air travel
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Introduction
FiO2 in most commercial aircraft pressured cabins is similar to that an altitude of 6000-8500 feet.
Epidemiology
Diagnostic procedures
- pulse oximetry for patients with cardiopulmonary disease
- hypoxia altitude simulation test if prior symptoms on flight[2]
- older recommendations
Complications
- majority of in-flight emergencies involve syncope or presyncope (37%), respiratory symptoms (12%) & nausea/vomiting (9.5%), cardiac symptoms (8%), seizures (6%), abdominal pain (4%), infectious disease (3%), psychosis (2.5%), allergic reaction (2%)
- risk of becoming infected with COVID-19 during air travel is low[11]
- risk may be higher if aircraft is idle & ventilation system is off
- deep vein thrombosis (not a medical emergency)
- 14-fold increased risk with oral-contraceptives[3]
- prophylaxis
- ambulation &/or in-chair exercises
- adequate hydration (avoid diuretics {alcohol, caffeine})
- compression stockings {graded pressure}
- aspirin 325 mg before a long flight (controversial)
- enoxaparin (Lovenox) for high-risk patients
- avoid pre-flight sedatives (reduces movement)
- hypobaric hypoxia of airline cabins does not seem to be risk factor for deep vein thrombosis[4]
- case of acute ischemic stroke reported[8]
- role of physician on board in advising crew & captain that patient must be taken to hospital within 3 hours to receive thrombolysis for ischemic stroke[8]
Management
- when a physician is faced with an in-flight emergency, the medical team includes the physician, medical ground control, & the flight attendants[9]
- all flight attendants are trained in basic life support including use of automated external defibrillators (AED)[9]
- commercial aircraft carry an emergency medical kit, an oxygen tank, & an AED
- airline requirements for an emergency medical kit are listed in ref[10]
- supplemental oxygen should be provided to air travelers with an SaO2 < 92%[2]
- without additional testing[2]
- 2 liters/min of oxygen by nasal cannula is suggested[2]
- in patients already on long-term supplemental oxygen, doubling the flow rate is generally sufficient to prevent hypoxia[2]
Notes
- physicians should always carry a copy of their medical license when traveling for documentation by the airline if they assist in a medical emergency during a flight[9]
- physicians are not obligated to assist during an in-flight medical emergency
- in the United States, a bystander who assists in an emergency is generally protected by Good Samaritan laws[9]
- for international airlines, laws where the airline is based generally apply
- the Aviation Medical Assistance Act of 1998 protects people from being sued for negligence while providing medical assistance, unlessthe person is guilty of gross negligence or willful misconduct[9]
- airRx is a free app that walks one through the most common inflight emergencies & what to consider doing[12]
Additional terms
References
- ↑ Mayo Internal Medicine Board Review, 1998-99, Prakash UBS (ed) Lippincott-Raven, Philadelphia, 1998, pg 764
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 15, 16, 17, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2022
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Prescriber's Letter 11(2):8 2004 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=200203&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Toff WD et al Effect of hypobaric hypoxia, simulating conditions during long-haul air travel, on coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet function, and endothelial activation. JAMA. 2006 May 17;295(19):2251-61. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16705106
Bartsch P. How thrombogenic is hypoxia? JAMA. 2006 May 17;295(19):2297-9. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16705111 - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Nable JV, Tupe CL, Gehle BD, Brady WJ. In-Flight Medical Emergencies during Commercial Travel. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:939-945. September 3, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26332548 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1409213
Peterson DC, Martin-Gill C, Guyette FX et al Outcomes of Medical Emergencies on Commercial Airline Flights. N Engl J Med 2013; 368:2075-2083 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23718164 PMCID: PMC3740959 Free PMC article https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/nejmoa1212052 - ↑ British Thoracic Society Standards of Care Committee. Managing passengers with respiratory disease planning air travel: British Thoracic Society recommendations. Thorax. 2002 Apr;57(4):289-304 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11923546 Free PMC Article
- ↑ Silverman D, Gendreau M. Medical issues associated with commercial flights. Lancet. 2009 Jun 13;373(9680):2067-77 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19232708
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Schwamm LH, Jaff MR, Dyer KS, Gonzalez RG, Huck AE. CASE RECORDS of the MASSACHUSETTS GENERAL HOSPITAL. Case 13-2016. A 49-Year-Old Woman with Sudden Hemiplegia and Aphasia during a Transatlantic Flight. N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr 28;374(17):1671-80. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27119240 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcpc1501151
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 9.6 9.7 Splete H Is There a Doctor on the Plane? Tips for Providing In-Flight Assistance. Medscape. Nov 15, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/984075
American College of Emergency Physicians (ACEP) 2022 Scientific Assembly: Presented October 4, 2022. - ↑ 10.0 10.1 Advisory Cicular. Emergency Medical Equipment. Jan 12, 2006 https://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC121-33B.pdf
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Pombal R,Hosegood I, Powell D Risk of COVID-19 During Air Travel JAMA. 2020;324(17):1798 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33022035 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2771435
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 airRx. Available for a Apple Store. Designed for iPad. Runs on iPhone. https://apps.apple.com/us/app/airrx/id1031955544
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Ellis R The Right Indoor Relative Humidity Could Ward Off COVID. Medscape. Nov 21, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/984415