travel medicine (traveler's health)

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Introduction

CDC travel recommendations:[23]

Etiology

Risk factors for acquiring endemic infection

  • staying in endemic area for more than 1 month
  • < 30 years of age
  • working with indigenous people, especially in the tropics
  • for most developed countries & for short stays, risk is small
  • risk of acquiring infection on commercial transportation is very low[1]

Febrile traveler returning from developing country

Special etiologies

History

  • what vaccinations or prophylaxis was taken?
  • what was the purpose of travel?
  • was travel to rural or urban areas?
  • what were the departure & arrival dates?

Complications

  • venous thromboembolism[4][5][6]
    • risk increases with distance of travel
    • immobilization more important than travel per se[6]
  • travel-associated infection
  • many international tourists return home colonized with multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae (MRE)[12]
    • 31% for travelers to Latin America, 48% for travelers to sub-Saharan Africa, & 72% for travelers to Asia
    • destinations most commonly associated with MRE were Vietnam, India, Peru, & Togo
    • most of those colonized with MRE cleared the organisms within 1 month of return
    • 20% remained colonized at 2 months
    • rarely individuals remained colonized at 1 year[12]
  • circadian misalignment occurs when traveling east
    • major league teams 3.5% less likely to win when they travel east across at least two time zones[19]
  • insulin pumps over-deliver > 1/2 unit on takeoff & under-deliver a somewhat less on landing[25]

Management

Immunizations

also see more specific terms

Notes

  • caution:
    • some Brand names are used for different drugs in different countries (see Brand names for drugs in different countries)
  • CDC travel recommendations:[23]
  • (877) FYI-TRIP

More specific terms

Additional terms

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021.
  2. Prescriber's Letter 7(8):48 2000
  3. Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, Keystone JS, Pandey P, Cetron MS; GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):119-30. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407507
  4. 4.0 4.1 Chandra D et al Travel and risk for venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2009 Aug 4; 151:180. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19581633
  5. 5.0 5.1 Kelman CW et al Deep vein thrombosis and air travel: record linkage study. BMJ. 2003 Nov 8;327(7423):1072. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14604926 <Internet> http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/327/7423/1072
    Schwarz T et al Venous thrombosis after long-haul flights. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Dec 8-22;163(22):2759-64. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14662630
    Martinelli I et al Risk of venous thromboembolism after air travel: interaction with thrombophilia and oral contraceptives. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Dec 8-22;163(22):2771-4. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14662632
    Hughes RJ et al Frequency of venous thromboembolism in low to moderate risk long distance air travellers: the New Zealand Air Traveller's Thrombosis (NZATT) study. Lancet. 2003 Dec 20;362(9401):2039-44. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14697802
  6. 6.0 6.1 6.2 Beam DM et al Risk of thromboembolism varies, depending on category of immobility in outpatients. Ann Emerg Med 2009 Aug; 54:147. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19135280
  7. Prescriber's Letter 19(4): 2012 COMMENTARY: Venous Thromboembolism During Travel SPECIAL REPORT: Preventing Travel-Related Illnesses PATIENT EDUCATION HANDOUT: Preventing Blood Clots When You Travel Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=280424&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
  8. Hill DR, Ericsson CD, Pearson RD et al The practice of travel medicine: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 15;43(12):1499-539 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109284
  9. Wilson ME et al. Illness in travelers returned from Brazil: The GeoSentinel experience and implications for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. Clin Infect Dis 2014 May 15; 58:1347. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24585698 <Internet> http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/10/1347
    Wilson ME, Chen LH. Health risks among travelers to Brazil: Implications for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2014 Apr 18. pii: S1477-8939(14)00075-1 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24786668
    Iliaki E, Chen LH, Hamer DH et al Travel to Brazil: Analysis of Data From the Boston Area Travel Medicine Network (BATMN) and Relevance to Travelers Attending World Cup and Olympics. J Travel Med. 2014 May;21(3):214-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24673916
  10. 10.0 10.1 10.2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Emergency Preparedness and Response. June 2, 2014 Guidance to US Clinicians Regarding New WHO Polio Vaccination Requirements for Travel by Residents of and Long-term Visitors to Countries with Active Polio Transmission. http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00362.asp
  11. Pan American Health Organization Health Alert. Enjoy the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Travel Safely without measles and rubella, http://www.paho.org/vwa/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Measles-and-Rubella-Health-Alert-Flyer-English.jpg?ua=1
  12. 12.0 12.1 12.2 Ruppe E et al. High rate of acquisition but short duration of carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae after travel to the tropics. Clin Infect Dis 2015 Aug 15; 61:593 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26276883 <Internet> http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/4/593
  13. Feder HM Jr, Mansilla-Rivera K. Fever in returning travelers: a case-based approach. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Oct 15;88(8):524-30. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24364573 Free Article
  14. Genton B, D'Acremont V. Malaria prevention in travelers. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2012 Sep;26(3):637-54. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22963775
  15. Herman JS, Hill DR. Vaccine-preventable diseases and their prophylaxis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2012 Sep;26(3):595-608. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22963772
  16. Malcolm TR, Chin-Hong PV. Endemic mycoses in immunocompromised hosts. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2013 Dec;15(6):536-43. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24197921
  17. Ross AG, Olds GR, Cripps AW, Farrar JJ, McManus DP. Enteropathogens and chronic illness in returning travelers. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 9;368(19):1817-25. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656647
    Ross AG, Cripps AW. Enteropathogens and chronic illness in returning travelers. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 22;369(8):784. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23964949 Free Article
  18. Freedman DO, Chen LH, Kozarsky PE Medical Considerations before International Travel. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:247-260. July 21, 2016. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27468061 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1508815
  19. 19.0 19.1 Song A, Severini T, Allada R How jet lag impairs Major League Baseball performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci. U.S.A. January 23, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28115724 <Internet> http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/01/17/1608847114
  20. 20.0 20.1 Hyle EP, Rao SR, Jentes ES et al Missed Opportunities for Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination Among Departing U.S. Adult Travelers Receiving Pretravel Health Consultations. Ann Intern Med. May 16, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505632 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2626466/missed-opportunities-measles-mumps-rubella-vaccination-among-departing-u-s
    Handy LK, Offit PA. Why Aren't International Travelers Vaccinated for Measles? Ann Intern Med. May 16, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505661 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2627899/why-aren-t-international-travelers-vaccinated-measles
  21. 21.0 21.1 Griffith J, Bozio CH, Poel AJ, et al. Imported Toxin-Producing Cutaneous Diphtheria - Minnesota, Washington, and New Mexico, 2015-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:281-284 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6812a2.htm
  22. Freedman DO, Chen LH Vaccines for International Travel. Mayo Clin Proc. Nov 2019, 94(11):2314-2339 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31685156
  23. 23.0 23.1 23.2 NEJM Knowledge+ Complex Medical Care
  24. 24.0 24.1 Brooks M ASCO Releases Vaccination Guidelines for Adults With Cancer MDedge/Internal Medicine. March 28, 2024 https://www.mdedge.com/internalmedicine/article/268479/preventive-care/asco-releases-vaccination-guidelines-adults-cancer
  25. 25.0 25.1 Tucker ME Air Travel Alters Insulin Pump Delivery on Takeoff, Landing. Medscape.September 27, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/air-travel-alters-insulin-pump-delivery-takeoff-landing-2024a1000hna
  26. CDC travel recommendations: Vaccines. Medicines. Advice. http://www.cdc.gov/travel
    Yellow Book Homepage Explore Travel Health with the Yellow Book! http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/yellowbook-home
  27. National Center for Complementary and Inegrative Health Complementary Health Approaches for Travelers https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/complementary-health-approaches-for-travelers

Patient information

travel medicine patient information