mast cell

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Function

mast cells contain metachromatically stained granules (Giemsa or toluidine blue); these granules contain several pharmacologically active substances
preformed mast cell mediators:
- vasoactive mediators
- chemotactic factors
  - neutrophil chemotactic factors
  - eosinophil chemotactic factors
- enzymes
  - neutral proteases & acid hydrolases
    - kininogenase
    - arylsulfatase A
  - exoglycosidases
    - beta-hexosaminidase
    - beta-D-galactosidase
    - beta-glucuronidase
- granule-associate mediators
  - mast-cell tryptase
  - chymotryptic proteinase
  - heparin & other proteoglycans
  - tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha)
  - interleukin-4 (IL-4)
rapidly synthesized mast cell mediators
- reactive oxygen species - superoxide
- arachidonate metabolites:
  - leukotrienes (slow-reacting substances of anaphylaxis)
    - LTC4
    - LTD4
    - LTE4
  - 5-lipoxygenase products
  - thromboxane A2
  - prostaglandin D2
  - platelet-activating factor
- vasoactive mediators - bradykinin
mast cell-derived cytokines:
- eosinophil growth & activating factors
  - interleukin-5 (IL-5)
  - GM-CSF
  - interleukin-3 (IL-3)
- mast cell growth factors
  - interleukin-3 (IL-3)
  - interleukin-9 (IL-9)
  - interleukin-10 (IL-10)
- proinflammatory factors
  - interleukin-1 (IL-1)
  - tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alph)
  - interleukin-6 (IL-6)
  - interleukin-8 (IL-8)
- factors contributing to IgE isotype switch
  - interleukin-4 (IL-4)
  - interleukin-13 (IL-13)

Biochemistry

c-kit & its ligand (mast cell growth factor) enhances the number & activation state of mast cells

Pharmacology

drugs that cause mast cell degranulation include:
- alcohol, dextran, polymixin B, morphine, codeine, scopolamine, D-tubocurarine, NSAIDs
antihistamines (sedating H1 blockers +/- H2 blockers) are used to treat excessive mast cell degranulation

Physiology

mast cells are connective tissue cells of mesenchymal origin
widely distributed throughout the body, including bone marrow, thymus, spleen
mast cells do not normally appear in peripheral blood

More general terms

Additional terms

References

↑ Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 16, 18.. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2012. 2018
↑ Henry's Clinical Diagnosis & Management by Laboratory Methods, 21st edition, McPherson RA & Pincus MR (es), W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, PA. 2007, page 496
↑ ARUP Consult: Mast Cell Disorders The Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation https://www.arupconsult.com/content/mast-cell-disorders
Mast Cell Disorders Testing Algorithm https://arupconsult.com/algorithm/mast-cell-disorders-testing-algorithm

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