asthma
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Introduction
A chronic illness characterized by airway inflammation* & hyper- responsiveness* of the tracheobronchial tree to diverse stimuli. The clinical course is one of exacerbations & remissions*, but without inevitable progression.
* Triad of asthma
- airway inflammation
- bronchial hyper-responsiveness
- reversibility
Classification
- mild intermittent
- symptoms < 3 times/week
- asymptomatic
- normal peak expiratory flow between exacerbations
- nocturnal symptoms < 3 times/month
- FEV1 >= 80%
- FEV1/FVC normal
- mild persistent
- moderate persistent
- daily use of short-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonists
- acute exacerbations > once weekly
- nocturnal symptoms > once weekly
- FEV1 60-80%
- FEV1/FVC reduced <= 5%[3]
- severe persistent
- continual symptoms that limit physical activity
- nocturnal symptoms frequent
- FEV1 < 60%
- FEV1/FVC reduced > 5%[3]
- multiple exacerbations/year
- need for high-dose inhaled glucocorticoids or oral glucocorticoids
- inability to step down therapy without compromising asthma control
- history of multiple hospitalizations for asthma or multiple endotracheal intubations[3]
- exercise-induced asthma
Also see alternative classification of asthma
Etiology
- genetic predisposition interacts with additional factors (below)
- most childhood asthma exacerbations are caused by viral infections, esp. rhinovirus, RSV & influenza virus[3,50]
- exercise-induced asthma (also cold air)
- endurance swimmers with high prevalence of asthma[74]
- GERD-induced asthma[26]
- 80% of adult asthma with some reflux
- innervation of lower esophagus (vagus) is same as innervation of lungs
- theophylline, EtOH & tobacco increase reflux
- sinobronchial-induced asthma
- pollens
- dust & dust mites
- animal dander
- cockroaches*
- occupational asthma:
- pharmaceutical agents
- beta-adrenergic antagonists can worsen asthma
- ACE inhibitors can cause coughing in asthmatics
- aspirin & other NSAIDs can cause acute, severe asthma
- acetaminophen in children & adolescents not a risk[36]
- association with use for respiratory tract infections[36]
- nitrogen dioxide exposure[10]
- mycoplasma or chlamydia may be associated with attack, especially 1st attack in children[13]
- smoke & smoking
- *peanut allergy[68]?
- alterations in intestinal flora, specifically lower levels of Faecalibacterium, Lachnospira, Veillonella, & Rothia genera, at 3 months of age, associated with antibiotic use, caesarian section & infant formula, linked to risk of developing asthma[75]
- exposure to indoor environmental allergens, tobacco smoke, & viruses may predispose to asthma[3]
- menopause is a risk factor for new-onset asthma (RR=3.4)[77]
* exposure to cockroach, mouse, & cat allergens before age 1 diminish likelihood of asthma at age 3[60]
* exposure to dogs & farm animals during infancy reduces risk of asthma at age 6 years (13% for dog exposure; 52% for farm animal exposure)[76]
* also see asthma syndrome
Epidemiology
- 5-8% of adult population in U.S.[3], increased % in elderly (> 65 years), women, Blacks & those living in poverty[3]
- more common in boys than in girls until adolescence
- more women develop asthma as adults, especially nonallergic asthma[51]
- asthma control may worsen during menstruation[51]
- infants whose parents clean their pacifiers by sucking on them are at lower risk for developing asthma[52]
- exposure to bacterial endotoxin early in life inhibits allergic inflammation by stimulating the innate immune system thus diminishing risk of asthma in children raised on farms (traditional vs large-scale mechanized farming)[86]
- 1/3 of adult onset asthma may represent misdiagnosis[93]
- diagnosis without confirmatory spirometry contibutory[93]
- in ambient nitrogen dioxide & PM2.5 1993-2014 in Southern Califronia were associated with lower asthma incidence in children[117]
- no associations for ozone or PM10
Pathology
- mucous gland hypertrophy with mucous hypersecretion & mucous plugs
- epithelial desquamation & replacement primarily with proliferating goblet cells
- loss of normal epithelial barriers to respiratory irritants & exposure of nerve endings
- widening of basement membrane
- intraepithelial leukocytes & mast cells (inflammation)
- mast cell degranulation
- eosinophilic infiltration of submucosa
- in asphyxic asthma, neutrophils predominate in airways
- round cell infiltration of bronchial submucosa
- bronchial hyper-responsiveness (pathognomonic feature)
- asthmatics are 100 times more sensitive to the broncho- constricting effects of LTD4 than normal individuals
- obstruction of airflow by secretions & edema of bronchial mucosa
- disruption of elastic fibers[2]
Genetics
(also see OMIM database entries)
- G protein-coupled receptor for asthma susceptibility (GPRA) gene
- asthma-associated alternatively spliced gene 1
- susceptibility to asthma associated with:
- defects in DPP10
- defects in ADAM33
- defects in TBX21
- polymorphism(s) in PHF11
- single nucleotide polymorphisms at 17q21[50]
- other implicated genes: MS4A2, PLA2G7
Clinical manifestations
- symptoms may be intermittent, seasonal, related to workplace or activity
- occur in response to various stimuli (see etiology)
- upper respiratory symptoms may be initial presentation in older adults[3][115]
- intermittent dyspnea, wheezing, cough, chest tightness
- hyperinflation; use of accessory muscles
- impaired lung expansion
- decreased fremitus
- hyperresonant; low diaphragm to percussion
- prolonged expiration
- nasal polyps
Laboratory
- arterial blood gas (hospitalized patients)
- pCO2 is often low
- a normal or mildly elevated pCO2 in severe asthma may be a sign of respiratory muscle fatigue & impending respiratory failure[3]
- complete blood count (CBC)
- sputum cytology: 53% with sputum eosinophilia[38]
- IgE in serum*[3]
- low serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D has been associated with more-frequent asthma exacerbations, airway hyper-responsiveness, & decreased lung function, but vitamin D supplementation is not helpful[59]
- fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO)[124]
- not for directing treatment of asthma in the general population[3]
* identifies individual eligible for biologic agents (see management)
Diagnostic procedures
- pulmonary function testing:
- often a reduction in FEV1 > than any reduction in FVC
- decreased FEV1/FVC
- improvement in FEV1 or FVC following inhalation of a bronchodilator (>= 12% & 200 mL)[3]
- more severe obstruction resulting in air trapping is identified by an increased residual volume
- DLCO is typically normal or elevated in patients with asthma
- flow volume loop may distinguish intrathoracic from extrathoracic airway obstruction[95]
- may be discrepancy between results of spirometry & symptoms in school-age children[62]
- spirometry useful in these cases[62]
- PFT findings do not correlate with patient's subjective symptoms[118]
- every 2 years[24]
- normal spirometry does not rule out asthma
- irreversible airflow obstruction, restrictive pattern (FEV1/FVC > 0.8)
- often a reduction in FEV1 > than any reduction in FVC
- methacholine challenge: known airway irritant
- a negative test rules out asthma
- a positive test does not establish diagnosis[3]
- useful in patients with cough & normal spirometry[3][48]
- peak flow meter (useful at home, emergency department)
- spirometry before & after workplace exposure useful for diagnosis of occupational asthma[3]
- allergen skin testing
- 70-90% of patients positive[3]
- echocardiogram (difficult to control asthma)
Radiology
- chest X-ray (difficult to control asthma)
- bone-density scan: patients on chronic corticosteroids
Complications
- increased risk of obstructive sleep apnea in adults with asthma[64] (RR=2.7)
- 15% with aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease[65]
- increased risk of fractures with systemic glucocorticoids[101]
- no increased risk of fractures with inhaled glucocorticoids
- increased likelihood of tobacco use (28% vs 24%) among high school students[107]
- increased risk for atrial fibrillation (RR=1.4, RR=1.7 for uncontrolled asthma)[109]
- increased cardiovascular risk among those with persistent asthma[129]
- increased risk of cancer (RR=1.36)[130]
- disease interaction(s) of asthma with HIV1 infection
- disease interaction(s) of asthma with atrial fibrillation
- disease interaction(s) of asthma with Herpes zoster
- disease interaction(s) of abdominal aortic aneurysm with astha
- disease interaction(s) asthma, smoking & atopy
- disease interaction(s) of COPD with asthma
- disease interaction(s) of obesity with asthma
Differential diagnosis
- chronic eosinophilic pneumonia
- allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
- Churg-Strauss angiitis
- GERD (may aggravate asthma)[3]
- chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
- vocal cord dysfunction (inspiratory & expiratory wheezing)
- may be exacerbations & remissions
- wheezing over the proximal airways
- may mimic or co-exist with asthma[123]
- heart failure
- bronchiectasis
- mechanical airway obsruction, upper airway obstruction
- obtain flow-volume loops during excerbation
- cystic fibrosis[2]
- asthma syndrome
* consider other diagnoses with asthma is difficult to control[3]
Management
- see acute asthma (asthma exacerbation) &/or status asthmaticus
- quick relief or rescue therapy, albuterol MDI/HFA (all patients)
- glucocorticoids are the most effective class of asthma control medications[3]
- do not use long-acting beta2 agonist alone due to increased risk of death when used without inhaled glucocorticoid or other asthma control medication[3]
- goals of asthma management:
- reduce chronic airway inflammation
- alleviate symptoms of disease
- prevent exacerbations
- eliminate contributing medications
- beta-blockers (including ophthalmic agents)
- aspirin, NSAIDs if patient is sensitive
- identify precipitating conditions
- the most common cause of corticosteroid-dependent asthma is non-compliance with medications, especially inhaled corticosteroids
- ensure proper technique for using inhalers[3]
- during an acute exacerbation, additional goals include:
- ensure adequate gas exchange
- reduce the work of breathing
- chronic management goals also include:
- avoid side affects of medications
- identify precipitants of exacerbations
- allergen skin testing may be indicated
- manage factors contributing to poor asthma control
- assess asthma control through use of validated questionnaires[3]
- written asthma management plan that helps patients recognize symptoms of an asthma exacerbation & begin self treatment[3]
- inhaler skills training & adherence essential[3]
- see meter dose inhaler
- Global Initiative for Asthma guidelines (1 of 3 combinations)
- inhaled glucocorticoid-formoterol combination as needed or low-dose inhaled glucocorticoid whenever albuterol is used
- daily inhaled glucocorticoid +/- long-acting beta2 agonist (formoterol) plus short-acting beta2 agonist (albuterol) as needed
- maintenance & reliever use of inhaled glucocorticoid/formoterol superior to using albuterol as a rescue inhaler[128]
- maintenance & rescue with low-dose budesonide-formoterol[3]
- stepwise management based on classification
- mild intermittent & mild persistent asthma treated similarly[127]
- if symptoms usually < twice monthly, or just not daily, as needed low-dose inhaled glucocorticoid/formoterol
- if symptoms > twice monthly or daily
- daily low-dose inhaled glucocorticoid plus as needed low-dose inhaled glucocorticoid/formoterol
- low-dose inhaled glucocorticoid/formoterol as maintenance & reliever therapy is simpler
- inhaled budesonide associated with fewer severe asthma attacks in patients with early, mild asthma, even in those with infrequent symptoms (industry- sponsored study)[91]
- albuterol monotherapy no longer recommended[127]
- more intensive treatment for more severe disease
- moderate asthma
- inhaled glucocorticoid/formoterol as maintenance & reliever therapy[127]
- consideration for oral corticosteroids as needed
- consider omalizumab (Xolair) in patients with allergies[3]
- useful for patients with eosinophilia or elevated serum IgE[3]
- exercise-induced asthma
- for infrequent symptoms, albuterol MDI, cromylin, or neocromodil 15-30 minutes prior to exercise
- for symptoms > twice weekly, leukotriene inhibitor or treat according to 1-4 (above)
- difficult to control asthma
- life style modifications
- trial of acid suppression with a proton pump inhibitor for potential GERD[3]
- tiotropium added to inhaled glucocorticoid may improve symptoms & pulmonary function[28]
- long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) + long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) added to medium or high-dose inhaled glucocortocoid[124]
- mild intermittent & mild persistent asthma treated similarly[127]
- other observations/strategies
- avoid: long-acting beta2-agonist (LABA) as single agent
- avoid; use of as needed albuterol as monotherapy
- anti-inflammatory agents
- glucocorticoids
- inhaled glucocorticoids for maintenance
- prophylaxis: beclomethasone MDI 2 puffs QID, triamcinolone MDI 2 puffs QID flunisolide MDI 2 puffs BID
- high dose (4X prophylactic dose)* for acute exacerbations in combination with beta-adrenergic receptor agonists[5]; 2X dose not effective[14]; 4X prophylactic dose not helpful for children but may modestly benefit older patients[103]
- reduce to prophylactic dose after acute exacerbation resolves[9]
- consider step-down or discontinuation if asthma well-controlled without need for rescue albuterol inhaler, adverse effects (thrush, hoarseness)[3], use lowest dose consistent with adequate asthma control[3]
- consider use of spacer[3]
- low-dose inhaled glucocorticoid monotherapy is better than all other single-agent strategies for preventing asthma exacerbations[61]
- systemic therapy for acute exacerbations
- methylprednisolone IV 60-125 mg every 6 hours (unlike prednisone, does not require hepatic metabolism for glucocorticoid activity)
- prednisone: initially: 40-60 mg QD (more effective if divided BID), 1 mg/kg PO QD in children[11], < 2 weeks of therapy does NOT require taper
- methylprednisolone: Medrol DosePack, Depo-Medrol 80-160 mg IM, if non-compliance is an issue
- glucocorticoids do not affect course of disease[22]
- high-dose inhaled glucocorticoids do not replace oral glucocorticoids for acute exacerbations[23]
- maintenance glucocorticoids stunt growth in children[30]
- intermittent high-dose inhaled budesonide at the onset of respiratory tract disease as effective as low-dose daily inhaled glucocorticoids in preschool children[35]
- patients with sputum eosinophilia seem to respond better to glucocorticoids than those without[38]
- as-needed inhaled glucocorticoids may be an option in some patients who are motivated to take inhaled glucocorticoids along with albuterol[44][45]
- most patients do not use daily inhaled glucocorticoids when asymptomatic
- older patients with 2-fold risk for glucocorticoid treatment failure as younger patients[71]
- inhaled glucocorticoids for maintenance
- cromolyn sodium MDI 2 puffs QID (not 1st line)
- nedocromil sodium MDI 2 puffs QID (not 1st line)
- glucocorticoids
- agents for use with poor response to glucocorticoids
- omalizumab (Xolair) recombinant humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody
- elevated serum IgE[3]; serum IgE 30-700 mU/uL[3]
- may be superior to methotrexate, gold salts, cyclosporine, troleamdromycin 250 mg PO QD (hepatotoxic)[3]
- modestly lowers frequency of severe asthma exacerbations in patients inadequately controlled on standard therapy[3][33]
- IL5 inhibitors
- benralizumab (Fasenra) for asthma with eosinophilia (> 300/uL) associated with diminished oral glucocorticoid use in patients with severe asthma[94][132]
- mepolizumab (IL-5 inhibitor) for asthma with blood eosinophils > 150-300/uL[3]
- reslizumab for severe asthma exacerbations despite appropriate asthma therapy
- dupilumab (Dupixent, IL-4 inhibitor) for uncontrolled glucorticoid-dependent eosinophilic asthma[107]
- omalizumab (Xolair) recombinant humanized monoclonal anti-IgE antibody
- bronchodilators
- provide symptomatic relief but do not treat underlying airway inflammation
- beta-adrenergic receptor agonists (1st line agents)
- inhaled selective beta-2 agonists
- long-acting beta-2 agonist MDI (NOT for monotherapy)
- salmeterol (Serevent) or formoterol (Foradil)
- for use in conjunction with inhaled steroid
- no increase in mortality with use of long-acting beta-2 agonist[17]
- recommended step-up therapy for asthma that is not controlled on inhaled glucocorticoid alone[39]
- long-term maintenance therapy in children[43]
- controversy about long-term maintenance therapy[46]
- addition of azithromycin 500 mg PO 3x/week associated with fewer asthma exacerbations in patients on dual maintenance therapy[96]
- epinephrine SQ 0.3-0.5 mL of a 1:1000 solution
- rescue medication for life-threatening asthma
- 3 doses 15 minutes apart may be given
- maximum dose 1 mg
- isoproterenol (Isuprel)
- isoetharine (Bronkosol) nebulizer
- theophylline & aminophylline
- heliox may be useful in conjunction with bronchodilators
- anticholinergic agents (muscarinic antagonists)
- tiotropium (Spiriva) as add-on to inhaled glucocorticoid for uncontrolled asthma[28][34]
- tiotropium (Spiriva) as add-on to inhaled glucocorticoid plus long-acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonist for uncontrolled asthma[43]
- a subset of patients who do not respond to long-acting beta-adrenergic receptor agonists will respond to tiotropium[53]
- combination therapy:
- fluticasone/salmeterol (Advair)
- budesonide/formoterol (Symbovort)[24][87]
- adding a long-acting beta-2 adrenergic agonist (LABA) to an inhaled glucocorticoid is more effective than doubling the glucocorticoid dose[3] in adults
- inhaled glucocorticoid with long-acting beta agonist lowers risk of severe asthma attack[61][87]
- fluticasone/salmeterol noninferior to fluticasone monotherapy in the risk for serious asthma-related events[84]
- in children, LABA added to an inhaled glucocorticoid
- not inferior to doubling the dose of glucocorticoid, but may result in more frequent hospitalizations[29]
- does not increase risk of serious adverse asthma outcomes[88]
- combination rescue with beclomethasone plus albuterol without maintenance glucocorticoids may be an option for children as this approach avoids stunted growth associated with maintenance glucocorticoids[30]
- adding a long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) to an inhaled glucocorticoid is more effective than glucocorticoid alone but may not be better than adding LABA[104]
- triple therapy glucocorticoid/LABA/LAMA
- fluticasone/vilanterol once daily may be beneficial[100]
- magnesium sulfate: 1-2 g IV over 20 min[8]
- leukotriene receptor antagonists (prophylaxis)
- agents
- montelukast (Singulair) 5-10 mg PO QD (see MOSAIC trial)
- zafirlukast (Accolate) 20 mg PO BID
- indications
- aspirin-sensitive asthma
- exercise-induced asthma
- virus-induced wheezing[3]
- addition of leukotriene receptor antagonist to inhaled glucocorticoid NOT of benefit[7][73]
- leukotriene antagonists likely work well as monotherapy in real-world settings because of their ease of use[31][73]
- agents
- zileuton (Zyflo), a 5-lipoxygenase inhibitor
- theophylline:
- use with caution or not at all
- toxicity may result from drug interactions
- antihistamines are NOT contraindicated
- routine use of proton pump inhibitor not indicated[27]
- proton pump inhibitors do not improve symptoms of asthma[37]
- aerobic exercise helps improve asthma symptoms & systemic inflammation in patients with moderate-to-severe asthma[70]
- weight reduction in obese patients improves airway hyper-responsiveness & symptom control[72]
- biologic agents used for treatment of asthma[3]
- omalizumab (anti-IgE, elevated serum IgE)
- mepolizumab (anti-IL5, eosinophilia)
- reslizumab (anti-IL5, eosinophilia)
- benralizumab (anti-IL5, eosinophilia)
- dupilumab (anti-IL4, eosinophilia)
- tezepelumab (Tezspire) FDA-approved for treatment of severe asthma
- inhibits thymic stromal lymphopoietin
- 79% clinical response, 24% remission with biologic agent[133]
- subcutaneous immunotherapy recommended[124]
- sublingual immunotherapy not recommended[124]
- useful when a single trigger is identified[3]
- bronchial thermoplasty FDA-approved as adjunctive therapy for patients who remain symptomatic despite optimal medical management[3]
- other unproven therapy
- follow-up
- inhaled glucocorticoid may cause thrush, hoarseness & osteopenia
- low threshold for prescribing calcium, vitamin D, early DEXA scan in older adults with glucocorticoid exposure
- vaccines
- pneumococcal vaccine (PneumoVax) age >= 2 years
- Covid-19 vaccine
- annual influenza vaccine
- patient education:
- self management skills based on classification
- poor control is often due to improper use of inhalers
- asthma medication in hand at discharge improve outcomes[83]
- environmental control
- air-conditioning in a tightly closed home is most effective
- air filters may be of some value
- only industrial quality masks are capable of excluding pollen particles
- controlling common indoor asthma triggers as effective as asthma medications, including allergens due to
- pets, dust mites, rodents, mold,
- pollutants (secondhand smoke, particulate matter from gas stoves & other appliances[90]
- frequent bathing of animals or complete avoidance
- mold abatement
- pest control[102]
- avoid smoking & second hand smoke
- allergen-proof mattresses & pillow cases[90]
- multicomponent measures may be of benefit, single ]measures are not[102]
- diet
- home visits from trained community health workers providing asthma education & social services support may cost-effective for lower-income adults [63]
Comparative biology
- mice fed high-fiber diet especially soluble fiber with less mucus production & airway hyperreactivity in response to dust mite allergen exposure[55] (see dietary fiber)
More general terms
- obstructive lung disease
- type 1 hypersensitivity; immediate hypersensitivity (allergy)
- bronchospastic pulmonary disease
- chronic lung disease
More specific terms
- acute asthma; asthma exacerbation
- adult-onset asthma
- asthma during pregnancy
- asthma in the elderly
- asthma syndrome
- eosinophilic asthma
- exercise-induced asthma
- mild-persistent asthma
- occupational asthma
- reactive airway dysfunction syndrome (RADS)
Additional terms
- alternative classification of asthma
- assessment of severity of acute asthma
- asthma-related traits
- conditions that may present as refractory asthma
- industrial agents that can cause asthma
- metered dose inhaler (MDI)
- provocation inhalation challenge test; methacholine challenge test
- referral of asthmatic patients
References
- ↑ Manual of Medical Therapeutics, 28th edition, Ewald & McKenzie (eds) Little, Brown & Co, 1995, pg 236-40
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Mayo Internal Medicine Board Review, 1998-99, Prakash UBS (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1998, pg 12-19, 740
- ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 3.10 3.11 3.12 3.13 3.14 3.15 3.16 3.17 3.18 3.19 3.20 3.21 3.22 3.23 3.24 3.25 3.26 3.27 3.28 3.29 3.30 3.31 3.32 3.33 3.34 3.35 3.36 3.37 3.38 3.39 3.40 3.41 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2022.
Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022 - ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed. Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1994, pg 1146
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Prescriber's Letter 8(5):29 2001
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Journal Watch 22(8):63, 2002 Lewith GT et al Use of ultramolecular potencies of allergen to treat asthmatic people allergic to house dust mite: double blind randomised controlled clinical trial. BMJ 324:520, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11872551
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Journal Watch 22(16):129, 2002 Ducharme FM et al Anti-leukotrienes as add-on therapy to inhaled glucocorticoids in patients with asthma: systematic review of current evidence. BMJ 324:1545, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12089089
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Journal Watch 22(19):151-52, 2002 Siverman RA et al IV magnesium sulfate in the treatment of acute severe asthma: a multicenter randomized controlled trial. Chest 122:489, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12171821
Noppen M Magnesium treatment for asthma: where do we stand? Chest 122:396, 2002 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12171805 - ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Journal Watch 23(14):114, 2003 Hawkins G et al Stepping down inhaled corticosteroids in asthma: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 326:1115, 2003 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12763981 <Internet> http://bmj.com/cgi/content/full/326/7399/1115
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Journal Watch 23(14):114, 2003 Chauban AJ et al Personal exposure to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and the severity of virus-induced asthma in children. Lancet 361:1939 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12801737
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 What is the Optimal Dose of Oral Corticosteroids in Children with Acute Exacerbations of Asthma? Prescriber's Letter 11(2):9 2004 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=200224&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
Journal Watch 24(5):40, 2004 Harrison TW et al Doubling the dose of inhaled corticosteroid to prevent asthma exacerbations: randomised controlled trial. Lancet 363:271, 2004 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14751699 - ↑ Journal Watch 24(11):91, 2004 Laitinen T, Polvi A, Rydman P, Vendelin J, Pulkkinen V, Salmikangas P, Makela S, Rehn M, Pirskanen A, Rautanen A, Zucchelli M, Gullsten H, Leino M, Alenius H, Petays T, Haahtela T, Laitinen A, Laprise C, Hudson TJ, Laitinen LA, Kere J. Characterization of a common susceptibility locus for asthma- related traits. Science. 2004 Apr 9;304(5668):300-4. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073379
Couzin J. Genetics. Two new asthma genes uncovered. Science. 2004 Apr 9;304(5668):185-7. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15073340 - ↑ 13.0 13.1 Journal Watch 24(13):105-106, 2004 Biscardi S, Lorrot M, Marc E, Moulin F, Boutonnat-Faucher B, Heilbronner C, Iniguez JL, Chaussain M, Nicand E, Raymond J, Gendrel D. Mycoplasma pneumoniae and asthma in children. Clin Infect Dis. 2004 May 15;38(10):1341-6. Epub 2004 Apr 29. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15156467
Hartert TV, Edwards K. Antibiotics for asthma? Clin Infect Dis. 2004 May 15;38(10):1347-9. Epub 2004 Apr 29. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15156468 - ↑ 14.0 14.1 Prescriber's Letter 11(3):14 2004 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=200302&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Journal Watch 24(19):154, 2004 Castro-Rodriguez JA, Rodrigo GJ. beta-agonists through metered-dose inhaler with valved holding chamber versus nebulizer for acute exacerbation of wheezing or asthma in children under 5 years of age: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Pediatr. 2004 Aug;145(2):172-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15289762
Smyth RL, Jones A. Treatment of acute wheezing episodes in young children. J Pediatr. 2004 Aug;145(2):151-2. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15289758 - ↑ Prescriber's Letter 11(11): 2004 Single-Dose Intramuscular Methylprednisolone in the Treatment of Asthma Exacerbations Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=201119&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Journal Watch 25(6):49, 2005 Anderson HR, Ayres JG, Sturdy PM, Bland JM, Butland BK, Peckitt C, Taylor JC, Victor CR. Bronchodilator treatment and deaths from asthma: case-control study. BMJ. 2005 Jan 15;330(7483):117. Epub 2004 Dec 23. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15618231 <Internet> http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/330/7483/117
- ↑ Garcia Garcia ML, Wahn U, Gilles L, Swern A, Tozzi CA, Polos P. Montelukast, compared with fluticasone, for control of asthma among 6- to 14-year-old patients with mild asthma: the MOSAIC study. Pediatrics. 2005 Aug;116(2):360-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16061590
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Kim IK, Phrampus E, Venkataraman S, Pitetti R, Saville A, Corcoran T, Gracely E, Funt N, Thompson A. Helium/oxygen-driven albuterol nebulization in the treatment of children with moderate to severe asthma exacerbations: a randomized, controlled trial. Pediatrics. 2005 Nov;116(5):1127-33. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16263999
- ↑ Geriatric Review Syllabus, 7th edition Parada JT et al (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2010
- ↑ Nelson HS et al, The salmeterol multicenter asthma research trial: A comparison of usual pharmacotherapy for asthma or usual pharmacotherapy plus salmeterol Chest 2006, 129:15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16424409
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Guilbert TW et al, Long-term inhaled corticosteroids in preschool children at at high risk for asthma N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1985 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16687711
Bisgaard H et al, Intermittent inhaled corticosteroids in infants with episodic wheezing. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:1998 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16687712
Gold DR & Fuberg A Inhaled corticosteroids for young children with wheezing. N Engl J Med 2006; 354:2058 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16687719 - ↑ 23.0 23.1 Schuh S et al, High-dose inhaled fluticasone does not replace oral prednisone in children with mild to moderate acute asthma. Pediatrics 2006, 118:644 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16882819
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Rabe KF et al, Effect of budesonide in combination with formoterol for reliever therapy in asthma exacerbations: A randomized controlled, double-blind study. Lancet 2006, 368:744 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16935685
Pedersen S. Budesonide plus formoterol for relieve therapy for asthma. Lancet 2006, 368:707 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16935666 - ↑ Prescriber's Letter 14(10): 2007 StepWise Asthma Management Asthma Guideline Summary Patient Handout Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=231004&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Mastronarde JG et al, for the American Lung Association Asthma Clinical Research Centers Efficacy of esomeprazole for treatment of poorly controlled asthma. N Engl J Med 2009 Apr 9; 360:1487 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19357404
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Prescriber's Letter 16(6): 2009 Do Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs) Improve Asthma? Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=250609&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
Kiljander TO et al. Effect of esomeprazole 40 mg once or twice daily on asthma: A randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010 May 15; 181:1042. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20110554 - ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 Peters SP et al Tiotropium Bromide Step-Up Therapy for Adults with Uncontrolled Asthma N Engl J Med 2010 September 19, 2010 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20979471 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1008770
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Vaessen-Verberne AAPH et al. Combination therapy salmeterol/fluticasone versus doubling dose of fluticasone in children with asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010 Nov 15; 182:1221 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20622031
Arnold DH and Hartert TV. What we need to know about long-acting beta 2-agonists: Deja vu all over again? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2010 Nov 15; 182:1219. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21079266 - ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Martinez FD et al Use of beclomethasone dipropionate as rescue treatment for children with mild persistent asthma (TREXA): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 15 February 2011 http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62145-9/fulltext
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Price D et al, Leukotriene Antagonists as First-Line or Add-on Asthma-Controller Therapy N Engl J Med 2011; 364:1695-1707 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542741 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1010846
Dahlen SE et a; Asthma Treatment Guidelines Meet the Real World N Engl J Med 2011; 364:1769-1770 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21542748 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1100937 - ↑ Dhuper S et al. Efficacy and cost comparisons of bronchodilatator administration between metered dose inhalers with disposable spacers and nebulizers for acute asthma treatment. J Emerg Med 2011 Mar; 40:247. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19081697
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Hanania NA et al. Omalizumab in severe allergic asthma inadequately controlled with standard therapy: A randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2011 May 3; 154:573 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21536936
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Kerstjens HAM et al. Tiotropium improves lung function in patients with severe uncontrolled asthma: A randomized controlled trial. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2011 May 31 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21636120 <Internet> http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(11)00677-4/fulltext
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Zeiger RS et al Daily or Intermittent Budesonide in Preschool Children with Recurrent Wheezing N Engl J Med 2011 Nov 24; 365:1990. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22111718 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1104647
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Beasley RW et al Acetaminophen Use and Risk of Asthma, Rhinoconjunctivitis and Eczema in Adolescents: ISAAC Phase Three. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2010 Aug 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20709817
McBride JT. The association of acetaminophen and asthma prevalence and severity. Pediatrics 2011 Dec; 128:1181 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22065272
Cheelo M et al Paracetamol exposure in pregnancy and early childhood and development of childhood asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Dis Child. 26 November 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25429049 <Internet> http://adc.bmj.com/content/early/2014/11/07/archdischild-2012-303043 - ↑ 37.0 37.1 Writing Committee for the American Lung Association Asthma Clinical Research Centers Lansoprazole for Children With Poorly Controlled Asthma JAMA. 2012;307(4):373-380 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22274684 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/307/4/373.full
Martinez FD Children, Asthma, and Proton Pump Inhibitors: Costs and Perils of Therapeutic Creep JAMA. 2012;307(4):406-407 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22274689 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/content/307/4/406.extract - ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 McGrath KW et al. A large subgroup of mild-to-moderate asthma is persistently noneosinophilic. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2012 Mar 15; 185:612 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22268133
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Wells KE et al. The relationship between combination inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta-agonist use and severe asthma exacerbations in a diverse population. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 May; 129:1274 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22281166
Pedersen S and O'Byrne PM. Combination inhaled corticosteroid and long-acting beta2-agonist use and severe asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2012 May; 129:1280. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22464645 - ↑ Pavord ID et al. Mepolizumab for severe eosinophilic asthma (DREAM): A multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2012 Aug 18; 380:651 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22901886
- ↑ Practical Guide for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma National Heart, Lung, & Blood Institute (NHLBI) http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/asthma/asthgdln.pdf http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/lung/asthma/practgde/practgde.pdf
BRITISH GUIDELINE ON THE MANAGEMENT OF ASTHMA http://www.sign.ac.uk/guidelines/fulltext/63/index.html (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn July 2015)
Asthma: University of Michigan http://cme.med.umich.edu/pdf/guideline/asthma05.pdf
Institute for Clinical Systems Improvement (ICSI) Diagnosis and outpatient management of asthma http://www.icsi.org/knowledge/browse_bydate.asp?catID=29
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) http://www.ginasthma.com/GuidelinesResources.asp?l1=2&l2=0 - ↑ Brozek JL et al Long-Acting beta-2-Agonist Step-off in Patients With Controlled Asthma Systematic Review With Meta-analysis Archive of Internal Medicine Aug 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928176 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1352787
Chan CM and Shorr AF Black Clouds and Black Boxes Comment on "Long-Acting beta-2-Agonist Step-off in Patients With Controlled Asthma" Archive of Internal Medicine Aug 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928180 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1352791 - ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Kerstjens HAM et al Tiotropium in asthma poorly controlled with standard combination therapy. N Engl J Med 2012 Sep 27; 367:1198 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938706 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1208606
Bel EH. Tiotropium for asthma - Promise and caution. N Engl J Med 2012 Sep 27; 367:1257. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22938707 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1209381 - ↑ 44.0 44.1 Calhoun WJ et al. Comparison of physician-, biomarker-, and symptom-based strategies for adjustment of inhaled corticosteroid therapy in adults with asthma: The BASALT randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2012 Sep 12; 308:987 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22968888
O'Connor GT and Reibman J. Inhaled corticosteroid dose adjustment in mild persistent asthma. JAMA 2012 Sep 12; 308:1036. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22968893 - ↑ 45.0 45.1 Prescriber's Letter 19(11): 2012 Using Inhaled Corticosteroids PRN for Asthma Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=281125&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 19(11): 2012 Safety of Long-Acting Beta-Agonists in Asthma PDF: Stepwise Approach for Managing Asthma (Children) (NIH Asthma Guidelines 2007) PDF: Stepwise Approach for Managing Asthma (Adolescents/Adults)(NIH Asthma Guidelines 2007) Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd= 281126&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 Haughney J, Price D, Kaplan A Achieving asthma control in practice: understanding the reasons for poor control. Respir Med. 2008 Dec;102(12):1681-93 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18815019
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Dicpinigaitis PV. Chronic cough due to asthma: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest. 2006 Jan;129(1 Suppl):75S-79S. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16428696
- ↑ Lazarus SC. Clinical practice. Emergency treatment of asthma. N Engl J Med. 2010 Aug 19;363(8):755-64 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20818877
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Caliskan M et al. Rhinovirus wheezing illness and genetic risk of childhood- onset asthma. N Engl J Med 2013 Mar 27 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23534543 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1211592
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Rao CK et al. Characteristics of perimenstrual asthma and its relation to asthma severity and control: Data from the Severe Asthma Research Program. Chest 2013 Apr; 143:984 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23632943 <Internet> http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1461073
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Physician's First Watch, May 7, 2013 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Hesselmar B et al Pacifier cleaning practices and risk of allergy development. Pediatrics May 6, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23650304 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/04/30/peds.2012-3345.full.pdf+html - ↑ 53.0 53.1 Peters SP et al. Predictors of response to tiotropium versus salmeterol in asthmatic adults. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013 Nov; 132:1068 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24084072 <Internet> http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(13)01218-9/abstract
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Chung KF et al. International ERS/ATS guidelines on definition, evaluation and treatment of severe asthma. Eur Respir J 2014 Feb 1; 43:343 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24337046 <Internet> http://erj.ersjournals.com/content/43/2/343
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Trompette A et al. Gut microbiota metabolism of dietary fiber influences allergic airway disease and hematopoiesis. Nat Med 2014 Feb; 20:159 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/ 24390308
Huffnagle GB. Increase in dietary fiber dampens allergic responses in the lung. Nat Med 2014 Feb 6; 20:120 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24504401 - ↑ Prescriber's Letter 21(4): 2014 Dexamethasone for Childhood Asthma Exacerbations Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=300407&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Morales DR et al. Adverse respiratory effect of acute beta-blocker exposure in asthma: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest 2014 Apr; 145:779 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24202435 <Internet> http://journal.publications.chestnet.org/article.aspx?articleid=1767055
Morales DR, Jackson C, Lipworth BJ Adverse respiratory effect of acute beta-blocker exposure in asthma: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Chest. 2013 Nov 7 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24202435 - ↑ Jones SC, Iverson D, Burns P Asthma and ageing: an end user's perspective--the perception and problems with the management of asthma in the elderly. Clin Exp Allergy. 2011 Apr;41(4):471-81. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21395876
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 59.2 Castro M et al. Effect of vitamin D3 on asthma treatment failures in adults with symptomatic asthma and lower vitamin D levels: The VIDA randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2014 May 28; 311:2083. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24838406 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1873132
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Lynch SV et al Effects of early-life exposure to allergens and bacteria on recurrent wheeze and atopy in urban children. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. June 6, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24908147 <Internet> http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2814%2900593-4/fulltext
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Loymans RJB et al. Comparative effectiveness of long term drug treatment strategies to prevent asthma exacerbations: Network meta-analysis. BMJ 2014 May 13; 348:g3009 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24919052 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/348/bmj.g3009
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Schifano ED et al. Mismatch between asthma symptoms and spirometry: Implications for managing asthma in children. J Pediatr 2014 Sep 1 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25175496 <Internet> http://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476%2814%2900650-7/abstract
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Krieger J, Song L, Philby M Community health worker home visits for adults with uncontrolled asthma: The HomeBASE Trial randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2014 Nov 24 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25419871 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1939375
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Teodorescu M et al Association Between Asthma and Risk of Developing Obstructive Sleep Apnea. JAMA. 2015;313(2):156-164 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25585327 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2089354
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Rajan JP et al. Prevalence of aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease among asthmatic patients: A meta-analysis of the literature. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015 Mar; 135:676. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25282015 <Internet> http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2814%2901192-0/abstract
- ↑ The NNT: Long-Acting Beta-Agonists with Inhaled Corticosteroids vs. Inhaled Steroids Alone for Adults with Asthma. http://www.thennt.com/nnt/combination-inhalers-steroids-plus-bronchodilators-for-adult-asthma/
The NNT: Long-Acting Beta-Agonists with Inhaled Corticosteroids vs. Inhaled Steroids Alone for Children with Asthma http://www.thennt.com/nnt/combined-inhalers-vs-steroid-inhalers-for-childhood-asthma/
Ducharme FM, Ni Chroinin M, Greenstone I, Lasserson TJ Addition of long-acting beta2-agonists to inhaled steroids versus higher dose inhaled steroids in adults and children with persistent asthma. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2010 Apr 14;(4):CD005533 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20393943 - ↑ The NNT: Nebulized Ipratropium Given During an Asthma Attack http://www.thennt.com/nnt/nebulized-ipratropium-for-asthma-attack/
Cydulka RK, Emerman CL, Muni A. Levalbuterol versuss levalbuterol plus ipratropium in the treatment of severe acute asthma. J Asthma. 2010 Dec;47(10):1094-100 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20923385
Salo D, Tuel M, Lavery RF, Reischel U, Lebowitz J, Moore T. A randomized, clinical trial comparing the efficacy of continuous nebulized albuterol (15 mg) versus continuous nebulized albuterol (15 mg) plus ipratropium bromide (2 mg) for the treatment of acute asthma. J Emerg Med. 2006 Nov;31(4):371-6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17046476 - ↑ 68.0 68.1 American Thoracic Society. Public Release. May 17, 2015 Many children with asthma have reaction to peanuts, but do not know it. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2015-05/ats-mcw050515.php
- ↑ Smith LJ et al. Effect of a soy isoflavone supplement on lung function and clinical outcomes in patients with poorly controlled asthma: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2015 May 26; 313:2033 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26010632 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2297169
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 Orciari Herman A, Sadoughi S, Saitz R Benefits of Aerobic Training in Adults with Asthma Detailed Physician's First Watch, June 11, 2015 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Thorax article (link broken) - ↑ 71.0 71.1 Dunn RM et al Impact of Age and Gender on Response to Asthma Therapy. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. First published online 11 Jun 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26068329 <Internet> http://www.atsjournals.org/doi/abs/10.1164/rccm.201503-0426OC
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 Pakhale S et al. Effects of weight loss on airway responsiveness in obese adults with asthma: Does weight loss lead to reversibility of asthma? Chest 2015 Jun 1; 147:1582 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25763936
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Miligkos M et al Leukotriene-Receptor Antagonists Versus Placebo in the Treatment of Asthma in Adults and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Ann Intern Med. Published online 22 September 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26390230 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2443064
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Mountjoy M et al. Prevalence and characteristics of asthma in the aquatic disciplines. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2015 Sep; 136:588. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25819982 <Internet> http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749%2815%2900186-4/abstract
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 Arrieta MC, Stiemsma LT, Dimitriu PA et al. Early infancy microbial and metabolic alterations affect risk of childhood asthma. Sci Transl Med 2015 Sep 30; 7:307ra152. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26424567
Dominguez-Bello MG and Blaser MJ. Asthma: Undoing millions of years of coevolution in early life? Sci Transl Med 2015 Sep 30; 7:307fs39. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26424565 - ↑ 76.0 76.1 Fall T, Lundholm C, Ortqvist AK et al Early Exposure to Dogs and Farm Animals and the Risk of Childhood Asthma. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169(11):e153219 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26523822 <Internet> http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2467334
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 Triebner K, Johannessen A, Puggini L et al. Menopause as a predictor of new-onset asthma: A longitudinal Northern European population study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2016 Jan; 137:50. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26435006
- ↑ Forno E, Celedon JC. Health disparities in asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012 May 15;185(10):1033-5. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22589306 Free PMC Article
- ↑ Lajunen TK, Jaakkola JJ, Jaakkola MS. The synergistic effect of heredity and exposure to second-hand smoke on adult-onset asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Oct 1;188(7):776-82 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23981189
- ↑ Martinez FD, Vercelli D. Asthma. Lancet. 2013 Oct 19;382(9901):1360-72. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24041942
- ↑ von Mutius E, Hartert T. Update in asthma 2012. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2013 Jul 15;188(2):150-6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23855691
- ↑ National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Nov;120(5 Suppl):S94-138. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983880
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 Bell LM Asthma Medication in Hand at Discharge Improves Outcomes. Physician's First Watch, Feb 24, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Hatoun J, Bair-Merritt M, Cabral H, Moses J Increasing Medication Possession at Discharge for Patients With Asthma: The Meds-in-Hand Project. Pediatrics. March 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26912205 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/02/22/peds.2015-0461 - ↑ Stempel DA et al Serious Asthma Events with Fluticasone plus Salmeterol versus Fluticasone Alone. N Engl J Med. March 6, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26949137 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1511049
Martinez FD Safety of Fluticasone plus Salmeterol in Asthma - Reassuring Data, but No Final Answer. N Engl J Med. March 6, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26946980 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1601040 - ↑ Raimondi GA, Gonzalez S, Zaltsman J, Menga G, Adrogue HJ. Acid-base patterns in acute severe asthma. J Asthma. 2013 Dec;50(10):1062-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23947392
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 Stein MM et al. Innate immunity and asthma risk in Amish and Hutterite farm children. N Engl J Med 2016 Aug 4; 375:411. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27518660 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1508749
Chatila TA. Innate immunity in asthma. N Engl J Med 2016 Aug 4; 375:477 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27518667 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe1607438 - ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Peters SP et al. Serious asthma events with budesonide plus formoterol vs. budesonide alone. N Engl J Med 2016 Sep 1; 375:850 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27579635 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1511190
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 Stempel DA et al. Safety of adding salmeterol to fluticasone propionate in children with asthma. N Engl J Med 2016 Sep 1; 375:840. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27579634 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1606356
Bush A, Frey U. Safety of long-acting beta-agonists in children with asthma. N Engl J Med 2016 Sep 1; 375:889. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27579641 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe1608508 - ↑ 2016 GINA Report. Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention. http://ginasthma.org/2016-gina-report-global-strategy-for-asthma-management-and-prevention/
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 90.2 90.3 Matsui EC, Abramson SL, Sandel MT et al Indoor Environmental Control Practices and Asthma Management. Pediatrics Oct 2016, e20162589; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27940791
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 Reddel HK, Busse WW, Pedersen S et al Should recommendations about starting inhaled corticosteroid treatment for mild asthma be based on symptom frequency: a post-hoc efficacy analysis of the START study. Lancet Nov 29, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27912982 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)31399-X/fulltext
Papi A, Fabbri LM Management of patients with early mild asthma and infrequent symptoms. Lancet Nov 29, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27912984 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)32111-0/fulltext - ↑ 92.0 92.1 Bisgaard H, Stokholm J, Chawes BL et al Fish Oil-Derived Fatty Acids in Pregnancy and Wheeze and Asthma in Offspring. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:2530-2539. December 29, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28029926 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1503734
Ramsden CE Breathing Easier with Fish Oil - A New Approach to Preventing Asthma? PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28029914 N Engl J Med 2016; 375:2596-2598. December 29, 2016 http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1611723 - ↑ 93.0 93.1 93.2 Aaron SD, Vandemheen KL, FitzGerald JM et al Reevaluation of Diagnosis in Adults With Physician-Diagnosed Asthma. JAMA. 2017;317(3):269-279 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28114551 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2598265
Hollingsworth HM. O'Connor GT Asthma - Here Today, Gone Tomorrow? JAMA. 2017;317(3):262-263 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28114530 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2598243 - ↑ 94.0 94.1 Nair P, Wenzel S, Rabe KF et al Oral Glucocorticoid-Sparing Effect of Benralizumab in Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. May 22, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28530840 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1703501
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 Fein A, Morante JE, Shah AM Diagnostic Errors in Patients With Pulmonary Symptoms. Medscape. June 15, 2017 http://www.medscape.com/slideshow/diagnostic-errors-pulmonary-symptoms-6008747
- ↑ 96.0 96.1 Gibson PG, Yang IA, Upham JW et al Effect of azithromycin on asthma exacerbations and quality of life in adults with persistent uncontrolled asthma (AMAZES): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. July 4, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28687413 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31281-3/fulltext
Brusselle G, Pavord I Azithromycin in uncontrolled asthma Lancet. July 4, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28687412 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)31547-7/fulltext - ↑ Fanta CH. Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2009 Mar 5;360(10):1002-14. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19264689
- ↑ Israel E, Reddel HK. Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults N Engl J Med 2017; 377:965-976. September 7, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28877019 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1608969
- ↑ Rothaus C Severe and Difficult-to-Treat Asthma in Adults. NEJM Resident 360. Sept 6, 2017 https://resident360.nejm.org/content_items/severe-and-difficult-to-treat-asthma-in-adults
- ↑ 100.0 100.1 Woodcock A, Vestbo J, Bakerly ND et al. Effectiveness of fluticasone furoate plus vilanterol on asthma control in clinical practice: An open-label, parallel group, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2017 Sep 10; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28903864
Gibson P. Effectiveness trials in asthma: Time to SaLSA? Lancet 2017 Sep 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28903863 - ↑ 101.0 101.1 Gray N, Howard A, Zhu J et al Association Between Inhaled Corticosteroid Use and Bone Fracture in Children With Asthma. JAMA Pediatr. Published online November 13, 2017 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29131874 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/article-abstract/2661821
- ↑ 102.0 102.1 102.2 102.3 Leas BF, D'Anci KE, Apter AJ et al Effectiveness of Indoor Allergen Reduction in Management of Asthma Comparative Effectiveness Review No. 201. (Prepared by the ECRI Institute-Penn Medicine Evidence-based Practice Center under Contract No. 290-2015-0005-I.) AHRQ Publication No. 18-EHC002-EF. Rockville, MD: Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; February 2018. https://effectivehealthcare.ahrq.gov/topics/asthma-nonpharmacologic-treatment/final-report-indoor-allergen-reduction
Leas BF, D'Anci KE, Apter AJ et al Effectiveness of indoor allergen reduction in the management of asthma: a systematic review. The Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 13 Feb 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29452202 - ↑ 103.0 103.1 Jackson DJ, Bacharier LB, Mauger DT et al. Quintupling inhaled glucocorticoids to prevent childhood asthma exacerbations. N Engl J Med 2018 Mar 8; 378:891. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29504498 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1710988
McKeever T, Mortimer K, Wilson A et al. Quadrupling inhaled glucocorticoid dose to abort asthma exacerbations. N Engl J Med 2018 Mar 8; 378:902. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29504499 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1714257
Bardin PG. Escalating inhaled glucocorticoids to prevent asthma exacerbations. N Engl J Med 2018 Mar 8; 378:950. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29504500 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe1800152 - ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Sobieraj DM, Baker WL, Nguyen E et al Association of Inhaled Corticosteroids and Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists With Asthma Control in Patients With Uncontrolled, Persistent Asthma. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. Published online March 19, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554174 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2675736
Sobieraj DM, Weeda ER, Nguyen E et al Association of Inhaled Corticosteroids and Long-Acting beta- Agonists as Controller and Quick Relief Therapy With Exacerbations and Symptom Control in Persistent Asthma. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. Published online March 19, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554195 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2675737
Krishnan JA, Au DH. Time to Converge FDA Decisions and Evidence Syntheses for Long-Acting Muscarinic Antagonists and SMART in Guidelines for the Treatment of Asthma. JAMA. Published online March 19, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29554261 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2675735 - ↑ Rabe KF, Nair P, Brusselle G et al Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab in Glucocorticoid-Dependent Severe Asthma. N Engl J Med. May 21, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29782224 Free full text https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1804093
Castro M, Corren J, Pavord ID et al Dupilumab Efficacy and Safety in Moderate-to-Severe Uncontrolled Asthma. N Engl J Med. May 21, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29782217 Free full text https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1804092
Drazen JM, Harrington D. New Biologics for Asthma. N Engl J Med. May 21, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29782236 Free full text https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1806037 - ↑ Bateman ED et al. As-needed budesonide-formoterol versus maintenance budesonide in mild asthma. N Engl J Med 2018 May 17; 378:1877. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29768147
Lazarus SC. On-demand versus maintenance inhaled treatment in mild asthma. N Engl J Med 2018 May 17; 378:1940. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29768146
O'Byrne PM et al. Inhaled combined budesonide-formoterol as needed in mild asthma. N Engl J Med 2018 May 17; 378:1865. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29768149
Rothaus C As-Needed Budesonide-Formoterol in Mild Asthma. NEJM Resident 360. May 16, 2018 https://resident360.nejm.org/content_items/as-needed-budesonide-formoterol-in-mild-asthma - ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 Reid KM, Forrest JR, Porter L. Tobacco Product Use Among Youths With and Without Lifetime Asthma - Florida, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:599-601 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6721a2.htm
- ↑ Amrol DJ Treating Patients When Asthma Symptoms Worsen NEJM Journal Watch. June 12, 2018 Massachusetts Medical Society https://www.jwatch.org/na46894/2018/06/11/treating-patients-when-asthma-symptoms-worsen (subscription needed) http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 109.0 109.1 Cepelis A, Brumpton BM, Malmo V et al Associations of Asthma and Asthma Control With Atrial Fibrillation Risk. Results From the Nord-Trondelag Health Study (HUNT). JAMA Cardiol. Published online July 11, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29998294 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamacardiology/fullarticle/2687455
- ↑ Chan-Yeung M, Malo JL. Occupational Asthma N Engl J Med 1995; 333:107-112 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJM199507133330207
- ↑ National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. Expert Panel Report 3 (EPR-3): Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Management of Asthma-Summary Report 2007. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 2007 Nov;120(5 Suppl):S94-138. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17983880
- ↑ McCracken JL, Veeranki SP, Ameredes BT, Calhoun WJ. Diagnosis and Management of Asthma in Adults: A Review. JAMA. 2017 Jul 18;318(3):279-290. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28719697
- ↑ Prasad Kerlin M. In the clinic. Asthma. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Mar 4;160(5):ITC3 2-15; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24737276
- ↑ Idrees M, FitzGerald JM. Vocal cord dysfunction in bronchial asthma. A review article. J Asthma. 2015 May;52(4):327-35. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25365113
- ↑ 115.0 115.1 Al-Alawi M, Hassan T, Chotirmall SH. Advances in the diagnosis and management of asthma in older adults. Am J Med. 2014 May;127(5):370-8. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24380710
- ↑ Beasley R, Holliday M, Reddel HK et al Controlled Trial of Budesonide-Formoterol as Needed for Mild Asthma. N Engl J Med. May 19, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31112386 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1901963
Lazarus SC, Krishnan JA, King TS et al Mometasone or Tiotropium in Mild Asthma with a Low Sputum Eosinophil Level N Engl J Med. May 19, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31112384 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1814917
Wong GWK How Should We Treat Patients with Mild Asthma? PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31112381 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1905354 - ↑ 117.0 117.1 Garcia E, Berhane KT, Islam T et al Association of Changes in Air Quality With Incident Asthma in Children in California, 1993-2014 JAMA. 2019;321(19):1906-1915 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31112259 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2733972
Thurston GD, Rice MB. Air Pollution Exposure and Asthma Incidence in Children: Demonstrating the Value of Air Quality Standards. JAMA. 2019;321(19):1875-1877. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31112243 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2733950 - ↑ 118.0 118.1 Sullivan PW, Ghushchyan VH, Marvel J et al. Association between pulmonary function and asthma symptoms. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019 Sep/Oct; 7:2319-2325. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31034996 Free Article https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2213219819303927
- ↑ Hardy J, Baggott C, Fingleton J et al. Budesonide-formoterol reliever therapy versus maintenance budesonide plus terbutaline reliever therapy in adults with mild to moderate asthma (PRACTICAL): A 52-week, open-label, multicentre, superiority, randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2019 Sep 14; 394:919 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31451207 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31948-8/fulltext
Gauthier M, Wenzel SE. As-needed beta agonist-inhaled corticosteroid in mild asthma. Lancet 2019 Sep 14; 394:897. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31451208 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31994-4/fulltext - ↑ 120.0 120.1 Virchow JC, Kuna P, Paggiaro P et al Single inhaler extrafine triple therapy in uncontrolled asthma (TRIMARAN and TRIGGER): two double-blind, parallel-group, randomised, controlled phase 3 trials. Lancet. Sept 30, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31582314 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)32215-9/fulltext
FitzGerald JM, Sadatsafavi M Triple therapy in a single inhaler: a new option for uncontrolled asthma. Lancet. Sept 30, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31582315 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)32216-0/fulltext - ↑ 121.0 121.1 Litonjua AA, Carey VJ, Laranjo N et al Six-Year Follow-up of a Trial of Antenatal Vitamin D for Asthma Reduction. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:525-533. Feb 6 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32023372 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1906137
von Mutius E, Martinez FD Vitamin D Supplementation during Pregnancy and the Prevention of Childhood Asthma. N Engl J Med 2020; 382:574-575. Feb 6 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32023379 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1915082 - ↑ Amrol DJ A New Approach for Treating Patients with Intermittent Mild Asthma (cites NICE, American Diabetes Association) NEJM Journal Watch. Oct 15,, 2019 Massachusetts Medical Society (subscription needed) http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 123.0 123.1 Lee J, Denton E, Hoy R et al. Paradoxical vocal fold motion in difficult asthma is associated with dysfunctional breathing and preserved lung function. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020 March 12 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32173506 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2213219820302385
Stojanovic S, Denton E, Lee J et al. Diagnostic and therapeutic outcomes following systematic assessment of patients with concurrent suspected vocal cord dysfunction and asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2022 Feb; 10:602-608.e1 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34718212 https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(21)01191-0/fulltext - ↑ 124.0 124.1 124.2 124.3 124.4 124.5 Cloutier MM, Dixon AE, Krishnan JA et al Managing Asthma in Adolescents and Adults. 2020 Asthma Guideline Update From the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program. JAMA. 2020 Dec 8;324(22):2301-2317 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33270095 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2020.21974
Lovinsky-Desir S, O'Connor GT Evolving Strategies for Long-term Asthma Management. JAMA. 2020 Dec 8;324(22):2265-2267 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33270088 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2773481 - ↑ 125.0 125.1 125.2 Kim LMY, Saleh C, Whalen-Browne A et al Triple vs Dual Inhaler Therapy and Asthma Outcomes in Moderate to Severe Asthma. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. Published online May 19, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34009257 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2780374
- ↑ Papi S, Chipps BE, Beasley R et al Albuterol-Budesonide Fixed-Dose Combination Rescue Inhaler for Asthma. N Engl J Med. 2022. may 15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35569035 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2203163
- ↑ 127.0 127.1 127.2 127.3 Gray SE, Cifu AS, Press VG Therapy for Mild to Moderate Asthma JAMA. Published online July 21, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35862052 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2794730
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 Kim C et al. Effectiveness of maintenance and reliever therapy using inhaled corticosteroid- formoterol in asthmatics. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2022 Oct; 10:2638. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35752435 https://www.jaci-inpractice.org/article/S2213-2198(22)00594-3/fulltext
Israel E et al. Reliever-triggered inhaled glucocorticoid in Black and Latinx adults with asthma. N Engl J Med 2022 Feb 26; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35213105 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2118813 - ↑ 129.0 129.1 Tattersall MC, Dasiewicz AS, McClelland RL Persistent Asthma Is Associated With Carotid Plaque in MESA. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022. Nov 23 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36416156 Free article https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/JAHA.122.026644
- ↑ 130.0 130.1 Guo Y, Bian J, Chen Z et al Cancer incidence after asthma diagnosis: Evidence from a large clinical research network in the United States. Cancer Medicine. 2023. March 31 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36999938 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cam4.5875
- ↑ Corren J, Menzies-Gow A, Chupp G, et al. Efficacy of Tezepelumab in Severe, Uncontrolled Asthma: Pooled Analysis of the PATHWAY and NAVIGATOR Clinical Trials. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2023 Jul 1;208(1):13-24. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37015033
- ↑ 132.0 132.1 Jackson DJ, Heaney LG, Humbert M et al. Reduction of daily maintenance inhaled corticosteroids in patients with severe eosinophilic asthma treated with benralizumab (SHAMAL): A randomised, multicentre, open-label, phase 4 study. Lancet 2023 Dec 7; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38071986 Free article. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)02284-5/fulltext
- ↑ 133.0 133.1 Hansen S et al. Clinical response and remission in patients with severe asthma treated with biologic therapies. Chest 2024 Feb; 165:253 https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(23)05695-7/fulltext PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37925144 Free article
- ↑ Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). The Global Strategy for Asthma Management and Prevention; 2020 https://ginasthma.org/
Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Reports. July 10, 2023 https://ginasthma.org/reports/
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