travel medicine (traveler's health)
Jump to navigation
Jump to search
Introduction
CDC travel recommendations:[23]
Etiology
Risk factors for acquiring endemic infection
- staying in endemic area for more than 1 month
- < 30 years of age
- working with indigenous people, especially in the tropics
- for most developed countries & for short stays, risk is small
- risk of acquiring infection on commercial transportation is very low[1]
Febrile traveler returning from developing country
- incubation period < 2 weeks
- malaria (most common cause)
- typhoid fever
- dengue
- rickettsial disease
- hepatitis A
- yellow fever
- Loeffler syndrome
- incubation period > 4 weeks
- malaria
- tuberculosis (case of cough & malaise but no fever)
- brucellosis
- mononucleosis syndrome
- it may be difficult to determine the incubation period in a patient who has been abroad for an extended period
- other travel-associated infections
Special etiologies
- traveler's diarrhea
- consider malaria in any patient with fever with travel to an endemic zone within 1 year
- transient pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia (Loffler syndrome)
- several types of infections may occur 5 or more years after leaving an endemic area.
History
- what vaccinations or prophylaxis was taken?
- what was the purpose of travel?
- was travel to rural or urban areas?
- what were the departure & arrival dates?
Complications
- venous thromboembolism[4][5][6]
- risk increases with distance of travel
- immobilization more important than travel per se[6]
- travel-associated infection
- many international tourists return home colonized with multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae (MRE)[12]
- 31% for travelers to Latin America, 48% for travelers to sub-Saharan Africa, & 72% for travelers to Asia
- destinations most commonly associated with MRE were Vietnam, India, Peru, & Togo
- most of those colonized with MRE cleared the organisms within 1 month of return
- 20% remained colonized at 2 months
- rarely individuals remained colonized at 1 year[12]
- circadian misalignment occurs when traveling east
- major league teams 3.5% less likely to win when they travel east across at least two time zones[19]
- insulin pumps over-deliver > 1/2 unit on takeoff & under-deliver a somewhat less on landing[25]
Management
Immunizations
- varies with site of travel
- general recommendations (review status & immunize if indicated)
- measles, mumps & rubella vaccine (MMR)
- influenza vaccine
- pneumococcal vaccine (recheck indications i.e. smoking ...)
- hepatitis: hepatitis A vaccine, hepatitis B vaccine
- varicella (chickenpox)
- Tdap
- review status of polio vaccination
- travel to developing countries
- CDC requires inactivated poliovirus vaccine booster for travel to Cameroon, Pakistan, & Syria[10]
- inactivated poliovirus vaccine booster recommended for travel to Afghanistan, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Iraq, Israel, Somalia, & Nigeria[10]
- yellow fever vaccine may be required
- Africa, South America
- typhoid fever
- typhoid attenuated oral vaccine (QOD for 4 doses)
- single dose typhoid polysaccharide vaccine (typhim Vi)
- travel to developing countries (not Taiwan)
- cholera vaccine
- marginal effectiveness
- significant side effects
- meningiococcal vaccines for travel to sub-Saharan Africa
- hepatitis:
- hepatitis A vaccine &/or immune globulin
- travel to developing countries
- not needed for travel to western Europe, Australia ...
- one month prior to travel, 2nd dose 6-12 months later
- hepatitic B vaccine
- travel to all developing countries
- includes Southern Europe
- accelerated schedule available[1]
- hepatitis A vaccine &/or immune globulin
- Japanese B encephalitis vaccine
- not required
- advisable for persons visiting rural Southeast Asia & China for periods of a month or longer, particularly during summer months (rainy season)
- allergic reactions may occur
- rabies pre-exposure prophylaxis
- workers in endemic areas
- 3 injections over one month
- serologic testing for effectiveness every 6 months
- booster vaccinations as guided by serologic testing & with exposure to rabies
- tick-borne encephalitis vaccine (not available in U.S.)
- adults with solid & hematologic cancers traveling to an area of risk should follow the CDC standard recommendations for the destination
also see more specific terms
Notes
- caution:
- some Brand names are used for different drugs in different countries (see Brand names for drugs in different countries)
- CDC travel recommendations:[23]
- (877) FYI-TRIP
More specific terms
Additional terms
- air travel
- airline travel & medications
- altitude sickness
- Brand names for drugs in different countries
- drug importation
- foreign drug
- traveler's diarrhea
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021.
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 7(8):48 2000
- ↑ Freedman DO, Weld LH, Kozarsky PE, Fisk T, Robins R, von Sonnenburg F, Keystone JS, Pandey P, Cetron MS; GeoSentinel Surveillance Network. Spectrum of disease and relation to place of exposure among ill returned travelers. N Engl J Med. 2006 Jan 12;354(2):119-30. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16407507
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chandra D et al Travel and risk for venous thromboembolism. Ann Intern Med 2009 Aug 4; 151:180. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19581633
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kelman CW et al Deep vein thrombosis and air travel: record linkage study. BMJ. 2003 Nov 8;327(7423):1072. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14604926 <Internet> http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/327/7423/1072
Schwarz T et al Venous thrombosis after long-haul flights. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Dec 8-22;163(22):2759-64. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14662630
Martinelli I et al Risk of venous thromboembolism after air travel: interaction with thrombophilia and oral contraceptives. Arch Intern Med. 2003 Dec 8-22;163(22):2771-4. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14662632
Hughes RJ et al Frequency of venous thromboembolism in low to moderate risk long distance air travellers: the New Zealand Air Traveller's Thrombosis (NZATT) study. Lancet. 2003 Dec 20;362(9401):2039-44. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14697802 - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Beam DM et al Risk of thromboembolism varies, depending on category of immobility in outpatients. Ann Emerg Med 2009 Aug; 54:147. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19135280
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 19(4): 2012 COMMENTARY: Venous Thromboembolism During Travel SPECIAL REPORT: Preventing Travel-Related Illnesses PATIENT EDUCATION HANDOUT: Preventing Blood Clots When You Travel Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=280424&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Hill DR, Ericsson CD, Pearson RD et al The practice of travel medicine: guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2006 Dec 15;43(12):1499-539 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17109284
- ↑ Wilson ME et al. Illness in travelers returned from Brazil: The GeoSentinel experience and implications for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the 2016 Summer Olympics. Clin Infect Dis 2014 May 15; 58:1347. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24585698 <Internet> http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/58/10/1347
Wilson ME, Chen LH. Health risks among travelers to Brazil: Implications for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and 2016 Olympic Games. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2014 Apr 18. pii: S1477-8939(14)00075-1 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24786668
Iliaki E, Chen LH, Hamer DH et al Travel to Brazil: Analysis of Data From the Boston Area Travel Medicine Network (BATMN) and Relevance to Travelers Attending World Cup and Olympics. J Travel Med. 2014 May;21(3):214-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24673916 - ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Emergency Preparedness and Response. June 2, 2014 Guidance to US Clinicians Regarding New WHO Polio Vaccination Requirements for Travel by Residents of and Long-term Visitors to Countries with Active Polio Transmission. http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00362.asp
- ↑ Pan American Health Organization Health Alert. Enjoy the 2014 FIFA World Cup. Travel Safely without measles and rubella, http://www.paho.org/vwa/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/Measles-and-Rubella-Health-Alert-Flyer-English.jpg?ua=1
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Ruppe E et al. High rate of acquisition but short duration of carriage of multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae after travel to the tropics. Clin Infect Dis 2015 Aug 15; 61:593 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26276883 <Internet> http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/61/4/593
- ↑ Feder HM Jr, Mansilla-Rivera K. Fever in returning travelers: a case-based approach. Am Fam Physician. 2013 Oct 15;88(8):524-30. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24364573 Free Article
- ↑ Genton B, D'Acremont V. Malaria prevention in travelers. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2012 Sep;26(3):637-54. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22963775
- ↑ Herman JS, Hill DR. Vaccine-preventable diseases and their prophylaxis. Infect Dis Clin North Am. 2012 Sep;26(3):595-608. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22963772
- ↑ Malcolm TR, Chin-Hong PV. Endemic mycoses in immunocompromised hosts. Curr Infect Dis Rep. 2013 Dec;15(6):536-43. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24197921
- ↑ Ross AG, Olds GR, Cripps AW, Farrar JJ, McManus DP. Enteropathogens and chronic illness in returning travelers. N Engl J Med. 2013 May 9;368(19):1817-25. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23656647
Ross AG, Cripps AW. Enteropathogens and chronic illness in returning travelers. N Engl J Med. 2013 Aug 22;369(8):784. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23964949 Free Article - ↑ Freedman DO, Chen LH, Kozarsky PE Medical Considerations before International Travel. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:247-260. July 21, 2016. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27468061 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1508815
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 Song A, Severini T, Allada R How jet lag impairs Major League Baseball performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci. U.S.A. January 23, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28115724 <Internet> http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2017/01/17/1608847114
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Hyle EP, Rao SR, Jentes ES et al Missed Opportunities for Measles, Mumps, Rubella Vaccination Among Departing U.S. Adult Travelers Receiving Pretravel Health Consultations. Ann Intern Med. May 16, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505632 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2626466/missed-opportunities-measles-mumps-rubella-vaccination-among-departing-u-s
Handy LK, Offit PA. Why Aren't International Travelers Vaccinated for Measles? Ann Intern Med. May 16, 2017. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28505661 <Internet> http://annals.org/aim/article/2627899/why-aren-t-international-travelers-vaccinated-measles - ↑ 21.0 21.1 Griffith J, Bozio CH, Poel AJ, et al. Imported Toxin-Producing Cutaneous Diphtheria - Minnesota, Washington, and New Mexico, 2015-2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2019;68:281-284 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/wr/mm6812a2.htm
- ↑ Freedman DO, Chen LH Vaccines for International Travel. Mayo Clin Proc. Nov 2019, 94(11):2314-2339 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31685156
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 NEJM Knowledge+ Complex Medical Care
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Brooks M ASCO Releases Vaccination Guidelines for Adults With Cancer MDedge/Internal Medicine. March 28, 2024 https://www.mdedge.com/internalmedicine/article/268479/preventive-care/asco-releases-vaccination-guidelines-adults-cancer
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Tucker ME Air Travel Alters Insulin Pump Delivery on Takeoff, Landing. Medscape.September 27, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/air-travel-alters-insulin-pump-delivery-takeoff-landing-2024a1000hna
- ↑ CDC travel recommendations: Vaccines. Medicines. Advice. http://www.cdc.gov/travel
Yellow Book Homepage Explore Travel Health with the Yellow Book! http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/page/yellowbook-home - ↑ National Center for Complementary and Inegrative Health Complementary Health Approaches for Travelers https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/complementary-health-approaches-for-travelers