influenza virus vaccine, inactivated (Fluogen, Fluzone, Fluvirin, Flushield, Fluarix, Flulaval, Agriflu, Afluria, Flublok Quadrivalent, FluCelVax, Fluad, RIV4)
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Epidemiology
- 96% of flu viruses in 2014 were influenza A (H3N2)
- 67% of circulating influenza A (H3N2) viruses collected in the U.S. in 2014 are antigenically different from the H3N2 virus included in the 2014-2015 vaccine[78][79][80] (also see CDC FluView)
- influenza viruses circulating in summer of 2014 are similar to the components of the 2015-2016 influenza virus vaccine & are sensitive to neuraminidase inhibitors[82]
- 40% effective in preventing hospitalizations among pregnant women 2010-2016[112]
- 2015-2016 influenza virus vaccine
- 51% effective against H1N1 (most cases this season)
- 76% against all influenza B viruses
- 79% percent against the B/Yamagata[86]
- 48% effective against any influenza illness[99]
- 2017-2018 influenza virus vaccine
- 25% effective against H3N2 (major circulating strain)
- 67% effective against H1N1
- 42% effective against influenza B[105]
- 2019-2020 vaccine effectiveness has been 47%[116]
- influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 major circulating strain
- ~45% effective overall. 55% among children & adolescents[123]
- 2021-2022 vaccine effective against predominant strain H3N2 16%[135]
Indications
- all persons >= 6 months of age (ACP)[4]
- all persons over 64 years of age (49 years of age[4])
- diminishes risk of hospitalizations for
- heart disease & stroke (20%)
- reduces risk of cardiovascular events in patients with established cardiovascular disease[4]
- reduces mortality in patients with heart failure (RR=0.82)[114]
- pneumonia (30%)[8]
- heart disease & stroke (20%)
- diminishes mortality by 50% (during flu season)[8][10][25]
- any repeat vaccination reduces mortality in patients > 70
- up to 24%[12]
- 10% reduction for 1st vaccination
- patients with chronic illness with most benefit
- no benefit in mortality for patients < 70[12]
- no clear benefit in persons > 65 years of age[125]
- high-dose influenza vaccine is recommended for U.S. adults > 65 years, but the evidence is weak[141]
- diminishes risk of hospitalizations for
- persons in long-term care facilities[4]
- all children age 6 months to 18 years (to increase herd immunity)[28][102]
- attenuated influenza vaccine nasal spray (FluMist) 1st line for healthy children 2-8 years of age[68]*
- quadrivalent vaccine may be give to children 6 months of age
- persons aged 2-64 with chronic disease, especially:
- congestive heart failure
- pulmonary disease
- renal failure
- diabetes
- malignancy
- immunocompromised patients, especially HIV infection
- anemia
- children on long-term aspirin (i.e. juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
- people at risk for aspiration due to:[16]
- seizure disorders
- cognitive dysfunction
- spinal cord injury
- persons who could transmit the disease to high-risk individuals
- health-care workers
- those who provide care for or live with chronically ill patients
- those who work in day-care centers
- household contacts of children < 2 years of age[9]
- surgical inpatients prior to discharge[87]
- all children age 6-59 months[9][10]
- no evidence of benefit in children < 2 years
- live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) is preferred for healthy children 2 to 8 years of age[70]
- inactivated influenza vaccine recommmended by American Academy of Pediatrics for 2018-2019 flu season[107][110]
- pregnant women, 2nd & 3rd trimesters[4][9]
- reduces influenza in mothers & their infants (2-4% both)[71]
- infants born to mothers who received flu vaccine during pregnancy have a 60% lower risk for influenza or influenza- like illness in the 1st 6 months of life than those born to unvaccinated mothers[90]
- does not reduce influenza in infants of HIV+ mothers[71]
- reduces risk of stillbirth (3 vs 5 stillbirths per 100,000 pregnancy-days)[88]
- reduces influenza-associated hospitalizations & emergency department visits for their infants[150]
- a new universal vaccine triggers antibodies that bind to the stalk region of the influenza surface protein hemagglutinin[129]
- according FDA's Dr. Karen Midthun: "It is important to get vaccinated every year, even if the strains in the vaccine do not change, because the protection received the previous year will diminish over time and may be too low to provide protection into the next year." ('marketing' or evidence-based medicine?)[39]
* live attenuated vaccine not recommended given low effectiveness against (H1N1)pdm09 viruses during 2013-14 & 2014-2015 seasons[101]
Contraindications
- hypersensitivity to eggs, thimerosal or influenza vaccine
- Fluzone contains egg protein[34]
- Flublock recommended for patients with egg allergy[58]
- in patients with a positive skin test to egg protein, the influenza virus vaccine can be administered, if necessary, in graded doses
- one of the commonly used graded dose regimens gives 1/10 of the dose followed in 30 minutes by the remaining 9/10 of the dose[3]
- may be safely administered to patients with history of hives after exposure to eggs[4]
- observe for 30 minutes for signs of adverse reaction[4]
- all available flu vaccines are safe in all egg-allergic patients, regardless if the vaccine may contain residual egg protein[104]
- patients with acute febrile illness should delay vaccination
- delay immunization in a patient with active neurologic disease or changing neurological findings
- infants < 6 months of age
* safe & effective to administer Covid-19 vaccine & influenza vaccine at same time[134]
* safe & effective to administer RSV vaccine & influenza vaccine at same time[149]
Caution:
- antigenic response may be diminished in patients receiving immunosuppressive agents
- monitor for hypersensitivity, have epinephrine available
- because of potential of febrile reactions, use with caution in patients with a history of febrile seizures
- influenza vaccines from previous seasons must not be used
- safe for asthmatics[5][6]
- considered safe if patients on warfarin, if INR is therapeutic[6]
- use with caution in patients with history of Guillain-Barre syndrome
- Fluarix may contain trace amounts of gentamicin[18]
- does not reduce risk of dementia
Pregnancy-category: C (safe during pregnancy[15][85][133])
Influenza vaccination during pregnancy does not harm prenatally exposed children[133]
Benefit/risk
- number needed to treat (NNT) to avoid symptoms - 33 (at best), typically NNT is ~ 100[74]
- NNT = 43 elderly > 65 years of age (range: 16-192)[74]
- may reduce major cardiovascular events 3.6% vs 5.6%, NNT=50[136]
- 6.5% vs 11% among those with recent acute coronary syndrome, NNT=22[136]
- may reduce risk of ischemic stroke 5% (raw data), 8-12% (data adjusted for clinical factors)[138]
Dosage
- IM, 15 ug of hemagglutinin per strain (trivalent vaccine)
- low-dose intradermal injections (20-40% of IM dose) as effective as standard dose intramuscular injections[13][131]
- needle-free jet injection as effective as IM injection[67]
chronically immunosuppressed solid organ transplant recipients
- High-Dose Fluzone HD
- seroconversion 78.6% vs 55.8% for standard dose[108]
Elderly
- High-Dose Flublok. RIV4 (quadrivalent recombinant influenza virus vaccine)
- 45 ug of recombinant hemagglutinin per strain
- 180 ug of protein per dose[98][148]
- gigantic study could not confirm meaningful clinical benefits[148]
- High-Dose Fluzone HD
- high-dose vaccine (60 ug hemagglutinin per strain[30][69], 180 ug[32], 3 strains ?)
- reduces laboratory-confirmed incidence of influenza infection 1.4% vs 1.9%[69]
- 0.24 vs 0.35 per 10,000 person-weeks[108]
- CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) seems to endorse high-dose Fluzone (HD-IIV3)[44][109]
- Fluad combines trivalent influenza virus vaccine (2 influenza A, 1 influenza B hemagglutinins) with an adjuvant, an oil-in-water emulsion of squalene oil[84];
- FDA approval based on immunogenicity & safety
- no mention of eliciting IgA
- no clinical benefit demonstrated
- high-dose trivalent influenza virus vaccine does not reduce all-cause mortality or hospitalizations for cardiac or pulmonary causes compared with standard-dose quadrivalent vaccine in high-risk patients[128]
Adults & children > 12 years:
- whole virus, split virus or purified surface antigen
- one dose 0.5 mL IM
- do not administer IV
- if co-administered with Covid-19 vaccine, administer in different limbs if possible*[139]
Children* 3-12 years:
- split virus or purified surface antigen
- two doses 0.5 mL IM 4 weeks apart (first immunization)
Children* 6-35 months of age:
- split virus or purified surface antigen
- two doses 0.25 mL IM 4 weeks apart (first immunization)
Children 6 months-8 years of age who have never received influenza virus vaccine or who have not received 2 or more doses of influenza virus vaccine since July 2010 should receive two doses IM 4 weeks apart (2012-2013 season)[48]
Injection:
- split-virus: 5 mL, 0.5 mL prefilled syringe (Fluvirin)
- Fluvirin contains trace amounts of thimerosal[43]
2015-16 vaccine: trivalent vaccines will include
- A/California/7/2009 (H1N1)-like virus
- an A/Switzerland/9715293/2013 (H3N2)-like virus
- B/Phuket/3073/2013-like (Yamagata lineage) virus[81]
2015-16 Fluzone Intradermal Quadrivalent vaccine is expected to replace the trivalent Fluzone Intradermal vaccine for adults 18-64 years of age[81]
FDA has approved Fluzone High-Dose Quadrivalent for adults >= 65 years available Fall 2020 - contains 2 influenza A & 2 influenza B strains[122]
High dose flu vaccine contains 4x more antigen than standard dose
- in 2016-2017 when vaccine composition & circulating virus were well matched, both high-dose & standard-dose vaccines provided similar reductions in post-influenza mortality (25-30%)[147]
- during other flu seasons, in which vaccine composition & circulating virus were not well matched, post-influenza mortality was ~20& lower with the high-dose vaccine, but this was not a significant difference[147]
* High-Dose & adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccines more likely to cause local reaction[139]
FDA has recommended a different composition for the 2016-17 influenza virus vaccine[93]
2018-19 World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations:
- A/Michigan/45/2015 (H1N1)pdm09-like virus;
- A/Singapore/INFIMH-16-0019/2016 (H3N2)-like virus;
- B/Colorado/06/2017-like virus (B/Victoria/2/87 lineage); &
- B/Phuket/3073/2013-like virus (B/Yamagata/16/88 lineage)[106]
* may be given with other routine childhood immunizations single dose of 0.5 mL if previously immunized[20]
vaccination mid-October to mid-November
vaccines that do not need to be given annually are in development[50]
* Flu Shot Coding. HCPCS/CPT Codes[134]
Pharmacokinetics
- 2 weeks for IgG antibodies to develop[44]
- elimination: liver
Adverse effects
- most common (1-10%)
- tenderness, redness or induration at the site of injection
- malaise
- uncommon (< 1%)
- anaphylactoid reactions (generally due to residual egg protein), allergic reactions, fever, hives, angioedema, myalgia, Guillain-Barre syndrome[46], asthma
- reactions are mild & seldom persist more than 24-48 hours
- local pain & swelling
- deltoid or subacromial bursitis (rare)[128]
- fever & myalgias are infrequent
- headache
- other
- reports of febrile seizures in children with Fluzone[38]
- cranial nerve palsy (Bell's palsy) with high-dose vaccine[69][146]
- encephalomyelitis with high-dose vaccine[69]
- 849 reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system in postmarketing surveillance of Floblok Quadrivalent[137]
- 810 reported as non-serious yet many allergic reactions reported as non-serious, required interventions to treat a life-threatening event (epinephrine, nebulizers, albuterol, glucocorticoids, supplemental oxygen)
- 10 cases of Guillain-Barre syndrome, 5 required mechanical ventilation & 2 people died [137]
- no excess risk of thromboembolism[144]
- increased risk of ischemic stroke after high-dose vaccine[151]
- RR=1.1 if administered alone, RR=1.2-1.3 if administered with bivalent Covid-19 vaccine booster
* Covid-19 vaccine booster alone did not increase stroke risk[151]
Drug interactions
- immunosuppressive agents may diminish immunological response
- TNF antagonist adalimumab may not be a problem[22]
- may increase anticoagulant effect of warfarin
- may decrease anticonvulsant effect of phenytoin
- may increase risk of febrile seizures when coadministered with DTaP or PCV13[92]
- methotrexate may diminish response to vaccine
- hold methotrexate for 1 week after influenza virus vaccine[143]
- drug interaction(s) of methotrexate with influenza virus vaccine
- drug interaction(s) of statins with influenza virus vaccines
Methods
- inactivated, egg grown, highly purified vaccine containing 2 influenza A subtypes & one influenza B subtype, updated annually
- the 2010 flu vaccine includes the 2009 H1N1 strain plus two seasonal flu strains
- purified surface antigen
- split virus
- different vaccines for special patient populations[37]
- intradermal vaccine, Fluzone intradermal (available 2011)
- Flublock is an egg-free trivalent influenza vaccine made using an insect virus (baculovirus) expression system & recombinant DNA technology[54][58]
- FluCelVax made in U.S. using cultured dog cells
Mechanism of action
- vaccines target the globular outer region of the viral hemagglutinin protein
- the outer region or head constantly changes, necessitating different vaccines each year
- producers of annual vaccines do not always accurately predict the dominant circulating strains
- investigational vaccines target a region in the stem of the hemagglutinin protein, a region that remains largely unchanged [41, 129]
- intramuscular vaccine induces circulating IgG & IgM; however, the virus replicates in columnar epithelial cells of the respiratory tract
- is there an obligatory viremic phase of the virus?
- does the vaccine induce T-cell mediated immunity?[62]
- does the vaccine induce innate immunity?
Notes
- breakthrough rate* in patients with COPD is 5%[7]
- benefit moderate if any in elderly[17][27]
- vaccine trials/studies can give the impression of preventing death even when no influenza is in sight[33]
- high-dose vaccine 25% more effective than standard dose in elderly[69]
- hospitalization 3.4% (high dose) vs. 3.9% (standard dose) over 6 months[100]
- 40% of elderly (mean age 69) hospitalized in 2010-2018 with laboratory- confirmed influenza had received annual influenza virus vaccine[132]
- effectiveness of vaccine questioned[55]
- diminished mortality in patients hospitalized with community-acquired pneumonia[21]
- inactivated vaccine is more efficient than live-attenuated vaccine in healthy adults[31]
- may not be more efficient in children (see FluMist)
- components of influenza vaccine for the 2012-2013 season includes:[39][47]
- Quadrivalent vaccine FDA-approved June 2013[57]
- obesity may decrease vaccine efficacy[45]
- overall level of benefit is modest[49]
- effectiveness of well matched (i.e. good antigenic match of vaccine to seasonal virus) is ~ 60%
- 62% in 2013
- effectiveness of poorly matched vaccine is < 30%
- effectiveness of 2016-2017 vaccine is 48%, 43% against influenza A H3N2 & 73% against influenza B[96]
- consistently poor response in elderly[49]
- effectiveness of well matched (i.e. good antigenic match of vaccine to seasonal virus) is ~ 60%
- vaccine-induced protection greatest when not vaccinated during the prior 5 years[77]
- Flublock expires in 16 weeks.[58]
- flu vaccine reduces cardiovascular risk (2.9% vs 4.7%) in high-risk patients[61]
- 2 vaccinations in young children is associated with ~80% reduction in flu-related pediatric intensive care unit admissions[65]
- influenza mortality in children
- 26% of influenza-related deaths in vaccinated children
- 48% of study group received influenza virus vaccine[97]
- vaccination rates among healthcare workers[72] & pregnant women could be better[73]
- may reduce risk of hospitalization for community-acquired pneumonia due to influenza[83]
- mandatory vaccination of healthcare workers of unknown/ unproven benefit[95]
- in states where flu vaccination is mandated or encouraged for hospital employees, fewer respiratory deaths occur[130]
- 80,000 deaths in U.S. attributed to influenza in 2017-2018 flu season including complications such as MI, stroke, & pneumonia[111]
- vaccine 40% effective against circulating strains
- 78% of healthcare workers vaccinated
- yearly vaccination does not reduce effectiveness of vaccine[113]
- 1st human trial of a universal influenza vaccine (H1ssF_3928)[117]
- an mRNA vaccine that simultaneously immunizes against all 20 subtypes of flu virus with one injection has been successfully tested in mice & ferrets[140]
- pediatric waiting room handout to hispanic mothers may increase influenza vaccination rates of their children[118]
- no adverse outcomes in offspring of mothers who received 2009 H1N1 vaccine by the age 5 years[119]
* serology-confirmed influenza after vaccination
- a modeling study concludes that early vaccination would save lives & reduce costs in the event of an H7N9 pandemic[66]
- the study may overestimate effectiveness of the vaccine
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
- influenza
- live attenuated influenza virus vaccine; LAIV (FluMist, FluMist Quadrivalent)
- thimerosal; ethylmercurothiosalycilate; thiomersalate; mercurothiolate; merthiolate; merzonin; vitaseptol
References
- ↑ Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 878
- ↑ Kaiser Permanente Northern California Regional Drug Formulary, 1998
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Drug Information & Medication Formulary, Veterans Affairs, Central California Health Care System, 1st ed., Ravnan et al eds, 1998
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 14, 17, 19 American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2006, 2015, 2022
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Journal Watch 21(24):192, 2001 American Lung Association Asthma Clinical Research Centers, NEJM 345:1529, 2001
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Prescriber's Letter 9(1):5 2002
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Journal Watch 23(5):41, 2003 Neuzil KM et al, Clin Infect Dis 36:169, 2003
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Journal Watch 23(9):70, 2003 Nichol KL, Nordin J, Mullooly J, Lask R, Fillbrandt K, Iwane M. Influenza vaccination and reduction in hospitalizations for cardiac disease and stroke among the elderly. N Engl J Med. 2003 Apr 3;348(14):1322-32. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12672859
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Prescriber's Letter 11(9): 2004 Influenza Virus Vaccine: New Recommendations Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=200907&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Journal Watch 24(21):163, 2004 Armstrong BG, Mangtani P, Fletcher A, Kovats S, McMichael A, Pattenden S, Wilkinson P. Effect of influenza vaccination on excess deaths occurring during periods of high circulation of influenza: cohort study in elderly people. BMJ. 2004 Sep 18;329(7467):660. Epub 2004 Aug 15. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15313884 <Internet> http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7467/660
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 11(12): 2004 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=201214&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Journal Watch 24(24):184, 2004 Voordouw AC, Sturkenboom MC, Dieleman JP, Stijnen T, Smith DJ, van der Lei J, Stricker BH. Annual revaccination against influenza and mortality risk in community-dwelling elderly persons. JAMA. 2004 Nov 3;292(17):2089-95. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15523069
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Journal Watch 25(1):10, 2005 Kenney RT, Frech SA, Muenz LR, Villar CP, Glenn GM. Dose sparing with intradermal injection of influenza vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 25;351(22):2295-301. Epub 2004 Nov 25. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15525714
Belshe RB, Newman FK, Cannon J, Duane C, Treanor J, Van Hoecke C, Howe BJ, Dubin G. Serum antibody responses after intradermal vaccination against influenza. N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 25;351(22):2286-94. Epub 2004 Nov 25. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15525713
La Montagne JR, Fauci AS. Intradermal influenza vaccination--can less be more? N Engl J Med. 2004 Nov 25;351(22):2330-2. Epub 2004 Nov 25. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15525715 - ↑ Journal Watch 25(8):68, 2005 Jefferson T, Smith S, Demicheli V, Harnden A, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C. Assessment of the efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in healthy children: systematic review. Lancet. 2005 Feb 26;365(9461):773-80. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15733718
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Journal Watch 25(11):88, 2005 Munoz FM, Greisinger AJ, Wehmanen OA, Mouzoon ME, Hoyle JC, Smith FA, Glezen WP. Safety of influenza vaccination during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2005 Apr;192(4):1098-106. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15846187
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Prescriber's Letter 12(9): 2005 Influenza Update 2005 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=210904&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
Harper SA, Fukuda K, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Bridges CB; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005 Jul 29;54(RR-8):1-40. Erratum in: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005 Aug 5;54(30):750. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16086456 <Internet> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5408a1.htm.
specific recommendations for persons displaced by hurricane Katrina http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5436a3.htm - ↑ 17.0 17.1 Prescriber's Letter 12(9): 2005 Does the Influenza vaccination benefit the elderly Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=211105&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
Jefferson T, Rivetti D, Rivetti A, Rudin M, Di Pietrantonj C, Demicheli V. Efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccines in elderly people: a systematic review. Lancet. 2005 Oct 1;366(9492):1165-74. Epub 2005 Sep 22. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16198765 - ↑ 18.0 18.1 Monthly Prescribing Reference http://www.PrescribingReference.com
- ↑ Michele L. Pearson, Carolyn B. Bridges, Scott A. Harper Influenza Vaccination of Health-Care Personnel Recommendations of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee (HICPAC) and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) MMWR February 9, 2006, 55(Early Release);1-16 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr55e209a1.htm
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Prescriber's Letter 13(9): 2006 Updates in Treatment and Prevention of Influenza Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=220903&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
Prescriber's Letter 14(1): 2007 Influenza Vaccination in Children: Missed Second Doses Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=230108&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com - ↑ 21.0 21.1 Spaude KA et al, Influenza vaccination and risk of mortality among adults hospitalized with community-acquired pnuemonia. Arch Intern Med 2007, 167:53 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17210878
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Kaine JL et al, Immune responses following administration of influenza and pneumococcal vaccines to patients with rheumatoid arthritis receiving adalimumab. J Rheumatol 2007, 24:272 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17304653
- ↑ National Influenza Vaccination Week, Nov 2006 http://www.cdc.gov/flu/nivw06.htm http://www.guideline.gov/search/searchresults.aspx?Type=3&txtSearch=%22Prevention+and+control+of+influenza%22+OR+%22influenza+vaccination%22+OR+%22prevention+of+influenza%22+&num=20) and management http://www.guideline.gov/search/searchresults.aspx?Type=3&txtSearch=%22treatment+of+influenza%22&num=20
- ↑ Fiore AE et al, Prevention and Control of Influenza Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2007 MMWR, 2007 (June 29, 2007) 56:1-54 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr56e629a1.htm
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Nichol KL et al, Effectiveness of influenza vaccine in the community-dwelling elderly. N Engl J Med 357:1373 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914038
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 14(11): 2007 Myths about influenza and influenza vaccines Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=231101&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 Belongia EA and Shay DK. Influenza vaccine for community-acquired pneumonia. Lancet 2008 Aug 2; 372:352. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18675671
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Prescriber's Letter 15(9): 2008 Update on Influenza 2008-2009 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=240902&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Lexi-Comp Inc. 2009
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 Falsey AR et al Randomized, double-blind controlled phase 3 trial comparing the immunogenicity of high-dose and standard-dose influenza vaccine in adults 65 years of age and older. J Infect Dis 2009 Jul 15; 200:172 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19508159
Poland GA and Mulligan MJ. The imperative of influenza vaccines for elderly individuals - an evolving story. J Infect Dis 2009 Jul 15; 200:161. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19508160 - ↑ 31.0 31.1 Monto AS et al Comparative efficacy of inactivated and live attenuated influenza vaccines. N Engl J Med 2009 Sep 24; 361:1260. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19776407 <Internet> http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/361/13/1260
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 FDA Press release, Dec 23, 2009 FDA Approves A High Dose Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Specifically Intended for People Ages 65 and Older Accelerated approval process used in vaccine approval http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm195483.htm
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Baxter R et al. Evidence of bias in studies of influenza vaccine effectiveness in elderly patients. J Infect Dis 2010 Jan 15; 201:186. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19995265
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Licensure of a High-Dose Inactivated Influenza Vaccine for Persons Aged >= 65 Years (Fluzone High-Dose) and Guidance for Use --- United States, 2010 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) April 30, 2010 / 59(16);485-486 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5916a2.htm
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 17(9): 2010 COMMENTARY: Seasonal Influenza Vaccine: What's New for 2010-11 GUIDELINES: Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines PATIENT HANDOUT: Common Myths About Flu and the Flu Shot Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=260904&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 17(10): 2010 COMMENTARY: Influenza Vaccine and Egg-Allergic Patients GUIDELINES: Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines GUIDELINES: Statement on Seasonal Trivalent Inactivated Influenza Vaccine (TIV) for 2010-2011 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=261003&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Prescriber's Letter 17(12): 2010 Choosing an Influenza Vaccine for Special Patient Populations Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=261209&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Fluzone Vaccine Safety: FDA and CDC Update on Fluzone Influenza Vaccine and VAERS Reports of Febrile Seizures in Children January 20, 2011 http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/SafetyAvailability/VaccineSafety/ucm240037.htm
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 FDA NEWS RELEASE: July 18, 2011 FDA approves vaccines for the 2011-2012 influenza season http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm263319.htm
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention and control of influenza with vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2011. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2011 Aug 26; 60:1128. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21866086
- ↑ Ekiert DC et al. A highly conserved neutralizing epitope on group 2 influenza A viruses. Science 2011 Aug 12; 333:843 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21737702
Corti D et al. A neutralizing antibody selected from plasma cells that binds to group 1 and group 2 influenza A hemagglutinins. Science 2011 Aug 12; 333:850. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21798894
Wang TT and Palese P. Catching a moving target. Science 2011 Aug 12; 333:834. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21836007 - ↑ Prescriber's Letter 18(10): 2011 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=271005&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
Prescriber's Letter 19(10): 2012 Seasonal Influenza Update for 2012-13 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=281005&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com - ↑ 43.0 43.1 Prescriber's Letter 18(12): 2011 Use of Influenza and Pertussis Vaccines in Pregnancy Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=271205&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 7th edition Parada JT et al (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2010
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 9th edition (GRS9) Medinal-Walpole A, Pacala JT, Porter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2016 - ↑ 45.0 45.1 Kim Y-H et al. Diet-induced obesity dramatically reduces the efficacy of a 2009 pandemic H1N1 vaccine in a mouse model. J Infect Dis 2012 Jan 15; 205:244. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22147801
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 De Wals P et al Risk of Guillain-Barre syndrome following H1N1 influenza vaccination in Quebec. JAMA 2012 Jul 11; 308:175 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22782419
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 FDA News Release: Aug. 13, 2012 FDA approves vaccines for the 2012-2013 influenza season http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm315365.htm
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) - United States, 2012-13 Influenza Season http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6132a3.htm
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Treanor JJ et al. Effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines in the United States during a season with circulation of all three vaccine strains. Clin Infect Dis 2012 Oct 1; 55:951 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22843783
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Gilbert SC Advances in the development of universal influenza vaccines. Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22998622 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/irv.12013/abstract
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 FDA News Release: November 20, 2012 FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine manufactured using cell culture technology
- ↑ FDA Approves GlaxoSmithKline's four-strain seasonal influenza vaccine for use in the U.S. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/fda-approves-glaxosmithklines-four-strain-seasonal-influenza-vaccine-for-use-in-the-us-183790471.html
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Early Estimates of Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, January 2013 MMWR. Jan 11, 2013 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm62e0111a1.htm
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 FDA News Release: Jan. 16, 2013 FDA approves new seasonal influenza vaccine made using novel technology http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm335891.htm
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Doshi P Influenza: marketing vaccine by marketing disease. BMJ 2013;346:f3037 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23682040 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f3037
- ↑ Fiore AE, Bridges CB, Cox NJ. Seasonal influenza vaccines. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2009;333:43-82 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19768400
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Sanofi-Pasteur News Release. June 10, 2013 New Four-Strain Influenza Vaccine from Sanofi Pasteur Now Licensed By FDA for Broad Age Range of Children and Adults. http://www.multivu.com/mnr/61694-sanofi-pasteur-fluzone-quadrivalent-influenza-virus-vaccine-fda-approval
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 58.2 58.3 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Media Advisory. June 20, 2013 CDC advisory committee recommends an influenza vaccine option for persons with egg allergy. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2013/a0620-FluBlok.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Flublok Seasonal Influenza (Flu) Vaccination http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/qa_flublok-vaccine.htm - ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States 2013-2014 MMWR. September 20, 2013 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr6207.pdf
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Influenza Vaccines - United States, 2013-14 Influenza Season http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/vaccine/vaccines.htm - ↑ Prescriber's Letter 20(10): 2013 CHART: Flu Vaccines for 2013-2014 SPECIAL REPORT: Influenza Immunization Update for 2013 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=291020&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 Udell JA et al Association Between Influenza Vaccination and Cardiovascular Outcomes in High-Risk Patients. A Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2013;310(16):1711-1720 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150467 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1758749
Neuzil KM Influenza Vaccination in 2013-2014. Achieving 100% Participation. JAMA. 2013;310(16):1681-1682 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24150465 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1758725 - ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Lambert LC, Fauci AS. Influenza vaccines for the future. N Engl J Med. 2010 Nov 18;363(21):2036-44 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21083388
- ↑ Jain VK et al Vaccine for Prevention of Mild and Moderate-to-Severe Influenza in Children. N Engl J Med. Dec 11, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24328444 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1215817
Baden LR. For an Influenza Vaccine, Are Two Bs Better Than One? N Engl J Med. Dec 11, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24328439 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1315317 - ↑ Hadler JL et al Impact of Requiring Influenza Vaccination for Children in Licensed Child Care or Preschool Programs - Connecticut, 2012- 13 Influenza Season MMWR Weekly. March 7, 2014 / 63(09);181-185 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6309a1.htm
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Ferdinands JM et al Effects of influenza vaccine against life-threatening RT-PCR- confirmed influenza illness in US children, 2010-2012 Journal of Infectious Diseases. March 26, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24676207 <Internet> http://jid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/03/23/infdis.jiu185.full.pdf+html
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 Khazeni N et al. Health and economic benefits of early vaccination and nonpharmaceutical interventions for a human Influenza A (H7N9) pandemic. Ann Intern Med 2014 May 20; 160:684 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24842415 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1872847
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 McAllister L et al. Needle-free jet injection for administration of influenza vaccine: A randomised non-inferiority trial. Lancet 2014 May 30 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24881803 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(14)60524-9/fulltext
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 Kelley KJ. Sofair A and Chavey WE (editors) CDC Panel Recommends Nasal Flu Vaccine Over Shot for Kids Physician's First Watch, June 27 2014 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 69.5 DiazGranados CA et al Efficacy of High-Dose versus Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:635-645. August 14, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25119609 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1315727
Hirsch C. In older adults, high- vs standard-dose influenza vaccine reduced laboratory-confirmed influenza. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162:JC2 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25599362 - ↑ 70.0 70.1 Grohskopf LA et al Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR. Weekly August 15, 2014 / 63(32);691-697 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6332a3.htm
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Madhi SA et al Influenza Vaccination of Pregnant Women and Protection of Their Infants. N Engl J Med 2014; 371:918-931. September 4, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25184864 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1401480
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 Black CL et al Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Health Care Personnel - United States, 2013-14 Influenza Season. MMWR. Weekly. September 19, 2014 / 63(37);805-811 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6337a1.htm
Lindley MC Influenza Vaccination Performance Measurement Among Acute Care Hospital-Based Health Care Personnel - United States, 2013-14 Influenza Season http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6337a2.htm - ↑ 73.0 73.1 Ding H et al Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Pregnant Women - United States, 2013-14 Influenza Season. MMWR Weekly. September 19, 2014 / 63(37);816-821 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6337a3.htm
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 Cochrane Primary Health Care Field Limited evidence for effectiveness of influenza vaccine in healthy adults. http://www.cochraneprimarycare.org/pearls/limited-evidence-effectiveness-influenza-vaccine-healthy-adults
Jefferson DV et al Vaccines to prevent influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Summaries. March 2014 http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD001269/ARI_vaccines-to-prevent-influenza-in-healthy-adults - ↑ Kelly H1, Attia J, Andrews R, Heller RF. The number needed to vaccinate (NNV) and population extensions of the NNV: comparison of influenza and pneumococcal vaccine programmes for people aged 65 years and over. Vaccine. 2004 Jun 2;22(17-18):2192-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15149776
- ↑ Jefferson DV et al Vaccines to prevent influenza in healthy adults. Cochrane Summaries. March 2014 http://summaries.cochrane.org/CD001269/ARI_vaccines-to-prevent-influenza-in-healthy-adults
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 McLean HQ et al. Impact of repeated vaccination on vaccine effectiveness against influenza A (H3N2) and B during 8 seasons. Clin Infect Dis 2014 Nov 15; 59:1375 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25270645 <Internet> http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/59/10/1375
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 CDC Health Advisory. Dec 3, 2014 CDC Health Advisory Regarding the Potential for Circulation of Drifted Influenza A (H3N2) Viruses. http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00374.asp
CDC Press Release. Dec 4, 2014 Early Data Suggests Potentially Severe Flu Season http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p1204-flu-season.html - ↑ 79.0 79.1 Rolfes M et al Update: Influenza Activity - United States, September 28- December 6, 2014 MMWR. Weekly. December 19, 2014 / 63(50);1189-1194 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6350a2.htm
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 Flannery B et al Early Estimates of Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness
United States, January 2015 MMWR Weekl. January 16, 2015 / 64(01);10-15 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6401a4.htm? - ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 Grohskopf LA et al Prevention and Control of Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2015-16 Influenza Season. MMWR. August 7, 2015 / 64(30);818-825 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6430a3.htm
- ↑ 82.0 82.1 Blanton L et al Update: Influenza Activity - United States and Worldwide, May 24-September 5, 2015 MMWR Weekly. September 18, 2015 / 64(36);1011-1016 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6436a4.htm
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 Grijalva CG Association Between Hospitalization With Community-Acquired Laboratory-Confirmed Influenza Pneumonia and Prior Receipt of Influenza Vaccination. JAMA. Published online October 05, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26436611 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2450326
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 Medscape Medical News. Nov 24, 2015 FDA OKs Fluad, First Seasonal Influenza Vaccine With an Adjuvant. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/855000
FDA News Release. November 24, 2015 FDA approves first seasonal influenza vaccine containing an adjuvant. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm474295.htm - ↑ 85.0 85.1 Ludvigsson JF et al. Maternal vaccination against H1N1 influenza and offspring mortality: Population based cohort study and sibling design. BMJ 2015 Nov 16; 351:h5585 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26572546
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Flu Vaccine Nearly 60 Percent Effective. CDC Press Release. February 24, 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/flu-vaccine-60-percent.html
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 Tartof SY, Qian L, Rieg GK et al Safety of Seasonal Influenza Vaccination in Hospitalized Surgical Patients: A Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med. 2016 Mar 15 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26974053 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2501854
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 Regan AK, Moore HC, de Klerk N et al Seasonal Trivalent Influenza Vaccination During Pregnancy and the Incidence of Stillbirth: Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study. Clin Infect Dis. March 30, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27033634 <Internet> http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/03/10/cid.ciw082
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices--United States, 2013-2014 MMWR Recomm Rep. 2013 Sep 20;62(RR-07):1-43 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24048214 Free full text
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Shakib JH, Korgenski K, Presson AP et al Influenza in Infants Born to Women Vaccinated During Pregnancy. Pediatrics May 2016 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27244843
- ↑ Grohskopf LA, Olsen SJ, Sokolow LZ et al Prevention and control of seasonal influenza with vaccines: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) -- United States, 2014-15 influenza season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Aug 15;63(32):691-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25121712 Free Article
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 Young K, Sadoughi S, MD, Sofair A Small Febrile Seizure Risk Seen After Several Coadministered Vaccines. Physician's First Watch, June 6, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Mark H. Sawyer, Geoff Simon, Carrie Byington Vaccines and Febrile Seizures: Quantifying the Risk Pediatrics Jun 2016, e20160976; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27273713 - ↑ 93.0 93.1 Davlin SL, Blanton L, Kniss K, et al. Influenza Activity - United States, 2015-16 Season and Composition of the 2016-17 Influenza Vaccine. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2016;65:567-575 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6522a3.htm
Food and Drug Administration Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research SUMMARY MINUTES 142nd VACCINES AND RELATED BIOLOGICAL PRODUCTS ADVISORY COMMITTEE March 4, 2016. http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/BloodVaccinesandOtherBiologics/VaccinesandRelatedBiologicalProductsAdvisoryCommittee/UCM494071.pdf - ↑ Treanor JJ Influenza Vaccination. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:1261-1268. September 29, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27682035 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1512870
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 De Serres G, Skowronski DM, Ward BJ et al Influenza Vaccination of Healthcare Workers: Critical Analysis of the Evidence for Patient Benefit Underpinning Policies of Enforcement. PLOS One. Published: January 27, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28129360 Free Article <Internet> http://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0163586
- ↑ 96.0 96.1 Flannery B, Chung JR, Thaker SN, et al. Interim Estimates of 2016-2017 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, February 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:167-171 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6606a3.htm
- ↑ 97.0 97.1 Flannery B, Reynolds SB, Blanton L et al Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness Against Pediatric Deaths: 2010-2014. Pediatrics. 2017 May;139(5). pii: e20164244 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28557757 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2017/03/30/peds.2016-4244
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 Dunkle LM, Izikson R, Patriarca P Efficacy of Recombinant Influenza Vaccine in Adults 50 Years of Age or Older. N Engl J Med 2017; 376:2427-2436. June 22, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28636855 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1608862
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 Jackson ML, Chung JR, Jackson LA et al Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in the United States during the 2015-2016 season. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:534-543. August 10, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28792867 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1700153
- ↑ 100.0 100.1 Gravenstein S et al. Comparative effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccination on numbers of US nursing home residents admitted to hospital: A cluster-randomized trial. Lancet Respir Med 2017 Jul 20; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28736045
Widdowson MA, Bresee JS. High-dose influenza vaccine in nursing home residents: Not to be sneezed at. Lancet Respir Med 2017 Jul 20 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28736044 - ↑ 101.0 101.1 Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, et al. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2017-18 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep 2017;66(No. RR-2):1-20 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/rr/rr6602a1.htm
- ↑ 102.0 102.1 COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2017-2018. Pediatrics. September 2017 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2017/09/01/peds.2017-2550
- ↑ Paules CI, Sullivan SG, Subbarao K, Fauci AS Chasing Seasonal Influenza - The Need for a Universal Influenza Vaccine. N Engl J Med. Nov 29, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29185857 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1714916
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 Greenhawt M, Turner PJ, Kelso JM. Administration of influenza vaccines to egg allergic recipients: A practice parameter update 2017. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2018 Jan; 120:49 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29273128 <Internet> http://www.annallergy.org/article/S1081-1206(17)31187-0/fulltext
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 Flannery B, Chung JR, Belongia EA, et al. Interim Estimates of 2017-2018 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, February 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:180-185 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6706a2.htm
- ↑ 106.0 106.1 World Health Organization (WHO), 22 February 2018 Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2018-2019 northern hemisphere influenza season. http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/virus/recommendations/2018_19_north/en/
FDA Advisory Committee. March 1, 2018: Vaccines and Related Biological Products Advisory Committee Meeting Announcement. https://www.fda.gov/AdvisoryCommittees/Calendar/ucm596503.htm - ↑ 107.0 107.1 American Academy of Pediatrics Advises Parents to Choose the Flu Shot For 2018-2019 Flu Season. American Academy of Pediatrics. May 21, 2018 https://www.aap.org/en-us/about-the-aap/aap-press-room/Pages/AAP-Advises-Parents-to-Choose-the-Flu-Shot-For-2018-2019-Flu-Season.aspx
- ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 Natori Y, Shiotsuka M, Slomovic J et al. A double-blind, randomized trial of high-dose vs standard-dose influenza vaccine in adult solid-organ transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis 2018 May 17; 66:1698. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29253089
Young-Xu Y, Van Aalst R, Mahmud SM et al. Relative vaccine effectiveness of high-dose versus standard-dose influenza vaccines among Veterans Health Administration patients. J Infect Dis 2018 May 5; 217:1718. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29452380 - ↑ 109.0 109.1 Grohskopf LA, Sokolow LZ, Broder KR, Walter EB, Fry AM, Jernigan DB. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices - United States, 2018-2019 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep 2018;67(No. RR-3):1-20 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/rr/rr6703a1.htm
- ↑ 110.0 110.1 COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES. American Academy of Pediatrics. Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2018-2019. Pediatrics. September 2018 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2018/08/30/peds.2018-2367
- ↑ 111.0 111.1 Black CL, Yue X, Ball SW, et al. Influenza Vaccination Coverage Among Health Care Personnel - United States, 2017-2018 Influenza Season. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:1050-1054 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6738a2.htm
- ↑ 112.0 112.1 Thompson MG, Kwong JC, Regan AK et al Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Preventing Influenza-associated Hospitalizations During Pregnancy: A Multi-country Retrospective Test Negative Design Study, 2010-2016 Clinical Infectious Diseases. Oct 11, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30307490 https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciy737/5126390
- ↑ 113.0 113.1 McLean HQ, Caspard H, Griffin MR et al Association of Prior Vaccination With Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness in Children Receiving Live Attenuated or Inactivated Vaccine. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(6):e183742 Not indexed in PubMed https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2709714
Cobey S Repeated Vaccination May Protect Children From Influenza Infection. JAMA Netw Open. 2018;1(6):e183730 Not indexed in PubMed https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2709711 - ↑ 114.0 114.1 Modin D, Jorgensen ME, Gislason G et al Influenza Vaccine in Heart Failure: Cumulative Number of Vaccinations, Frequency, Timing, and Survival: A Danish Nationwide Cohort Study. Circulation. Dec 10, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30586760 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.036788
- ↑ Rolfes MA, Flannery B, Chung J et al Effects of Influenza Vaccination in the United States during the 2017- 2018 Influenza Season. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Feb 2. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30715278
Neuzil KM, Fitzpatrick MC. The Impact of Influenza Vaccine: It's the Size of the Glass. Clin Infect Dis. 2019 Feb 2. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30715260 - ↑ 116.0 116.1 Blanton L, Dugan VG, Abd Elal AI, et al. Update: Influenza Activity - United States, September 30, 2018- February 2, 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:125-134 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6806a1.htm
Doyle JD, Chung JR, Kim SS, et al. Interim Estimates of 2018-19 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, February 2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:135-139 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6806a2.htm - ↑ 117.0 117.1 National Institutes of Health (NIH) NIH begins first-in-human trial of a universal influenza vaccine candidate. News Release. April 3, 2019 https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-begins-first-human-trial-universal-influenza-vaccine-candidate
- ↑ 118.0 118.1 Scott VP, Opel DJ, Reifler J et al Office-Based Educational Handout for Influenza Vaccination: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Pediatrics. July 2019. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31292219 https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2019/07/08/peds.2018-2580
- ↑ 119.0 119.1 Walsh LJ, Donelle J, Dodds L et al Health outcomes of young children born to mothers who received 2009 pandemic H1N1 influenza vaccination during pregnancy: retrospective cohort study. BMJ 2019;366:l4151 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31292120 https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4151
Haberg SE, Wilcox AJ Flu vaccination in pregnancy. BMJ 2019;366:l4454 Not indexed in PubMed https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4454 - ↑ Grohskopf LA, Alyanak E, Broder KR et al Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices- United States, 2019-20 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep 2019;68(No. RR-3):1-21 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/rr/rr6803a1.htm
- ↑ COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES Recommendations for Prevention and Control of Influenza in Children, 2019-2020. Pediatrics, Sept 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3147760 https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2019/08/29/peds.2019-2478
- ↑ 122.0 122.1 Sanofi Newd Release Nov 2019 FDA approves Fluzone<TM> High-Dose Quadrivalent (Influenza Vaccine) for adults 65 years of age and older. http://www.news.sanofi.us/2019-11-04-FDA-approves-Fluzone-R-High-Dose-Quadrivalent-Influenza-Vaccine-for-adults-65-years-of-age-and-older
- ↑ 123.0 123.1 Dawood FS, Chung JR, Kim SS, et al. Interim Estimates of 2019-20 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, February 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:177-182 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6907a1.htm
- ↑ Brooks M. FDA OKs First Quadrivalent, Adjuvanted Flu Vaccine for Older Adults Medscape - Feb 24, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/925623
- ↑ 125.0 125.1 Anderson ML, Dobkin C, Gorry D. The effect of influenza vaccination for the elderly on hospitalization and mortality: An observational study with a regression discontinuity design. Ann Intern Med 2020 Mar 3 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32120383
- ↑ Hesse EM, Navarro RA, Daley MF et al. Risk for subdeltoid bursitis after influenza vaccination: A population-based cohort study. Ann Intern Med 2020 Jun 23; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32568572 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M19-3176
Adamson Fryhofer S, Fryhofer GW. Vaccination-induced bursitis: Technique matters. Ann Intern Med 2020 Jun 23; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32568575 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-3302 - ↑ Grohskopf LA, Alyanak E, Broder KR et al. Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. United States, 2020-21 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep 2020;69(No. RR-8):1-24 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31441906 PMCID: PMC6713402 Free PMC article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/rr/rr6908a1.htm
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 Vardeny O, Kim K, Udell JA et al Effect of High-Dose Trivalent vs Standard-Dose Quadrivalent Influenza Vaccine on Mortality or Cardiopulmonary Hospitalization in Patients With High-risk Cardiovascular DiseaseA Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. Published online December 4, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275134 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2020.23649
Patel MM, Uyeki TM Influenza Vaccine for Patients With High-risk Cardiovascular Disease. JAMA. Published online December 4, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33275140 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/10.1001/jama.2020.23948 - ↑ 129.0 129.1 Cohen J Innovative universal flu vaccine shows promise in first clinical test. Science. Dec 7, 2020 https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/12/innovative-universal-flu-vaccine-shows-promises-it-first-clinical-test
Nachbagauer R, Feser J, Naficy A et al A chimeric hemagglutinin-based universal influenza virus vaccine approach induces broad and long-lasting immunity in a randomized, placebo-controlled phase I trial. Nat Med 2020. Dec 7 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33288923 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-1118-7 - ↑ 130.0 130.1 Carrera M et al. Population mortality and laws encouraging influenza vaccination for hospital workers. Ann Intern Med 2021 Jan 5; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33395343 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-0413
- ↑ 131.0 131.1 Carroll L Low-Dose Intradermal Flu Vaccine as Good as Standard-Dose Intramuscular Shot Medscape - Feb 10, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/945619
- ↑ 132.0 132.1 Chow EJ, Rolfes MA, O'Halloran A et al Acute Cardiovascular Events Associated With Influenza in Hospitalized Adults: A Cross-sectional Study. Ann Intern Med. 2020 Oct 20;173(8):605-613. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32833488
- ↑ 133.0 133.1 133.2 Mehrabadi A et al. Association of maternal influenza vaccination during pregnancy with early childhood health outcomes. JAMA 2021 Jun 8; 325:2285. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34100870 PMCID: PMC8188273 (available on 2021-12-08) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2780619
Azziz-Baumgartner E et al. Realizing the potential of maternal influenza vaccination. JAMA 2021 Jun 8; 325:2257; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34100881 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2780633 - ↑ 134.0 134.1 134.2 Lazarus R, Baos S, Cappel-Porter H et al. Safety and immunogenicity of concomitant administration of COVID-19 vaccines (ChAdOx1 or BNT162b2) with seasonal influenza vaccines in adults in the UK (ComFluCOV): A multicentre, randomised, controlled, phase 4 trial. Lancet 2021 Nov 11; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34774197 PMCID: PMC8585490 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02329-1/fulltext
- ↑ 135.0 135.1 Chung JR, Kim SS, Kondor RJ, et al. Interim Estimates of 2021-22 Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Effectiveness - United States, February 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71:365-370 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35271561 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7110a1.htm
- ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 Behrouzi B et al. Association of influenza vaccination with cardiovascular risk: A meta-analysis. JAMA Netw Open 2022 Apr 29; 5:e228873. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35486404 PMCID: PMC9055450 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2791733
- ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 Woo EJ, Moro P Postmarketing safety surveillance of quadrivalent recombinant influenza vaccine: Reports to the vaccine adverse event reporting system. Vaccine. 2021 Mar 26;39(13):1812-1817. Mar 5. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33678452
- ↑ 138.0 138.1 Rodriguez-Martin S, Barreira-Hernandez D, Gil M et al Influenza Vaccination and Risk of Ischemic Stroke. A Population-Based Case-Control Study. Neurology. 2022. Online: Sept 7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36240087 https://n.neurology.org/content/99/19/e2149
- ↑ 139.0 139.1 139.2 Bronze MS Fast Five Quiz: Influenza During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Medscape. Nov 15, 2022 https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/983770
- ↑ 140.0 140.1 Arevalo CP et al. A multivalent nucleoside-modified mRNA vaccine against all known influenza virus subtypes. Science 2022 Nov 25; 378:899. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36423275 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm0271
Kelvin AA, Falzarano D. The influenza universe in an mRNA vaccine. Science 2022 Nov 25; 378:827. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36423290 https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.adf0900 - ↑ 141.0 141.1 Johansen ND et al. A pragmatic randomized feasibility trial of influenza vaccines. NEJM Evid 2023 Feb; 2:EVIDoa2200206. Not indexed in PubMed https://evidence.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/EVIDoa2200206
- ↑ 142.0 142.1 Douros A et al. Common vaccines and the risk of incident dementia: A population-based cohort study. J Infect Dis 2022 Dec 21; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36542511 https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiac484/6948438
Salmon DA et al. Commentary on "Common vaccines and the risk of dementia: a population-based cohort study": Science can be messy but eventually leads to truths. J Infect Dis 2022 Dec 21; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36542509 https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiac487/6950650 - ↑ 143.0 143.1 Park JK et al. A multicenter, prospective, randomized, parallel-group trial on the effects of temporary methotrexate discontinuation for one week versus two weeks on seasonal influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023 Feb; 75:171. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35930728 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/art.42318
- ↑ 144.0 144.1 Vickers ER, McClure DL, Naleway AL et al Risk of venous thromboembolism following influenza vaccination in adults aged 50 years and older in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Vaccine. 2017 Oct 13;35(43):5872-5877. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28888342 PMCID: PMC6508529 Free PMC article
- ↑ Grohskopf LA, Alyanak E, Ferdinands JM et al Prevention and Control of Seasonal Influenza with Vaccines: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices, United States, 2021-22 Influenza Season. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2021 Aug 27;70(5):1-28. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34448800 PMCID: PMC8407757 Free PMC article
- ↑ 146.0 146.1 Hu C, Wei KC, Wang WH et al Association of Influenza Vaccination With Risk of Bell Palsy Among Older Adults in Taiwan. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2023;149(8):726-734 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37347468 PMCID: PMC10288376 (available on 2024-06-22) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/fullarticle/2805941
- ↑ 147.0 147.1 147.2 Chaves SS et al. High-dose influenza vaccine is associated with reduced mortality among older adults with breakthrough influenza even when there is poor vaccine-strain match. Clin Infect Dis 2023 Oct 1; 77:1032. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37247308 PMCID: PMC10552589 Free PMC article https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/77/7/1032/7185603
- ↑ 148.0 148.1 148.2 Hsiao A, Yee A, Fireman B et al Recombinant or Standard-Dose Influenza Vaccine in Adults under 65 Years of Age. N Engl J Med 2023; 389:2245-2255. Dec 14 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38091531 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2302099
- ↑ 149.0 149.1 Athan E, Baber J, Quan K et al Safety and Immunogenicity of Bivalent RSVpreF Vaccine Coadministered with Seasonal Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Older Adults. Clin Infect Dis. 2023 Nov 22:ciad707. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37992000
- ↑ 150.0 150.1 Sahni LC et al. Maternal vaccine effectiveness against influenza-associated hospitalizations and emergency department visits in infants. JAMA Pediatr 2023 Dec 18; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38109102 PMCID: PMC10728798 (available on 2024-12-18) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2812575
- ↑ 151.0 151.1 151.2 Lu Y et al. Stroke risk after COVID-19 bivalent vaccination among US older adults. JAMA 2024 Mar 19; 331:938. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38502075 PMCID: PMC10951737 (available on 2024-09-19) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2816237
- ↑ Flu Shot Coding. HCPCS/CPT Codes. https://www.cms.gov/medicare/preventive-services/flu-shot-coding
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Seasonal Influenza Vaccine Safety: A Summary for Clinicians. https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/vaccination/vaccine_safety.htm
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Seasonal Influenza (Flu): FluView http://www.cdc.gov/flu/weekly/