Rhinovirus
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Introduction
Also see common cold
Epidemiology
- rhinovirus most transmitted through direct contact or via aerosol particles
- the primary site of inoculation is the nasal mucosa,
- conjunctiva may be involved to a lesser extent
- contagious behavior includes nose blowing, sneezing, & physically transferring infected secretions onto environmental surfaces or paper tissue
- kissing, talking, coughing do not contribute to rhinovirus transmission
- exposure to cold weather, getting wet, or becoming chilled do not cause rhinovirus infection
- large inoculum(s) to nasal mucosa are necessary for rhinovirus infection, thus transmission generally requires long-term contact with infected person(s)
- children who attend school are the most common reservoirs of rhinovirus
- viral shedding
- can occur prior to symptoms
- lasts, on average, 10-14 days
- prolonged viral shredding is known to occur
- may not be associated with respiratory symptoms
- adults average 2-3 colds/year[2]
Pathology
- major group rhinovirus receptor: ICAM-1 (CD54)
- etiology of upper respiratory tract infection, viral pneumonia
- few cells are generally infected by rhinovirus, & infection involves only a small portion of the epithelium[2]
Clinical manifestations
- symptoms develop 1-2 days inoculation, & oeak after 2-4 days
- nasal dryness or irritation may be the first symptom
- nasal congestion
- nasal secretions become thicker & colored after 2-3 days
- postnasal drip, pharnngitis
- sneezing
- sinusitis[2]
Laboratory
- rhinovirus antigen
- rhinovirus RNA (test of choice)[2]
Radiology
Complications
Management
- rest, hydration
- antihistamine/decongestant combinations may improve symptoms
- zinc > 75 mg elemental zinc/day may benefit adults but not children[2]
More general terms
Additional terms
- common cold; acute nasopharyngitis; viral rhinosinusitis
- intercellular adhesion molecule 1; ICAM-1; major group rhinovirus receptor; CD54 (ICAM1)