immunization (vaccination)

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Epidemiology

  • vaccination rates among adults are low

Indications

Complications

Comparative biology

Notes

  • compliance with immunization schedules in children reduces risk of hospitalization for any infection[21]
    • editorialists suggest non-specifc effect of vaccines
  • reminders improve vaccination rates (~8%)[34]
    • postcards, text messages, & automated phone calls each improve vaccination rates[34]
  • when a vaccine series is interrupted, resume (rather than restart) vaccination schedule[30][31]

More general terms

More specific terms

Additional terms

References

  1. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Vaccines & Immunizations: Immunization Schedules http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/default.htm
  2. American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule: United States, 2006. Pediatrics. 2006 Jan;117(1):239-40. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16396888
    American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Infectious Diseases. Recommended childhood and adolescent immunization schedule: United States, 2005. Pediatrics. 2005 Jan;115(1):182. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15630000 <Internet> http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/115/1/182 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/reprint/115/1/182
    COMMITTEE ON INFECTIOUS DISEASES. Recommended Childhood and Adolescent Immunization Schedule-United States, 2017. Pediatrics. 2017 Mar;139(3). pii: e20164007. Epub 2017 Feb 6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28167516
    Wodi AP, Murthy N, McNally V et al. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for children and adolescents aged 18 years or younger - United States, 2023. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2023 Feb 10; 72:137-140. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36757872 PMCID: PMC9925138 Free PMC article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/72/wr/mm7206a1.htm
  3. Willis BC, Ndiaye SM, Hopkins DP, Shefer A; Task Force on Community Preventive Services. Improving influenza, pneumococcal polysaccharide, and hepatitis B vaccination coverage among adults aged <65 years at high risk: a report on recommendations of the Task Force on Community Preventive Services. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2005 Apr 1;54(RR-5):1-11. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15800472 Corresponding MGC guideline withdrawn Jan 2011 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5405a1.htm
  4. 4.0 4.1 Flanagan-Klygis EA, Sharp L, Frader JE. Dismissing the family who refuses vaccines: a study of pediatrician attitudes. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Oct;159(10):929-34. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203937
    Hendricks JW. Does immunization refusal warrant discontinuing a physician- patient relationship? Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Oct;159(10):994. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16203948
  5. Woo EJ, Ball R, Braun MM. Fatal syncope-related fall after immunization. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2005 Nov;159(11):1083. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16275804
  6. Kroger AT, Atkinson WL, Marcuse EK, Pickering LK; Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). General recommendations on immunization: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). MMWR Recomm Rep. 2006 Dec 1;55(RR-15):1-48. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17136024 corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Dec 2016
  7. The American Academy of (AAP) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) have updated the Recommended Immunization Schedules for Children and Adolescents - United States, 2007 http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/data/119/1/207/DC1/1
  8. Prescriber's Letter 14(2): 2007 Adult and Pediatric Immunization Update - 2007 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=230209&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
  9. Prescriber's Letter 14(9): 2007 Immunization Update 2007 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=230923&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
  10. Roush SW et al, Historical comparisons of morbidity and mortality for vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States. JAMA 2007, 298:2155 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18000199
  11. 11.0 11.1 Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Recommended adult immunization schedule: United States, 2010. Ann Intern Med 2010 Jan 5; 152:36. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20048270
    Hopkins RH Jr and Vyas KS. Adult immunization guidelines: Challenges and opportunities. Ann Intern Med 2010 Jan 5; 152:59. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20048274
    Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule: United States, 2012* Annals of Internal Medicine January 31, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22298576 <Internet> http://www.annals.org/content/early/2012/01/30/0003-4819-156-3-201202070-00388.full
    Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Recommended adult immunization schedule: United States, 2013. Ann Intern Med 2013 Feb 5; 158:191 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23358660 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1567229
    Murthy N Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2024 Ann Intern Med 2024. Jan 12 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38206843 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-3269
  12. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations and Guidelines - Adult immunization schedule http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/recs/schedules/adult-schedule.htm
    Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule - United States, 2010 January 15, 2010 / 59(01);1-4 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5901a5.htm
    Adult preventive health care: immunization University of Michigan Health System (UMHS) http://cme.med.umich.edu/pdf/guideline/immunizations05.pdf http://cme.med.umich.edu/iCME/Imms07/guideline.asp
  13. Kroger AT et al General Recommendations on Immunization Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Recommendations and Reports Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) January 28, 2011 / 60(RR02);1-60 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21293327 <Internet> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6002a1.htm
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule --- United States, 2011 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR)MMWR February 4, 2011 / 60(04);1-4 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6004a10.htm corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Dec 2016
  14. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Recommended Immunization Schedules for Persons Aged 0 Through 18 Years --- United States, 2011 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) February 11, 2011 / 60(05);1-4 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6005a6.htm
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedules for Persons Aged 0 Through 18 Years - United States, 2014 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) February 3, 2014 / 63(Early Release);1-2 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm63e0203a1.htm
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Birth-18 Years & "Catch-up" Immunization Schedules United States, 2014 http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/hcp/child-adolescent.html
  15. Shefer A et al Immunization of Health-Care Personnel Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) November 25, 2011 / 60(RR07);1-45 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22108587 <Internet> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr6007a1.htm
  16. Jackson LA et al Vaccination Site and Risk of Local Reactions in Children 1 Through 6 Years of Age. Pediatrics. January 14, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23319538 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/01/08/peds.2012-2617.abstract
  17. 17.0 17.1 American College of Physicians calls for immunizations for all health care providers. http://www.acponline.org/pressroom/hcp_vaccinations.htm?hp
  18. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule: United States, 2013 Ann Intern Med. 29 January 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23358660 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1567229
    Bridges CB et al Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older: United States, 2014. Ann Intern Med. 2014;160(3):190-197-197 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24658695 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1819123
    Bridges CB, Coyne-Beasley T Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2014. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2014 Feb 7;63(5):110-2. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24500291
  19. 19.0 19.1 Limberis MP et al. Intranasal antibody gene transfer in mice and ferrets elicits broad protection against pandemic influenza. Sci Transl Med 2013 May 29; 5:187ra72 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23720583 <Internet> http://stm.sciencemag.org/content/5/187/187ra72?ijkey=fab6c37f832d4a8c3b8456b1f7128df257547948&keytype2=tf_ipsecsha
  20. 20.0 20.1 Rubin LG et al 2013 IDSA Clinical Practice Guideline for Vaccination of the Immunocompromised Host. Clin Infect Dis. (2013) Dec 4 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24311479 <Internet> http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2013/11/26/cid.cit684.full.pdf+html
  21. 21.0 21.1 Sorup S et al Live Vaccine Against Measles, Mumps, and Rubella and the Risk of Hospital Admissions for Nontargeted Infections. JAMA. 2014;311(8):826-835. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24570246 https://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1832541
    Goldblatt D and Miller E Nonspecific Effects of Vaccines. JAMA. 2014;311(8):804-805 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24570243 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1832518
  22. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Adult Vaccination. Recommended Vaccines for Healthcare Workers. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/hcw.html
  23. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) Recommended Immunization Schedules for Persons Aged 0 Through 18 years and Adults Aged 19 Years and Older United States, 2013 MMWR. January 28, 2013 / 62(Early Release);1-19 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm62e0128a1.htm
    Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) 2014 Recommended Immunizations for Children from Birth Through 6 Years Old. http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/parents/downloads/parent-ver-sch-0-6yrs.pdf
  24. 24.0 24.1 Bridges CB et al. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older: United States, 2014. Ann Intern Med 2014 Feb 4; 160:190. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24658695
    Hurley LP et al. U.S. physicians' perspective of adult vaccine delivery. Ann Intern Med 2014 Feb 4; 160:161 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24658693
    Kim DK et al Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older: United States, 2015* Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(3):214-223 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643306 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2107750
    Fryhofer SA Adult Immunization 2015: Another Pearl of Pneumococcal Protection. Ann Intern Med. 2015;162(3):235-236 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25643308 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2107757
    Kim DK, Riley LE, Harrima KH et al Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older, United States, 2017. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(3):209-219 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28166560 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2601209/recommended-immunization-schedule-adults-aged-19-years-older-united-states
    Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Feb 10;66(5):136-138. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182599 Free Article
    Murthy N Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2024 Ann Intern Med 2024. Jan 12 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38206843 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-3269
  25. Maglione MA et al Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization of US Children: A Systematic Review. Pediatrics; published online July 1, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086160 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/06/26/peds.2014-1079.full.pdf+html
    Byington CL Vaccines: Can Transparency Increase Confidence and Reduce Hesitancy? Pediatrics; published online July 1, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086161 <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2014/06/26/peds.2014-1494.full.pdf+html
  26. US Department of Health and Human Services Agency of Healthcare Research and Quality. July 2014 Safety of Vaccines Used for Routine Immunization in the United States. http://www.ahrq.gov/research/findings/evidence-based-reports/vaccinestp.html
  27. 27.0 27.1 Langer-Gould A et al. Vaccines and the risk of multiple sclerosis and other central nervous system demyelinating diseases. JAMA Neurol 2014 Oct 20 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25329096 <Internet> http://archneur.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1917549
  28. Williams WW et al Vaccination Coverage Among Adults, Excluding Influenza Vaccination - United States, 2013. MMWR. Weekly. February 6, 2015 / 64(04);95-102 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6404a6.htm
  29. Kim DK, Bridges CB, Harrima KH Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older: United States, 2016 Ann Intern Med. 2016;164(3):184-194 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26829913 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2484895
  30. 30.0 30.1 Kim DK, Bridges CB, Harriman KH; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP); ACIP Adult Immunization Work Group. Advisory committee on immunization practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older- United States, 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2015 Feb 6;64(4):91-2. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25654609 Free Article
    Kim DK, Riley LE, Harrima KH et al Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older, United States, 2017. Ann Intern Med. 2017;166(3):209-219 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28166560 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2601209/recommended-immunization-schedule-adults-aged-19-years-older-united-states
    Kim DK, Riley LE, Harriman KH, Hunter P, Bridges CB. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older - United States, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017 Feb 10;66(5):136-138. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28182599 Free Article
  31. 31.0 31.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 17, 18. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2015, 2018.
  32. 32.0 32.1 Taddio A, Pillai Riddell R, Ipp M et al Relative effectiveness of additive pain interventions during vaccination in infants CMAJ December 12, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27956393 <Internet> http://www.cmaj.ca/content/early/2016/12/12/cmaj.160542.full.pdf+html
  33. 33.0 33.1 Kim DK, Riley LE, Hunter P, on behalf of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices Recommended Immunization Schedule for Adults Aged 19 Years or Older, United States, 2018. Ann Intern Med. 2018;168(3):210-220. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29404596 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2671913/recommended-immunization-schedule-adults-aged-19-years-older-united-states
    Freedman MS, Ault K, Bernstein H. Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices recommended immunization schedule for adults aged 19 years or older - United States, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70:193-196. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33571173
    Murthy N Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2024 Ann Intern Med 2024. Jan 12 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38206843 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-3269
  34. 34.0 34.1 34.2 Jacobson Vann JC, Jacobson RM, Coyne-Beasly T et al Patient reminder and recall interventions to improve immunization rates. Cochrane Reviews. Jan 18, 2018 http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003941.pub3/abstract
  35. 35.0 35.1 Kim DK, Hunter P. Recommended adult immunization schedule, United States, 2019. Ann Intern Med 2019 Feb 5; 170:182 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30716757
    Freedman M, Kroger A, Hunter P, Ault KA for the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices. Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2020. Ann Intern Med. 2020. Feb 4 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32016359 https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2760656/recommended-adult-immunization-schedule-united-states-2020
    Freedman MS, Bernstein H, Ault KA Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2021. Ann Intern Med 2021. Feb 11 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33571011 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-8080
    Murthy N, Wodi AP, Bernstein H et al Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2022 Ann Intern Med 2022. Feb 18 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35175828 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M22-0036
    Murthy N et al. Recommended adult immunization schedule, United States, 2023. Ann Intern Med 2023 Feb 10; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36757885 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-0041
    Murthy N Recommended Adult Immunization Schedule, United States, 2024 Ann Intern Med 2024. Jan 12 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38206843 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-3269
  36. ARUP Consult: Immunization Status The Physician's Guide to Laboratory Test Selection & Interpretation https://www.arupconsult.com/content/immunization-status
  37. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Immunization Schedules http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/schedules/index.html