl J Med 2012 Aug 16; 367:625. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22894575 - ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 68.5 68.6 68.7 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022 - ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 January CT, Wann LS, Alpert JS et al 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: Executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. March 28, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682348 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2014/03/26/CIR.0000000000000040.full.pdf+html
January CT,Wann LS, Alpert JS et al 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Circulation. March 28, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24682347 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2014/03/27/CIR.0000000000000041.full.pdf+html - ↑ 70.0 70.1 Krijthe BP et al Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the risk of atrial fibrillation: a population-based follow-up study. BMJ Open 2014;4:e004059 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24713211 <Internet> http://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/4/4/e004059
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Shah M et al. Warfarin use and the risk for stroke and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing dialysis. Circulation 2014 Mar 18; 129:1196. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24452752 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/11/1196
Granger CB and Chertow GM. A pint of sweat will save a gallon of blood: A call for randomized trials of anticoagulation in end-stage renal disease. Circulation 2014 Mar 18; 129:1190 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24452751 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/129/11/1190 - ↑ You JJ, Singer DE, Howard PA et al Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2012 Feb;141(2 Suppl):e531S-75S PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22315271 (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Dec 2017)
- ↑ Miller CS, Grandi SM, Shimony A, et al. Review: Meta-analysis of efficacy and safety of new oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban) versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2012;110:453-460. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22537354
Deedwania PC. Review: New oral anticoagulants in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Med. 2013;126:289-296. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23369212 - ↑ Diener H, Eikelboom J, Granger CB, Hacke W. The king is dead (warfarin): Direct thrombin and factor Xa inhibitors: the next Diadochian war? Int Stroke. 2012; 7:139-141 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22264366
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 Patel NJ et al Trends of Hospitalization for Atrial Fibrillation in the United States, 2000 Through 2010: Implications for Healthcare Planning. Circulation. May 19 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24842943 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2014/04/23/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.008201.abstract
Wong CX, Lau DH, Sanders P Atrial Fibrillation Epidemic and Hospitalizations: How to Turn the Rising Tide? Circulation. May 19 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24842944 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2014/04/23/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010073.abstract - ↑ 76.0 76.1 del Conde I, Halperin J. Ineligibility for anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation. Am J Med. 2013;126:105-111. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23331435
- ↑ Riley AB, Manning WJ Atrial fibrillation: an epidemic in the elderly. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2011 Aug;9(8):1081-90. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21878052
- ↑ Adam SS, McDuffie JR, Ortel TL, Williams JW Jr. Comparative effectiveness of warfarin and new oral anticoagulants for the management of atrial fibrillation and venous thromboembolism: a systematic review. Ann Intern Med. 2012;157(11):796-807 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928173
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 Husten L Study Offers Little Support for Digoxin in Atrial Fibrillation. Physician's First Watch, Aug 12, 2014 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org article appears in Journal of the American College of Cardiology (JACC) in August 2014
Turakhia MP et al. Increased mortality associated with digoxin in contemporary patients with atrial fibrillation: Findings from the TREAT-AF study. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 19; 64:660 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25125296
Reynolds MR. Outcomes with digoxin with atrial fibrillation: More data, no answers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Aug 19; 64:669 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25125297 - ↑ 80.0 80.1 Larsson SC et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: A prospective study and dose-response meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Jul 22; 64:281. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034065
Conen D and Albert CM. Alcohol consumption and risk of atrial fibrillation: How much is too much? J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Jul 22; 64:290 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25034066 - ↑ 81.0 81.1 Gialdini G et al Perioperative Atrial Fibrillation and the Long-term Risk of Ischemic Stroke. JAMA. 2014;312(6):616-622. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25117130 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1895248
Nuotio I et al Time to Cardioversion for Acute Atrial Fibrillation and Thromboembolic Complications. JAMA. 2014;312(6):647-649. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25117135 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1895235 - ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 Kalantarian S et al Association Between Atrial Fibrillation and Silent Cerebral Infarctions: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(9):650-658 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25364886 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1920505
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 Lamberts M et al Relation of Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs to Serious Bleeding and Thromboembolism Risk in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Receiving Antithrombotic Therapy: A Nationwide Cohort Study Ann Intern Med. 2014;161(10):690-698. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25402512 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1935053
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 Hamon M et al. Incidence, source, determinants, and prognostic impact of major bleeding in outpatients with stable coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Oct 7; 64:1430. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25277612
Dauerman HL. Reconsidering the necessity of aspirin in stable coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 Oct 7; 64:1437 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25277613 - ↑ 85.0 85.1 Stewart S et al. Standard versus atrial fibrillation-specific management strategy (SAFETY) to reduce recurrent admission and prolong survival: Pragmatic, multicentre, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2014 Nov 17 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25467562 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2961992-9/fulltext
- ↑ Dogliotti A, Paolasso E, Giugliano RP. Current and new oral antithrombotics in non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a network meta-analysis of 79 808 patients. Heart. 2014;100:396-405 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24009224
- ↑ Dogliotti A, Paolasso E, Giugliano RP. Novel oral anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis of large, randomized, controlled trials vs warfarin. Clin Cardiol. 2013 Feb;36(2):61-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23338902
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 Wallentin L et al. Growth differentiation factor 15, a marker of oxidative stress and inflammation, for risk assessment in patients with atrial fibrillation: Insights from the ARISTOTLE trial. Circulation 2014 Oct 7 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25294786 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/130/21/1847
- ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 Scheuermeyer FX et al. Emergency department patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter and an acute underlying medical illness may not benefit from attempts to control rate or rhythm. Ann Emerg Med 2014 Nov 6 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25441768 <Internet> http://www.annemergmed.com/article/S0196-0644%2814%2901298-0/abstract
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Jun M et al. The association between kidney function and major bleeding in older adults with atrial fibrillation starting warfarin treatment: Population based observational study. BMJ 2015 Feb 3; 350:h246 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25647223
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Washam JB et al. Digoxin use in patients with atrial fibrillation and adverse cardiovascular outcomes: A retrospective analysis of the Rivaroxaban Once Daily Oral Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation (ROCKET AF). Lancet 2015 Mar 5; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25749644
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 Friberg L et al. Benefit of anticoagulation unlikely in patients with atrial fibrillation and CHA2DS2-VASc score of 1. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 Jan 27; 65:225 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25614418
Singer DE and Ezekowitz MD. Adding rigor to stroke risk prediction in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 Jan 27; 65:233. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25614419
Chao T-F et al. Should atrial fibrillation patients with 1 additional risk factor of the CHA2DS2-VASc score (beyond sex) receive oral anticoagulation? J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 Feb 24; 65:635. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25677422
Lip GY et al. Oral anticoagulation, aspirin, or no therapy in patients with nonvalvular AF with 0 or 1 stroke risk factor based on the CHA2DS2-VASc score. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 Apr 14; 65:1385. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25770314 - ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 Verma A et al. Approaches to catheter ablation for persistent atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2015 May 7; 372:1812 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25946280
- ↑ 94.0 94.1 Schnabel RB et al. 50 year trends in atrial fibrillation prevalence, incidence, risk factors, and mortality in the Framingham Heart Study: A cohort study. Lancet 2015 May 7 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25960110
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 95.2 95.3 Pathak RK, Middeldorp ME, Meredith M et al. Long-term effect of goal-directed weight management in an atrial fibrillation cohort: A long-term follow-up study (LEGACY). J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 May 26; 65:2159. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25792361
Mahajan R et al. Electrophysiological, electroanatomical, and structural remodeling of the atria as consequences of sustained obesity. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 Jul 7; 66:1. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26139051 - ↑ 96.0 96.1 Hess CN et al Use and Outcomes of Triple Therapy Among Older Patients With Acute Myocardial Infarction and Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(6):616-627 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248987 <Internet> http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=2422306
Valle JA, Messenger JC Triple Therapy...Can We Replace More With Better? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66(6):628-630 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26248988 <Internet> http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=2422302 - ↑ 97.0 97.1 Okin PM et al. Effect of lower on-treatment systolic blood pressure on the risk of atrial fibrillation in hypertensive patients. Hypertension 2015 Aug; 66:368 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26056336 <Internet> http://hyper.ahajournals.org/content/66/2/368
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 Calkins H, Kuck KH, Cappato R et al 2012 HRS/EHRA/ECAS expert consensus statement on catheter and surgical ablation of atrial fibrillation: recommendations for patient selection, procedural techniques, patient management and follow-up, definitions, endpoints, and research trial design: a report of the Heart Rhythm Society (HRS) Task Force on Catheter and Surgical Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation. Developed in partnership with the European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA), a registered branch of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society (ECAS); and in collaboration with the American College of Cardiology (ACC), American Heart Association (AHA), the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS), and the Society of Thoracic Surgeons (STS). Endorsed by the governing bodies of the American College of Cardiology Foundation, the American Heart Association, the European Cardiac Arrhythmia Society, the European Heart Rhythm Association, the Society of Thoracic Surgeons, the Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society, and the Heart Rhythm Society. Heart Rhythm. 2012 Apr;9(4):632-696.e21 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22386883 (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Jan 2017)
- ↑ Steinberg BA, Beckley PD, Deering TF et al Evaluation and management of the atrial fibrillation patient: a report from the Society of Cardiovascular Patient Care. Crit Pathw Cardiol. 2013 Sep;12(3):107-15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23892939
- ↑ Friberg L, Rosenqvist M, Lip GY et al Evaluation of risk stratification schemes for ischaemic stroke and bleeding in 182 678 patients with atrial fibrillation: the Swedish Atrial Fibrillation cohort study. Eur Heart J. 2012 Jun;33(12):1500-10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22246443
- ↑ Fuster V, Ryden LE, Cannom DS et al ACC/AHA/ESC 2006 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation: full text: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines and the European Society of Cardiology Committee for Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Revise the 2001 guidelines for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation) developed in collaboration with the European Heart Rhythm Association and the Heart Rhythm Society. Europace. 2006 Sep;8(9):651-745. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16987906
- ↑ Nieuwlaat R, Connolly BJ, Hubers LM et al Quality of individual INR control and the risk of stroke and bleeding events in atrial fibrillation patients: a nested case control analysis of the ACTIVE W study. Thromb Res. 2012 Jun;129(6):715-9 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21924760
- ↑ 103.0 103.1 Staerk L, Lip GY, Olesen JB et al Stroke and recurrent haemorrhage associated with antithrombotic treatment after gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: nationwide cohort study. BMJ. 2015 Nov 16;351:h5876 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26572685
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Qureshi W, Mittal C, Patsias I et al Restarting anticoagulation and outcomes after major gastrointestinal bleeding in atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2014 Feb 15;113(4):662-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24355310
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 Emdin CA et al Atrial fibrillation as risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death in women compared with men: systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. BMJ 2016;352:h7013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26786546 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/352/bmj.h7013
- ↑ 106.0 106.1 Graff S, Fenger-Gron M, Christensen B et al Long-term risk of atrial fibrillation after the death of a partner. Open Heart 2016;3: <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27099762 <Internet> http://openheart.bmj.com/content/3/1/e000367
- ↑ 107.0 107.1 Dahal K et al. Stroke, major bleeding, and mortality outcomes in warfarin users with atrial fibrillation and chronic kidney disease: A meta-analysis of observational studies. Chest 2016 Apr; 149:951 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26378611
- ↑ 108.0 108.1 Conen D et al Risk of Malignant Cancer Among Women With New-Onset Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA Cardiol. Jul 1;1(4):389-96, Published online May 25, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2743831 <Internet> http://cardiology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2525428
Rahman F et al Association of Atrial Fibrillation and Cancer. JAMA Cardiol. Jul 1;1(4):384-6., Published online May 25, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27438312 <Internet> http://cardiology.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2525425 - ↑ 109.0 109.1 Chao TF, Liu CJ, Liao JN et al Use of Oral Anticoagulants for Stroke Prevention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation Who Have a History of Intracranial Hemorrhage. Circulation. 2016 Apr 19;133(16):1540-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26969761
- ↑ 110.0 110.1 Hsu JC, Maddox TM, Kennedy K et al Aspirin Instead of Oral Anticoagulant Prescription in Atrial Fibrillation Patients at Risk for Stroke. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(25):2913-2923 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27339487 <Internet> http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=2529509
Deshpande S, Wann LS Aspirin in Atrial Fibrillation. The Clot Thickens. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(25):2924-2926. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27339488 <Internet> http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=2529510 - ↑ Writing Committee Members, Heidenreich PA, Solis P, Estes NA 3rd et al 2016 ACC/AHA Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Adults With Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;() PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27364541 https://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleID=2531644
Heidenreich PA, Solis P, Mark Estes NA 3rd et al 2016 ACC/AHA Clinical Performance and Quality Measures for Adults With Atrial Fibrillation or Atrial Flutter: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Performance Measures. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2016 Jun 27. pii: HCQ.0000000000000018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27354018 - ↑ 112.0 112.1 Jaspers Focks J, Brouwer MA, Wojdyla DM et al. Polypharmacy and effects of apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: Post hoc analysis of the ARISTOTLE trial. BMJ 2016 Jun 15; 353:i2868. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27306620 Free PMC Article
- ↑ Sellers MB, Newby LK. Atrial fibrillation, anticoagulation, fall risk, and outcomes in elderly patients. Am Heart J. 2011 Feb;161(2):241-6. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21315204
- ↑ Zarraga IG, Kron J. Oral anticoagulation in elderly adults with atrial fibrillation: integrating new options with old concepts. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2013 Jan;61(1):143-50. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23252345
- ↑ Anderson JL, Halperin JL, Albert NM et al Management of patients with atrial fibrillation (compilation of 2006 ACCF/AHA/ESC and 2011 ACCF/AHA/HRS recommendations): a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013 May 7;61(18):1935-44 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23558044 Free full text
- ↑ Lip GY, Frison L, Halperin JL, Lane DA. Comparative validation of a novel risk score for predicting bleeding risk in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation: the HAS-BLED (Hypertension, Abnormal Renal/Liver Function, Stroke, Bleeding History or Predisposition, Labile INR, Elderly, Drugs/Alcohol Concomitantly) score. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011 Jan 11;57(2):173-80. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21111555 Free Article
- ↑ Olesen JB, Torp-Pedersen C, Hansen ML, Lip GY. The value of the CHA2DS2-VASc score for refining stroke risk stratification in patients with atrial fibrillation with a CHADS2 score 0-1: a nationwide cohort study. Thromb Haemost. 2012 Jun;107(6):1172-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22473219
- ↑ 118.0 118.1 Goette A, Merino JL, Ezekowitz MD et al. Edoxaban versus enoxaparin-warfarin in patients undergoing cardioversion of atrial fibrillation (ENSURE-AF): A randomised, open-label, phase 3b trial. Lancet 2016 Aug 30; [e-pub]. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27590218 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)31474-X/fulltext
Briasoulis A, Afonso L Do NOACs ENSURE safe cardioversion in atrial fibrillation? Lancet 2016 Aug 30 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27590222 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)31410-6/fulltext - ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 119.3 119.4 119.5 Odutayo A, Wong CX, Hsiao AJ et al Atrial fibrillation and risks of cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and death: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2016;354:i4482 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27599725 Free Article <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i4482
- ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 Kuck KH et al. Cryoballoon or radiofrequency ablation for paroxysmal atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2016 Apr 4 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27042964 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1602014
- ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 121.3 121.4 121.5 Chan YH, Kuo CT, Yeh YH et al. Thromboembolic, bleeding, and mortality risks of rivaroxaban and dabigatran in Asians with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016 Sep 27; 68:1389. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27659460 Free Article
Ruff C. The reality of "real-world" data: More questions than answers. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016 Sep 27; 68:1402 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27659461 - ↑ 122.0 122.1 122.2 Graham DJ, Reichman ME, Wernecke M et al Stroke, Bleeding, and Mortality Risks in Elderly Medicare Beneficiaries Treated With Dabigatran or Rivaroxaban for Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27695821 JAMA Intern Med. Published online October 03, 2016 http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2560376
Parks AL, Redberg RF Comparing Non-Vitamin K Oral Anticoagulants. Where We Are Now. JAMA Intern Med. Published online October 03, 2016 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27695820 archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2560371 - ↑ 123.0 123.1 Wijesurendra RS, Liu A, Eichhorn C et al Lone atrial fibrillation is associated with impaired left ventricular energetics that persists despite successful catheter ablation. Circulation 2016 Oct 11; 134:1068 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27630135 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/134/15/1068
Hyman MC, Callans DJ. Mental exit block: Escaping the pulmonary veins in search of new approaches to atrial fibrillation management. Circulation 2016 Oct 11; 134:1082 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27630134 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/134/15/1082 - ↑ 124.0 124.1 124.2 124.3 124.4 124.5 124.6 Bonde AN et al. Renal function and the risk of stroke and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation: An observational cohort study. Stroke 2016 Nov; 47:2707. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27758943
- ↑ 125.0 125.1 125.2 125.3 125.4 Xian Y, O'Brien EC, Liang L et al Association of Preceding Antithrombotic Treatment With Acute Ischemic Stroke Severity and In-Hospital Outcomes Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2017;317(10):1057-1067. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28291892 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2610336
- ↑ 126.0 126.1 126.2 Nielsen PB et al. Effectiveness and safety of reduced dose non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation: Propensity weighted nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2017;356:j510 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28188243 Free full text <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/356/bmj.j510
- ↑ 127.0 127.1 Calkins H, Willems S, Gerstenfeld et al. Uninterrupted dabigatran versus warfarin for ablation in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2017 Mar 19 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28317415 Free Article <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1701005
- ↑ NEJM Knowledge+. Question of the Week. Jan 3, 2017 http://knowledgeplus.nejm.org/question-of-week/120/
- ↑ 129.0 129.1 Lau WC, Chan EW, Cheung CL et al Fractures Among Patients With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA. 2017;317(11):1151-1158 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28324091 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2612616
- ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 Mostofsky E, Berg Johansen M, Tjonneland A et al Chocolate intake and risk of clinically apparent atrial fibrillation: the Danish Diet, Cancer, and Health Study. Heart. May 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28536115 <Internet> http://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2017/05/01/heartjnl-2016-310357
Pokorney SD, Piccini JP. Chocolate and prevention of atrial fibrillation: what is bad for the pancreas might be good for the atria? Heart. May 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28536114 <Internet> http://heart.bmj.com/content/early/2017/05/01/heartjnl-2016-311026 - ↑ 131.0 131.1 Marzec LN, Wang J, Shah ND et al. Influence of direct oral anticoagulants on rates of oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017 May 23; 69:2475. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28521884
Peterson ED, Pokorney SD. New treatment options fail to close the anticoagulation gap in atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017 May 23; 69:2485 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28521885 - ↑ 132.0 132.1 Friberg L, Rosenqvist M. Less dementia with oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. European Heart Journal. Oct 24, 2017 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29077849 https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-lookup/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx579
- ↑ 133.0 133.1 133.2 133.3 Lopez-Lopez JA, Sterne JAC, Thom HHZ et al Oral anticoagulants for prevention of stroke in atrial fibrillation: systematic review, network meta-analysis, and cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ 2017;359:j5058 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29183961 Free full text <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5058
Ball J. Which anticoagulant for stroke prevention in atrial fibrillation? BMJ 2017;359:j5399 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29183874 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5399 - ↑ Go AS, Singer DE, Toh S et al. Outcomes of dabigatran and warfarin for atrial fibrillation in contemporary practice: A retrospective cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2017 Nov 14 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29132153
- ↑ 135.0 135.1 Marrouche NF, Brachmann J, Andresen D et al Catheter Ablation for Atrial Fibrillation with Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:417-427. Feb 1, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29385358 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1707855
Link MS. Paradigm Shift for Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation in Heart Failure. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:468-469. Feb 1, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29385377 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1714782 - ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 Kumar S, de Lusignan S, McGovern A et al Ischaemic stroke, haemorrhage, and mortality in older patients with chronic kidney disease newly started on anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation: a population based study from UK primary care. BMJ 2018;360:k342 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29444881 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.k342
- ↑ 137.0 137.1 Lopes RD, Rordorf R, De Ferrari GM et al Digoxin and Mortality in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 71(10) March 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29519345 <Internet> http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/71/10/1063
Turakhia MP Digoxin in Atrial Fibrillation? Leave it Out of the Medicine Cabinet. J Am Coll Cardiol. 71(10) March 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29519346 <Internet> http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/71/10/1075 - ↑ 138.0 138.1 Sposato LA, Cerasuolo JO, Cipriano LE et al. Atrial fibrillation detected after stroke is related to a low risk of ischemic stroke recurrence. Neurology 2018 Mar 13; 90:e924 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29444969 <Internet> http://n.neurology.org/content/90/11/e924
- ↑ 139.0 139.1 Adderley NJ, Nirantharakumar K, Marshall T. Risk of stroke and transient ischaemic attack in patients with a diagnosis of resolved atrial fibrillation: retrospective cohort studies. BMJ 2018;361:k1717 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29743285 Free PMC Article https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k1717
- ↑ 140.0 140.1 Staerk L et al. Lifetime risk of atrial fibrillation according to optimal, borderline, or elevated levels of risk factors: Cohort study based on longitudinal data from the Framingham Heart Study. BMJ 2018 Apr 26; 361:k1453 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29699974 Free PMC Article https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k1453
- ↑ 141.0 141.1 Cepelis A, Brumpton BM, Malmo V et al Associations of Asthma and Asthma Control With Atrial Fibrillation Risk. Results From the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). JAMA Cardiol. Published online July 11, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29998294 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2687455
- ↑ 142.0 142.1 142.2 Siontis KC, Zhang X, Eckard A et al. Outcomes associated with apixaban use in end-stage kidney disease patients with atrial fibrillation in the United States. Circulation 2018 Jun 28 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29954737 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2018/06/22/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035418
- ↑ 143.0 143.1 US Preventive Services Task Force Screening for Atrial Fibrillation With Electrocardiography. US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA. 2018;320(5):478-484 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30088016 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2695678
Jonas DE, Kahwati LC, Yun JDY Screening for Atrial Fibrillation With Electrocardiography. Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA. 2018;320(5):485-498 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30088015 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2695677
Goldberger JJ, Mitrani RD Electrocardiographic Monitoring for Prevention of Atrial Fibrillation-Associated Cardioembolic Stroke JAMA. 2018;320(5):447-449 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30087990 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2695650
Mandrola J, Foy A, Naccarelli G. Screening for Atrial Fibrillation Comes With Many Snags. JAMA Intern Med. Published online August 7, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30087984 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2696617
Passman R, Piccini J. Electrocardiography Screening for Atrial Fibrillation. We Can Do Better JAMA Cardiol. Published online August 7, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30087985 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2695619 - ↑ 144.0 144.1 144.2 144.3 Mentias A, Shantha G, Chaudhury P et al Assessment of Outcomes of Treatment With Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Multiple Chronic Conditions. A Comparative Effectiveness Analysis. JAMA Network Open. 2018;1(5):e182870 Not indexed in PubMed https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2703948
- ↑ Steinberg BA, Kim S, Piccini JP et al Use and associated risks of concomitant aspirin therapy with oral anticoagulation in patients with atrial fibrillation: insights from the Outcomes Registry for Better Informed Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation (ORBIT-AF) Registry. Circulation. 2013 Aug 13;128(7):721-8. Epub 2013 Jul 16. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23861512 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 146.0 146.1 146.2 Lowenstern A, Al-Khatib SM, Sharan L et al. Interventions for preventing thromboembolic events in patients with atrial fibrillation: A systematic review. Ann Intern Med 2018 Oct 30; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30383133
- ↑ 147.0 147.1 147.2 147.3 147.4 147.5 147.6 147.7 147.8 147.9 January CT et al. 2019 AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2019; Jul 9;140(2):e125-e151 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30686041 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665
- ↑ 148.0 148.1 Pluymaekers NAHA, Dudink EAMP, Luermans JGLM et al. Early or delayed cardioversion in recent-onset atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2019 Mar 18; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30883054 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1900353
Healey JS, McIntyre WF. The RACE to treat atrial fibrillation in the emergency department. N Engl J Med 2019 Mar 18 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30883049 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe1902341 - ↑ 149.0 149.1 Hijazi M, Aljohani S, Alqahtani F et al. Perception of the risk of stroke and the risks and benefits of oral anticoagulation for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation: A cross-sectional study. Mayo Clin Proc 2019 Jun; 94:1015. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30935708 https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(18)30894-2/fulltext
- ↑ 150.0 150.1 Yasuda S, Kaikita K, Akao M et al. Antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation with stable coronary disease. N Engl J Med 2019 Sep 2; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31475793 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1904143
- ↑ 151.0 151.1 151.2 151.3 151.4 Kuno T, Takagi H, Ando T et al. Oral anticoagulation for patients with atrial fibrillation on long-term dialysis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020 Jan 28; 75:273. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31976865
Wald R, Dorian P, Harel Z.. Benefits and risks of anticoagulation in dialysis patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: Navigating through darkness. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020 Jan 28; 75:286. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31903190 Free PMC Article - ↑ 152.0 152.1 Fralick M, Colacci M, Schneeweiss S et al Effectiveness and Safety of Apixaban Compared With Rivaroxaban for Patients With Atrial Fibrillation in Routine Practice: A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2020. March 10. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32150751 https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2762724/effectiveness-safety-apixaban-compared-rivaroxaban-patients-atrial-fibrillation-routine-practice
- ↑ 153.0 153.1 NEJM Knowledge+ Question of the Week. March 10, 2020 https://knowledgeplus.nejm.org/question-of-week/112/
- ↑ 154.0 154.1 154.2 Chung MK, Eckhardt LL, Chen LY e tal AHA Scientific Statement. Lifestyle and Risk Factor Modification for Reduction of Atrial Fibrillation. A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. March 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32148086 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000748
- ↑ 155.0 155.1 Rasmussen PV, Dalgaard F, Gislason GH, et al. Gastrointestinal bleeding and the risk of colorectal cancer in anticoagulated patients with atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J 2020 Feb 7; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32030399 https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehz964/5728596
- ↑ 156.0 156.1 Malik V, Gallagher C, Linz D et al Atrial Fibrillation Is Associated With Syncope and Falls in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Mayo Clin Proc. 2020 Apr;95(4):676-687. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32247342
- ↑ 157.0 157.1 Okumura K, Akao M, Yoshida T et al. Low-dose edoxaban in very elderly patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2020 Aug 30; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32865374 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2012883
- ↑ 158.0 158.1 158.2 Kirchhof P, Camm AJ, Goette A et al. for the EAST-AFNET 4 Trial Investigators. Early rhythm-control therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2020 Aug 29; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32865375 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2019422
Bunch TJ, Steinberg BA. Revisiting rate versus rhythm control in atrial fibrillation -- Timing matters. N Engl J Med 2020 Aug 29; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32865379 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe2027180 - ↑ 159.0 159.1 Uittenbogaart SB et al. Opportunistic screening versus usual care for detection of atrial fibrillation in primary care: Cluster randomised controlled trial. BMJ 2020 Sep 16; 370:m3208. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32938633 PMCID: PMC7492823 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m3208
- ↑ 160.0 160.1 Vinter N et al. Trends in excess mortality associated with atrial fibrillation over 45 years (Framingham Heart Study): Community based cohort study. BMJ 2020 Aug 11; 370:m2724 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32784208 PMCID: PMC7418071 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/370/bmj.m2724
- ↑ Moreira LM et al. Paracrine signalling by cardiac calcitonin controls atrial fibrogenesis and arrhythmia. Nature 2020 Nov; 587:46 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33149301 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2890-8
- ↑ 162.0 162.1 Kotecha D, Bunting KV, Gill SK al Effect of Digoxin vs Bisoprolol for Heart Rate Control in Atrial Fibrillation on Patient-Reported Quality of Life. The RATE-AF Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2020;324(24):2497-2508 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33351042 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2774407
Curfman G. Digitalis glycosides for heart rate control in atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2020 Dec 22/29; 324:2508 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33351027 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2774389 - ↑ Michaud GF, Stevenson WG Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:353-36 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33503344 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp2023658
- ↑ 164.0 164.1 Chao TF, Chiang CE, Chan YH et al Oral Anticoagulants in Extremely High Risk Very Elderly (>90 years) Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2021, Feb 24 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33640447 https://www.heartrhythmjournal.com/article/S1547-5271(21)00180-6/fulltext
- ↑ 165.0 165.1 Albert CM et al. Effect of marine omega-3 fatty acid and vitamin D supplementation on incident atrial fibrillation: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2021 Mar 16; 325:1061 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33724323 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2777469
Curfman G. Omega-3 fatty acids and atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2021 Mar 16; 325:1063 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33724309 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2777450 - ↑ 166.0 166.1 166.2 Dawwas GK, Dietrich E, Cuker A Effectiveness and Safety of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Versus Warfarin in Patients With Valvular Atrial Fibrillation. A Population-Based Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2021. March 30 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33780291 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-6194
- ↑ 167.0 167.1 Wang L, Nielsen K, Goldberg J et al Association of Wearable Device Use With Pulse Rate and Health Care Use in Adults With Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(5):e215821. May 27 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34042996 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2780408
- ↑ 168.0 168.1 Kirchhof P, Camm AJ, Goette A et al Early Rhythm-Control Therapy in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. N Engl J Med. 2020 Oct 1;383(14):1305-1316 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32865375
Kim D et al. Treatment timing and the effects of rhythm control strategy in patients with atrial fibrillation: Nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2021 May 11; 373:n991. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33975876 PMCID: PMC8111568 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/373/bmj.n991 - ↑ 169.0 169.1 Abdel-Qadir H, Singh SM, Pang A et al Evaluation of the Risk of Stroke Without Anticoagulation Therapy in Men and Women With Atrial Fibrillation Aged 66 to 74 Years Without Other CHA2DS2-VASc Factors. JAMA Cardiol. 2021;6(8):918-925. May 19 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34009232 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2780127
- ↑ 170.0 170.1 Bamgbade BA, McManus DD, Helm R et al. Differences in perceived and predicted bleeding risk in older adults with atrial fibrillation: The SAGE-AF study. J Am Heart Assoc 2021 Aug 16; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34398677 Free article https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.120.019979
- ↑ 171.0 171.1 Ray WA, Chung CP, Stein CM et al. Association of rivaroxaban vs apixaban with major ischemic or hemorrhagic events in patients with atrial fibrillation. JAMA 2021 Dec 21; 326:2395-2404. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34932078 PMCID: PMC8693217 (available on 2022-06-21) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2787319
- ↑ 172.0 172.1 Siontis KC, Zhang X, Eckard A et al. Outcomes associated with apixaban use in patients with end-stage kidney disease and atrial fibrillation in the United States. Circulation. 2018; 138:1519-1529 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.035418
- ↑ 173.0 173.1 Wendling P Study Points to Causal Role for Lp(a) in Atrial Fibrillation. Medscape. April 20, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/972458
Jiang Q, Qin D, Yang L et al Causal effects of plasma lipids on the risk of atrial fibrillation: A multivariable mendelian randomization study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. (NMCD). February 19, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33814236 https://www.nmcd-journal.com/article/S0939-4753(21)00060-0/fulltext
Aronis KN, Zhao D, Hoogeveen RC et al Associations of Lipoprotein(a) Levels With Incident Atrial Fibrillation and Ischemic Stroke: The ARIC (Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities) Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017. Dec 15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29246963 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.117.007372 - ↑ 174.0 174.1 Kumazawa R, Jo T, Matsui H et al Direct oral anticoagulants versus warfarin for secondary prevention of cerebral infarction and bleeding in older adults with atrial fibrillation. J Am Geriatr Soc 2022. April 9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35397114 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.17770
- ↑ 175.0 175.1 Kim D et al. Early rhythm control therapy for atrial fibrillation in low-risk patients: A nationwide propensity score-weighted study. Ann Intern Med 2022 Sep 6; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36063552 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M21-4798
- ↑ 176.0 176.1 Pass W Four commonly abused drugs linked with atrial fibrillation. MDedge. Oct 26, 2022 https://www.mdedge.com/internalmedicine/article/259007/arrhythmias-ep/four-commonly-abused-drugs-linked-atrial-fibrillation
Lin AL, Nah G, Tang JJ et al Cannabis, cocaine, methamphetamine, and opiates increase the risk of incident atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2022 Oct 18:ehac558 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36257330 https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac558/6754793 - ↑ 177.0 177.1 177.2 Lau WCY, Torre CO et al Comparative Effectiveness and Safety Between Apixaban, Dabigatran, Edoxaban, and Rivaroxaban Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. A Multinational Population-Based Cohort Study. Annals of Internal Medicine. 2022. Nov 1 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36315950 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M22-0511
- ↑ 178.0 178.1 Styles S Cutting Dementia Risk in Atrial Fibrillation: Does Rhythm Control Strategy Matter? Medscape. April 29, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/972967
- ↑ 179.0 179.1 179.2 179.3 Khurshid S, Ashburner JM, Ellinor PT et al Prevalence and Incidence of Atrial Fibrillation Among Older Primary Care Patients. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(2):e2255838. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36780164 Free article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2801355
- ↑ 180.0 180.1 Wang W et al. Differential effect of anticoagulation according to cognitive function and frailty in older patients with atrial fibrillation. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023 Feb; 71:394-403. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36273408 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.18079
Ouellet GM et al. Benefits and harms of oral anticoagulants for atrial fibrillation in nursing home residents with advanced dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2023 Feb; 71:561-568 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36310367 PMCID: PMC9957933 (available on 2024-02-01) https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.18108 - ↑ 181.0 181.1 Rahman A et al. Oral anticoagulants and the risk of dementia in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: A population-based cohort study. Neurology 2022 Dec 29; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36581462 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2022/12/29/WNL.0000000000206748
- ↑ 182.0 182.1 182.2 182.3 NEJM Knowledge+ Hematology
- ↑ 183.0 183.1 183.2 Chyou JY et al. Atrial fibrillation occurring during acute hospitalization: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation 2023 Apr 11; 147:e676-e698. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36912134 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001133
- ↑ Suppah M, Kamal A, Saadoun R, et al. An Evidence-Based Approach to Anticoagulation Therapy Comparing Direct Oral Anticoagulants and Vitamin K Antagonists in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Bioprosthetic Valves: A Systematic Review, Meta-Analysis, and Network Meta-Analysis. Am J Cardiol. 2023 Sep 11;206:132-150 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37703679
- ↑ 185.0 185.1 185.2 McIntyre WF et al. Atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients with transient new-onset atrial fibrillation detected during hospitalization for noncardiac surgery or medical illness: A matched cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2023 Oct 3; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37782930 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-1411
- ↑ 186.0 186.1 Joosten LPT, van Doorn S, Hoes AW et al. Safety of switching from a vitamin K antagonist to a non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant in frail older patients with atrial fibrillation: Results of the FRAIL-AF randomized controlled trial. Circulation 2023 Aug 27; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31888928 PMCID: PMC6937027 Free PMC article https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.123.066485
- ↑ 187.0 187.1 Harrison SL, Buckley BJR, Austin P, Lane DA, Lip GYH. Catheter ablation and lower risk of incident dementia and mortality in older adults with atrial fibrillation. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023. Nov. 71(11):3357-3366 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37609682 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.18538
- ↑ 188.0 188.1 188.2 NEJM Knowledge+
Volgman AS, Nair G, Lyubarova R et al Management of Atrial Fibrillation in Patients 75 Years and Older: JACC State-of-the-Art Review. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2022 Jan 18;79(2):166-179. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35027110 Free article. Review. - ↑ 189.0 189.1 Manson JE High-Dose Marine Omega-3s Raise Risk for Atrial Fibrillation. Medscape. November 17, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/961473
Gencer B, Djousse L, Al-Ramady OT et al Effect of Long-Term Marine omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on the Risk of Atrial Fibrillation in Randomized Controlled Trials of Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circulation. 2021 Dec 21;144(25):1981-1990 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34612056 - ↑ 190.0 190.1 190.2 Joglar JA, Armbruster AL, Benjamin EJ et al. 2023 ACC/AHA/ACCP/HRS Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Atrial Fibrillation: A report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation 2023 Nov 30; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38033089 Free article. Review. https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000001193
- ↑ 191.0 191.1 191.2 Iyengar V et al. Influence of thrombocytopenia on bleeding and vascular events in atrial fibrillation. Blood Adv 2023 Dec 26; 7:7516. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37756539 PMCID: PMC10761355 Free PMC article
- ↑ 192.0 192.1 Kanaoka K et al. Oral anticoagulation after atrial fibrillation catheter ablation: Benefits and risks. Eur Heart J 2023 Dec 20; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38117227 https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad798/7478159
- ↑ 193.0 193.1 Guo J, Liu Y, Jia J, et al. Effects of rhythm-control and rate-control strategies on cognitive function and dementia in atrial fibrillation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing. 2024 Feb 1;53(2):afae009. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38369630
- ↑ 194.0 194.1 Rahman AA et al. Concomitant use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors with oral anticoagulants and risk of major bleeding. JAMA Netw Open 2024 Mar 4; 7:e243208 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38517440 PMCID: PMC10960200 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2816687
- ↑ 195.0 195.1 Kim YG, Lee HS, Kim H, et al. Association of Antiarrhythmic Drug Therapy With Syncope and Pacemaker Implantation in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2024 Mar 19;83(11):1027-1038 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38479951
Patient information
atrial fibrillation patient information