Zika virus
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Epidemiology
- transmitted by mosquitoes in the genus Aedes (Aedes aegypti)
- incubation is 3-14 days[159]
- vertebrate hosts of the virus include monkeys & humans
- Zika virus circulating in 38 countries & territories, March 2016[46]
- Africa: Uganda, Tanzania, Egypt, Central African Republic, Sierra Leone & Gabon
- Asia: India, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, & Indonesia
- South America: Brazil
- Puerto Rico[3]
- 2400 people in the U.S. contracted Zika virus disease during the first 7 months of 2016[113]
- only 28 were locally acquired, mostly via mosquitoes, the rest were travel-associated
- one case of Zika contracted by a laboratory finger stick[113]
- Zika virus spreading explosively through Americas[12][13]
- map of distribution of Aedes mosquitoes & risk for Zika virus U.S.A.[43]
- case reported in Texas[4]
- case reported in Hawaii[5]
- case reports in Illinois & Florida[8]
- case report in Massachusetts resident after travel to Costa Rica[23]
- 182 cases of confirmed Zika virus infection in New York City related to travel exposure Jan-June 2016[76]
- a person in Utah contracted the Zika virus after caring for another Zika patient who died in June[85]
- possible non-travel related case of Zika infection in Miami-Dade County Florida July 2016[86]
- active transmission of Zika virus expanding in Miami Beach, 4.5 square miles Sept 2016[115]
- 35 non-travel-related Zika cases in Miami Beach, & 93 total in Florida Sept 2016[115]
- active transmission of Zika in new area of Miami-Dade County[122]
- FDA requests postponing blood donations in Miami-Dade & Broward counties of Florida until Zika-free blood can be assured[91]
- potential risk of Zika Miami-Dade, Broward, & Palm Beach counties March 2017[139]
- Florida's 17th infection Aug 2015 not related to foreign travel[97]
- spread of Zika to Florida's gulf coast[104]
- 1st confirmed Zika-related death in continental U.S.[80]
- infant with Zika-linked microcephaly dies in Texas Aug 2016[98]
- mother infected with Zika in Latin America during pregnancy
- Texas resident acquired Zika infection during travel to Miami Aug 2016[101]
- as of May 12, 279 pregnant women in the U.S. have tested positive for Zika[66]
- 3 children of U.S. women infected with the Zika virus have been born with birth defects in 2016[74]
- case reports of sexually transmitted Zika virus infection[14][54]
- case of Zika transmission from male to male sexual transmission involving anal sex[57]
- suspected female to male sexual transmission of Zika[84]
- zika virus RNA common in semen of symptomatic men[153]
- persistence in semen for 2 months[25]
- sexual transmission of Zika virus from an asymptomatic man who traveled to a Zika-affected region to a woman without a travel history[107]
- WHO recommend ready access to emergency contraception in Zika-infected areas[30]
- confirmed transmission of Zika via blood transfusion[17]
- transmission via platelet transfusion reported[102]
- maximal length of Zika viremia is thought to be < 28 days
- Brazilian researchers at the Oswaldo Cruz Foundation say they have found active Zika virus in urine & saliva[18]
- virus found in amniotic fluid associated with microcephaly[28]
- Aedes mosquitoes linked to Zika virus not likely in areas above 6,500 feet (2,000 meters)[41]
- cancelling or changing the location of the 2016 Olympics will not significantly alter the international spread of Zika virus[65][71] exception of perhaps 4 countries Chad, Djibouti, Eritrea, & Yemen[81] since they don't have significant travel to other countries with local transmission
- requests for abortions up in Latin America June 2016 related to concerns of Zika virus[78]
- January-November 2016, 476 microcephaly cases were reported in Colombia[131]
- 33 Service members have acquired Zika overseas (Aug 2016)
- Texas report case of local Zika transmission (Nov 2016)[129]
- Texas reports 4 additional cases of suspected locally acquired Zika infection[133]
- 5 cases of locally transmitted Zika virus identified in Brownsville, Texas Dec 2016[137]
- Texas reports case of local Zika transmission (July 2017)[145]
- prevalence of birth defects potentially related to Zika virus increased from 2.0 to 2.4 per 1000 live births in U.S. areas with local Zika transmission in 2016[150]
- Zika virus outbreak in the Americas will likely diminish by 2019[83]
- Zika remains significant enduring public health challenge but no longer represents a public health emergency (WHO)[127]
- 5200 probable or confirmed, noncongenital Zika cases in U.S. states in 2016[151]
- 95% in travelers from Zika-affected areas
- 4% from local, mosquito-borne transmissions, all in Florida or Texas
- 1% from other transmissions, including sexual contact[151]
Pathology
- in humans disease similar to dengue, yellow fever, West Nile virus & Japanese encephalitis virus
- Zika virus is neurotropic, preferentially affecting tissues in the brain & brain stem of the developing fetus[40]
- Zika virus impairs growth of human neural progenitor cells[60]
- microcephaly, diminished cerebral volume, ventriculomegaly, cerebellar hypoplasia, lissencephaly with hydrocephalus[121]
- overall pattern of brain atrophy suggests interference in neuronal migration[121]
- levels of zika viral RNA in fetal brain tissue are > 1000-fold higher than that found in placental tissue, suggesting zika replication in brain[135]
- zika virus genome found in both maternal & neonatal tissues (amniotic fluid, cord blood, placenta, & brain)[121]
- high levels of zika virus RNA in placental macrophages which have access to fetal circulation[135] (likely route of entry)
- structure of zika virus[49]
- male infant born with microcephaly in Brazil Zika viremia at least 67 days after birth; baby's mother had Zika symptoms during her 26th week of pregnancy[106]
Genetics
- positive-sense RNA flavivirus in the family Flaviviridae[148]
- single genetic mutation S139N in the prM protein of Zika may contribute to fetal microcephaly[147]
Pharmacology
- zika has oncolytic activity against glioblastoma stem cells[146]
Clinical manifestations
- most infected persons are asymptomatic[45]
- symptoms are typically mild & last < 1 week
- micropapular rash (86%), pruritus (82%) often intense[55][140]
- rash generally widespread, involving a median of 45% body surface area[140]
- common sites of involvement
- face & upper limbs (95%), trunk (93%), lower limbs (86%)
- palms (30%) & soles (13%) less frequently involved[140]
- low-grade fever (56%)
- arthralgia
- nonpurulent conjunctivitis (56%)
- dysethesia (52%) may be accompanied by autonomic symptoms[140]
- some patients report this as one of the more bothersome & distinctive aspects of Zika[140]
- micropapular rash (86%), pruritus (82%) often intense[55][140]
- fever, rash, myalgias, conjunctivitis
- eye abnormalities in infants
- focal pigment mottling of the retina
- chorioretinal atrophy
- optic nerve abnormalities[19]
- zika tends to be mildly symptomatic in children affected postnatally[119]
Laboratory
- zika virus serology*
- serum samples should be obtained from the umbilical cord or from the infant within 2 days of birth[10]
- Zika virus IgM in serum
- first test in symptomatic women presenting 2-12 weeks after symptom onset[87]
- followup testing in asymptomatic women in areas of active Zika transmitssion with negative serum Zika virus RNA[87]
- IgM antibodies may persist > 12 weeks[144]
- asymptomatic pregnant women not recommended unless woman not living in endemic area & > 2 weeks after prior exposure[157]
- Zika virus IgM in serum
- serum samples should be obtained from the umbilical cord or from the infant within 2 days of birth[10]
- chikungunya/dengue/Zika serology screening panel FDA approved[44]
- Zika virus RNA during 1st week after symptom onset[48][62][64]
- Zika virus RNA in urine (test of choice)[64]
- Zika virus RNA in serum[64]
- Zika virus RNA in saliva[64]
- symptomatic women or asymptomatic women in areas of active Zika transmission presenting < 2 weeks after symptom onset[87]
- urine & serum Zika virus RNA
- followup in symptomatic women with negative zika virus serology
- zika viremia up to 8 weeks after symptom onset[130]
- cases of pregnant women with Zika viremia 10 weeks[48] & 15 weeks[130] after symptom onset
- a negative Zika virus RNA does not rule out Zika infection[69]
- Zika serology & dengue serology should be performed[69]
- pregnant women who develop symptoms while pregnant or if their sexual partner tests positive[142]
- offer Zika RNA testing to pregnant women 3 times during pregnancy[144]
- diminished sensitivity if performed > 2 weeks after exposure[156]
- consider Zika virus RNA in amniotic fluid if available[142]
- dengue + chikungunya + zika virus RNA
- blood bank
- FDA advises testing all donated blood & blood components for Zika virus[110]
- universal screening of donated blood begins Nov 2016[125]
- cost $6-$10 per donation
- screening of U.S. blood donations for Zika virus RNA is costly with low yield[154]
- ARUP Zika virus consult includes CDC Zika virus testing info[126]
* < 1% of asymptomatic people with potential Zika exposure tested for Zika are actually infected[58]
* New York Department of Health recommends testing anyone > 5 years of age presenting with fever, generalized skin rash, arthralgias & conjunctivitis (3 of 4) for Zika virus[99]
CDC recommendations in areas where both Zika & dengue are endemic[157]
- nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) for dengue & Zika on serum samples collected <= 7 days after symptoms begin.
- when NAAT results are negative, or serum samples are collected > 7 days after symptom onset, IgM antibody testing should be performed
- if IgM antibody results are positive & NAAT results are negative, neutralizing antibody testing as indicated
- for pregnant women:
Diagnostic procedures
- infants
- hearing test
- ophthalmoloscopy by 1 month of age if mom tests +[19][148]
- neurologic examinations
Radiology
- neuroimaging
- cranial ultrasound if severe microcephaly[34]
- intracranial calcifications in affected infants
- CT & MRI findings[56]; (images & videos[105])
- cranial ultrasound if severe microcephaly[34]
Complications
- fetal abnormalities in ~ 29% of pregnant women[39]
- 6% of infants with birth defects[134][136]
- 5% of infants with possible Zika infection in U.S. territories with birth defects[143]
- brain abnormalities & microcephaly are the most common birth defects (89%)[143]
- 10% of U.S. pregnancies with lab-confirmed Zika result in infants or fetuses with birth defects[141]
- intrauterine growth restriction with or without microcephaly
- central nervous system lesions
- congenital contractures, craniofacial malformations, craniosynostosis, pulmonary hypoplasia[79]
- fetal death after 30 weeks' gestation
- abnormalities occur regardless of which trimester mother was infected[39]
- miscarriage (Zika persists in fetal tissue > 21 days)[91]
- 2% of Zika infected pregnancies[152]
- microcephaly in affected infants
- case reports in zika-infected pregnant women[2][22]
- 1% in pregnant women infected with Zika virus in first trimester (French Polynesia Sept 2013 - July 2015)[42]
- risk of microcephaly is 1-13% in 1st trimester[67]
- 4% overall in zika-infected pregnant women[134][136]
- severe brain malformations in infants with Zika-related microcephaly[50][53]
- intracranial calcifications, primarily in frontal lobe & parietal lobe
- white matter hypodensity[50]
- 20% of definite or probable cases with head circumference within the normal range[79]
- some infants without microcephaly have hydrocephalus[124]
- a normal head circumference at birth can mask complications that only become apparent months later[128]
- neuroimaging reveals malformations; all show decreased brain volume
- of 19 infants born in Brazil with microcephaly, at 24 months
- 15 with severe motor impairment[149]
- 11 with seizures
- 13 with hearing impairment
- 11 with vision impairment
- 10 with sleep disorder[149]
- 14% of infants exposed to Zika in utero have health problems at 1 year of age[155]
- not all health problems related to zika apparent at birth[155]
- arthrogryposis multiplex congenita may occur in infants also born with microcephaly[97][121]
- Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) in adults[9][108][109][112]
- WHO reports 6-fold increases in Guillain-Barre syndrome in the state of Alagoas, Brazil near the center of the Zika- related microcephaly outbreak[20]
- 86 cases of GBS in Columbia Jan 30 - Feb 2, 2016, all with symptoms compatible with Zika virus[26]
- 252 cases of GBS cases reported in Venezuela Jan 2016, frequently with Zika symptoms[26]
- 34 cases in Puerto Rico in 1st 1/2 of 2016[108][109]
- 0.24 cases of GBS/1000 Zika virus infections during Zika virus outbreak in 2013-2014 in French Polynesia[37]
- median interval between viral syndrome & onset of neurological symptoms: 6 days
- Zika IgM positive in 93% of GBS patients
- RT-PCR for Zika virus negative in all GBS patients
- findings confounded by edemic dengue virus[37]
- 12 of 38 countries reporting Zika virus have also reported an increase in Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) or laboratory evidence of Zika among GBS patients[46]
- autommune acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) associated with demyelination in the brain & spina cord similar to multiple sclerosis
- recovery within 6 months possible[51]
- ocular abnormalities
- hemorrhagic retinopathy
- abnormal retinal vasculature
- torpedo maculopathy[68]
- sensorineural hearing loss in 6% of infants born with microcephaly[111]
- neurologic or ocular defects highest when Zika infection occurs during 1st trimester (12.7%) vs 2nd (3.6%) or 3rd (5.3%) trimester[152]
- transient hearing loss in adults[132]
Differential diagnosis
- dengue incubation time 4-10 days
- Chikungunya incubation is 48-72 hours[159]
- rash of dengue not as prominent as Chikungunya or Zika
- myalgia of dengue more prominent than Chikungunya or Zika
- arthralgia of dengue less prominent than Chikungunya or Zika
- severe, disabling arthralgias with high fevers suggest chikungunya
- bleeding not a feature of Chikungunya or Zika
- hemorrhagic complications suggest dengue[140]
- shock not a feature of Chikungunya or Zika
- conjunctivitis not a feature of dengue or Chikungunya[16]
Management
- avoid mosquito bites so as to prevent transmission[45]
- all pregnant women should be asked if they have recently traveled to areas with active Zika virus transmission
- pregnant women with recent travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission & with symptoms of fever, rash, myalgias, or conjunctivitis during or within 2 weeks of travel should be tested for Zika virus
- pregnant women who test positive for Zika, should have ultrasound every 3-4 weeks to monitor the fetus's growth
- women with Zika virus should breastfeed their infants[33]
- pregnant women should avoid 2016 summer Olympics in Brazil[36]
- couples in Zika-affected areas should consider delaying pregnancy[70]
- asymptomatic persons with possible exposure to Zika (travel to areas with active Zika virus transmission) should wait at least 8 weeks before trying to conceive[47]
- women infected with Zika should wait at least 8 weeks after symptom onset before trying to conceive; men should wait at least 6 months[47]
- progressive Guillain-Barre syndrome
- IV immune globulin or plasma exchange[35]
- 38% require intensive care
- 29% need respiratory assistance
- potential blood donors should defer giving blood for 28 dqys after visiting areas with Zika transmission[15][16][29], having symptoms suggestive of Zika virus in the past 4 weeks, or having sexual contact with a person who has traveled to, or resided in, an area with active Zika virus transmission during the prior 3 months[29]
- potential blood donors living in Zika-affected donors are eligible for blood donation within the affected area[31]
- donors should be deferred if Zika symptoms noted within the past 28 days[31]
- people who develop Zika symptoms within 14 days of donating blood should contact the Red Cross so their donation can be quarantined
- human cell & tissue donations if donor in past 6 months
- has not been diagnosed with Zika
- has not been in an area of active Zika transmission
- has not had sex with a male having either of the above 2 risk factors[38]
- standard precautions for health care providers[45]
Prevention:
- first vaccine candidate expected in September 2016[52]
- aerial insecticide spraying helped limit spread of Zika in Miami's Wynwood neighborhood[117]
- WHO is exploring the release of genetically modified Aedes aegypti mosquitoes for control of Zika virus
- release of sterile male mosquitoes or males with the naturally occurring Wolbachia bacteria
- in both instances, when females mate with affected males, the eggs don't hatch[27]
- infecting mosquitoes with Wolbachia, an endosymbiotic bacterium found in insects, may help limit spread of the Zika virus
- pregnant women with partner possibly exposed to Zika should use barrier contraception or abstain from sex during pregnancy[88]
- delay pregnancy for 9 months after possible Zika exposure[89]
- asymptomatic men with possible zika exposure should wait at least 6 months before attempting conception[118]
- abstinence or use of condoms for 6 months after zika exposure
- long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) recommended
- in states with Aedes mosquitoes capable transmitting Zika, use of LARC is low[94]
- pregnant women who have been to Miami-Dade county Florida since Aug 21, 2016 should be tested for Zika virus[123]
- pregnant women should avoid non-essential travel to 11 countries in southeast Asia (Sept 2016)[119]
Comparative biology
Notes
- Zika persistence in body fluids
More general terms
References
- ↑ Wikipedia: Zika virus https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zika_virus
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 World Health Organization (WHO) Disease Outbreak News. Dec 14, 2015 Microcephaly - Brazil http://www.who.int/csr/don/15-december-2015-microcephaly-brazil/en/
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Orciari Herman A, Sadoughi S, Sofair A Zika Virus Hits Puerto Rico; Link to Microcephaly in Brazil under Investigation. Physician's First Watch, Jan 4, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Kelly JC First Zika Virus Case in United States Confirmed in Texas. Medscape Jan 11, 2016 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/857072
Harris County Public Health & Environmental Services News Release. Jan 11, 2016 Travel-Related Zika Virus Infection Has Been Identified in the Harris County Area. http://hcphes.org/UserFiles/Servers/Server_72972/File/News%20and%20Media/Media%20Advisory_ZIKA%20virus_1%2011%2016.pdf - ↑ 5.0 5.1 NEWS RELEASE, Jan. 15, 2016 HAWAII DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH RECEIVES CONFIRMATION OF ZIKA INFECTION IN BABY BORN WITH MICROCEPHALY. http://health.hawaii.gov/news/files/2013/05/HAWAII-DEPARTMENT-OF-HEALTH-RECEIVES-CONFIRMATION-OF-ZIKA-INFECTION-IN-BABY-BORN-WITH-MICROCEPHALY.pdf
- ↑ Bogoch II, Brady OJ, Kraemer MU et al Anticipating the international spread of Zika virus from Brazil. The Lancet. Jan 14, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26777915 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2816%2900080-5/fulltext
- ↑ Petersen EE, Staples EJ, Meaney-Delman D et al Interim Guidelines for Pregnant Women During a Zika Virus Outbreak - United States, 2016. MMWR. January 19, 2016 / 65(2);1-4 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6502e1er.htm
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Physician's First Watch, Jan 21, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Romero S, McNeil DG New Worry on Mosquito-Borne Virus: Weeks of Total Paralysis. New York Times. Jan 21, 2016, via MSN News http://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/new-worry-on-mosquito-borne-virus-weeks-of-total-paralysis/ar-BBoxpup
World Health Organization (WHO) Emergency Preparedness Response. Jan 21, 2016 http://www.who.int/csr/don/21-january-2016-gbs-el-salvador/en/ - ↑ 10.0 10.1 Staples JE et al Interim Guidelines for the Evaluation and Testing of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection - United States, 2016. MMWR Early Release / January 26, 2016 / 65(3);1-5 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6503e3er.htm
- ↑ WHO statement, January 28, 2016 WHO to convene an International Health Regulations Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/emergency-committee-zika/en/
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Briefing to the Executive Board on the Zika situation Geneva, Switzerland, January 28, 2016 WHO Director-General briefs Executive Board on Zika situation. http://www.who.int/dg/speeches/2016/zika-situation/en/
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Chen LH, Hamer DH Zika Virus: Rapid Spread in the Western Hemisphere. Ann Intern Med. Published online 2 February 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26832396 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Dallas Count Health and Human Services. Feb 2, 2016 DCHHS Reports First Zika . Virus Case in Dallas County Acquired Through Sexual Transmission. http://www.dallascounty.org/department/hhs/press/documents/PR2-2-16DCHHSReportsFirstCaseofZikaVirusThroughSexualTransmission.pdf
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Red Cross Statement on the Zika Virus. Feb 3, 2014 http://www.redcross.org/news/press-release/Red-Cross-to-Implement-Blood-Donor-Self-Deferral-Over-Zika-Concerns
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 American Association of Blood Banks Association Bulletin #16. Feb 1, 2016 http://www.aabb.org/programs/publications/bulletins/Documents/ab16-03.pdf
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 Reuters. Feb 4, 2016 Brazil reports Zika infection from blood transfusions. http://news.yahoo.com/brazil-confirms-zika-infection-blood-transfusion-151354581.html
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 San Diego Union Tribune Feb 6, 2016
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 de Paula Freitas B, de Oliveira Dias JR, Prazeres J et al Ocular Findings in Infants With Microcephaly Associated With Presumed Zika Virus Congenital Infection in Salvador, Brazil. JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online February 09, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2686555 <Internet> http://archopht.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx
Jampol LM, Goldstein DA Zika Virus Infection and the Eye. JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online February 09, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26865476 <Internet> http://archopht.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx - ↑ 20.0 20.1 WHO Disease Outbreak News. Feb 8, 2016 Guillain-Barre syndrome - Brazil http://www.who.int/csr/don/8-february-2016-gbs-brazil/en/
- ↑ CDC Newsroom. February 3, 2016 CDC Emergency Operations Center moves to highest level of activation for Zika response. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0208-zika-eoca-activation.html
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Mlakar J et al Zika Virus Associated with Microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 2016 Feb 10. [Epub ahead of print] <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26862926 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1600651
Rubin EJ, Greene MF, Baden LR. Zika Virus and Microcephaly. N Engl J Med. 2016 Feb 10. [Epub ahead of print] <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26862812 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1601862
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Notes from the Field: Evidence of Zika Virus Infection in Brain and Placental Tissues from Two Congenitally Infected Newborns and Two Fetal Losses - Brazil, 2015 MMWR. Early Release / February 10, 2016 / 65(06);1-2 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6506e1er.htm - ↑ 23.0 23.1 Chen LH Zika Virus Infection in a Massachusetts Resident After Travel to Costa Rica: A Case Report. Ann Intern Med. Published online 10 February 2016 http://annals.org/article.aspx
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Thomas DL, Sharp TM, Torres J et al Local Transmission of Zika Virus - Puerto Rico, November 23, 2015 - January 28, 2016 MMWR. Early Release / February 12, 2016 / 65(6);1-6 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6506e2er.htm
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Detection of Zika Virus in Semen Emerging Infectious Diseases. 22(5) May 2016 http://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/22/5/16-0107_article
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 World Health Organization (WHO) Guillain-Barre syndrome - Colombia and Venezuela Disease Outbreak News. February 12, 2016 http://www.who.int/csr/don/12-february-2016-gbs-colombia-venezuela/en/
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 World Health Organization (WHO). Emergencies. Feb 17, 2016 Mosquito control: can it stop Zika at source? http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/articles/mosquito-control/en/
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Calvet G, Aguiar RS, Melo AS et al Detection and sequencing of Zika virus from amniotic fluid of fetuses with microcephaly in Brazil: a case study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. Feb 17, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26897108 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099%2816%2900095-5/abstract
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 FDA News Release. Feb 16, 2016 FDA issues recommendations to reduce the risk for Zika virus blood transmission in the United States. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm486359.htm
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 World Health Organization (WHO). Interim guidance. Feb 18, 2016 Prevention of potential sexual transmission of Zika virus. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204421/1/WHO_ZIKV_MOC_16.1_eng.pdf
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 World Health Organization (WHO). Interim guidance. Feb. 2016 Maintaining a safe and adequate blood supply during Zika virus outbreaks. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204436/1/WHO_ZIKV_HS_16.1_eng.pdf
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Media Statement. February 23, 2016 CDC encourages following guidance to prevent sexual transmission of Zika virus. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0223-zika-guidance.html
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 World Health Organization (WHO). Interim guidance. Feb.25 2016 Breastfeeding in the context of Zika virus. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204473/1/WHO_ZIKV_MOC_16.5_eng.pdf
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 World Health Organization (WHO). Interim guidance. Feb.25 2016 Assessment of infants with microcephaly in the context of Zika virus. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204475/1/WHO_ZIKV_MOC_16.3_eng.pdf
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 World Health Organization (WHO). Interim guidance. Feb.25 2016 Identification and management of Guillain-Barre syndrome in the context of Zika virus. http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204474/1/WHO_ZIKV_MOC_16.4_eng.pdf
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Media Statement. February 26, 2016 CDC issues advice for travel to the 2016 Summer Olympic Games. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0226-summer-olympic-games.html
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Cao-Lormeau VM et al. Guillain-Barre syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: A case-control study. Lancet 2016 Feb 29; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26948433
Smith DW, Mackenzie J. Zika virus and Guillain-Barre syndrome: Another viral cause to add to the list. Lancet 2016 Feb 29 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26948432 - ↑ 38.0 38.1 FDA News Release. March 1, 2016 FDA issues recommendations to reduce the risk of Zika virus transmission by human cell and tissue products. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm488612.htm
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Brasil P, Pereira JP, Gabaglia CR et al Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro - Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med. March 4, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26943629 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1602412
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Statement by WHO Director-General Dr Margaret Chan WHO Director-General addresses media after Zika Emergency Committee. March 8, 2016 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/zika-ec/en/
WHO statement, March 8, 2016 WHO statement on the 2nd meeting of IHR Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/2nd-emergency-committee-zika/en/
de Oliveira WK et al Increase in Reported Prevalence of Microcephaly in Infants Born to Women Living in Areas with Confirmed Zika Virus Transmission During the First Trimester of Pregnancy. MMWR. Early Release / March 8, 2016 / 65 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6509e2er.htm
Broutet N et al Zika Virus as a Cause of Neurologic Disorders. N Engl J Med. March 9, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26959308 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1602708
Carteaux G, Maquart M, Bedet A et al Zika Virus Associated with Meningoencephalitis. N Engl J Med. March 9, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26958738 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1602964 - ↑ 41.0 41.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC CDC Newsroom. March 11, 2016 CDC's revised travel notices estimate Zika risk using elevation information. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0311-zika-revised-travel.html
Cetron M Revision to CDC's Zika Travel Notices: Minimal Likelihood for Mosquito-Borne Zika Virus Transmission at Elevations Above 2,000 Meters. MMWR. Early Release / March 11, 2016 / 65 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6510e1er.htm - ↑ 42.0 42.1 Cauchemez S et al Association between Zika virus and microcephaly in French Polynesia, 2013-2015: a retrospective study. Lancet. March 15, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26993883 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2816%2900651-6/abstract
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Eurekalert. AAAS. The Global Source for Science News. Public Release: March 16, 2016 Potential Zika virus risk estimated for 50 US cities. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-03/ncfa-pzv031516.php
Map of Zika Risk (image) http://www.eurekalert.org/multimedia/pub/111210.php - ↑ 44.0 44.1 CDC Newsroom. March 18, 2016 New CDC Laboratory Test for Zika Virus Authorized for Emergency Use by FDA. http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0318-zika-lab-test.html
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 45.3 45.4 Karwowski MP, Nelson JM, Staples JE et al Zika Virus Disease: A CDC Update for Pediatric Health Care Providers. Pediatrics. March 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26914500 Free full text <Internet> http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2016/03/22/peds.2016-0621
Olson CK, Iwamoto M, Perkins KM et al Preventing Transmission of Zika Virus in Labor and Delivery Settings Through Implementation of Standard Precautions. MMWR. Early Release / March 22, 2016 / 65 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6511e3er.htm - ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 World Health Organization (WHO) Statement. March 22, 2016 WHO Director-General briefs the media on the Zika situation. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/zika-update-3-16/en/
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Petersen EE, Polen KND, Meaney-Delman D et al Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Caring for Women of Reproductive Age with Possible Zika Virus Exposure - United States, 2016 MMWR Early Release / March 25, 2016 / 65 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e2er.htm
Oster AM, Russell K, Stryker JE et al Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus - United States, 2016 MMWR Early Release / March 25, 2016 / 65 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e3er.htm
Tepper NH, Goldberg HT, Vargas Bernal MT et al Estimating Contraceptive Needs and Increasing Access to Contraception in Response to the Zika Virus Disease Outbreak - Puerto Rico, 2016 MMWR Early Release / March 25, 2016 / 65 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6512e1er.htm - ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Driggers RW, Ho CY, Korhonen EM et al Zika Virus Infection with Prolonged Maternal Viremia and Fetal Brain Abnormalities. N Engl J Med. March 30, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27028667 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1601824
Petersen LR, Jamieson DJ, Powers AM, Honein MA. Zika Virus. N Engl J Med. March 30, 2016 Review <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27028561 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMra1602113
Haug CJ, Kieny MP, Murgue B. Perspective. The Zika Challenge. N Engl J Med. March 30, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27028782 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1603734 - ↑ 49.0 49.1 Sirohi D, Chen Z, Sun L et al The 3.8 A resolution cryo-EM structure of Zika virus. Science. March 31, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27033547 <Internet> http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/03/30/science.aaf5316
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Hazin AN et al Computed Tomographic Findings in Microcephaly Associated with Zika Virus. N Engl J Med. April 6, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27050112 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1603617
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 American Academy of Neurology. Public Release: 10-Apr-2016 Zika virus may now be tied to another brain disease. http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2016-04/aaon-zvm040716.php
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 Editors. NEJM J Watch CDC: Zika Threat "Scarier Than We Initially Thought" Physician's First Watch, April 12, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Rasmussen SA, Jamieson DJ, Honein MA, Petersen LR. Zika Virus and Birth Defects - Reviewing the Evidence for Causality. N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr 13. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27074377
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 D'Ortenzio E, Matheron S, de Lamballerie X et al Evidence of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus. N Engl J Med. 2016 Apr 13. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27074370
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Brasil P, Calvet GA, Siqueira AM et al Zika Virus Outbreak in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: Clinical Characterization, Epidemiological and Virological Aspects. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. April 12, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27070912 <Internet> http://journals.plos.org/plosntds/article
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 de Fatima Vasco Aragao M et al Clinical features and neuroimaging (CT and MRI) findings in presumed Zika virus related congenital infection and microcephaly: retrospective case series study. BMJ 2016;353:i1901 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27075009 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/353/bmj.i1901
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Deckard TW et al Male-to-Male Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus - Texas, January 2016. MMWR. Weekly / April 15, 2016 / 65(14);372-374 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6514a3.htm
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Dasgupta S et al Patterns in Zika Virus Testing and Infection, by Report of Symptoms and Pregnancy Status - United States, January 3- March 5, 2016 MMWR. Early Release / April 15, 2016 / 65 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6515e1.htm
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 Rossi SL, Tesh RB, Azar SR et al. Characterization of a novel murine model to study Zika virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2016 Mar 28 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27022155 <Internet> http://www.ajtmh.org/content/early/2016/03/24/ajtmh.16-0111
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Tang H et al. Zika virus infects human cortical neural progenitors and attenuates their growth. Cell Stem Cell 2016 Mar 4 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26952870 <Internet> http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1934590916001065
Garcez PP et al. Zika virus impairs growth in human neurospheres and brain organoids. Science 2016 Apr 10; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27064148 <Internet> http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/04/11/science.aaf6116 - ↑ 61.0 61.1 Dirlikov E, Ryff KR, Torres-Aponte J, et al. Update: Ongoing Zika Virus Transmission - Puerto Rico, November 1, 2015-April 14, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 29 April 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6517e2.htm
- ↑ 62.0 62.1 Press Release. Quest Diagnostics. April 28, 2016 Zika Test from Quest Diagnostics Authorized by the FDA for Emergency Use. http://newsroom.questdiagnostics.com/2016-04-28-Zika-Test-from-Quest-Diagnostics-Authorized-by-the-FDA-for-Emergency-Use
- ↑ Dutra HL, Rocha MN, Dias FB et al Wolbachia Blocks Currently Circulating Zika Virus Isolates in Brazilian Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes. Cell Host & Microbe. May 4, 2015 (Open Access) <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27156023 Free full text <Internet> http://www.cell.com/cell-host-microbe/fulltext/S1931-3128%2816%2930157-3
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Interim Guidance for Zika Virus Testing of Urine - United States, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 10 May 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27171368 Free Article <Internet> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6518e1.htm
Bingham AM, Cone M, Mock V, et al. Comparison of Test Results for Zika Virus RNA in Urine, Serum, and Saliva Specimens from Persons with Travel-Associated Zika Virus Disease - Florida, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 10 May 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27171533 Free full text <Internet> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6518e2.htm - ↑ 65.0 65.1 World Health Organization (WHO) statement. May 12, 2016 Zika virus and the Olympic and Paralympic Games Rio 2016, http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/zika-olympics/en/
WHO public health advice regarding the Olympics and Zika virus. News release. May 28, 2016 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/zika-health-advice-olympics/en/ - ↑ 66.0 66.1 Simeone RM et al Possible Zika Virus Infection Among Pregnant Women - United States and Territories, May 2016. MMWR. Early Release / May 20, 2016 / 65 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6520e1.htm
News Release. May 20, 2016 WHO confirms Zika virus strain imported from the Americas to Cabo Verde. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2016/zika-cabo-verde/en/ - ↑ 67.0 67.1 Johansson MA et al Perspective. Zika and the Risk of Microcephaly. N Engl J Med. May 25, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27222919 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1605367
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 Ventura CV et al Risk Factors Associated With the Ophthalmoscopic Findings Identified in Infants With Presumed Zika Virus Congenital Infection. JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online May 26, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27228275 <Internet> http://archopht.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx
Miranda HA 2nd, Costa MC, Frazao MA et al Expanded Spectrum of Congenital Ocular Findings in Microcephaly with Presumed Zika Infection. American Academy of Ophthalmology. 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27236271 <Internet> http://www.aaojournal.org/article/S0161-6420%2816%2930277-9/pdf - ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 Rabe IB, Staples JE, Villanueva J, et al Interim Guidance for Interpretation of Zika Virus Antibody Test Results. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 31 May 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6521e1.htm
- ↑ 70.0 70.1 World Health Organization (WHO) Prevention of sexual transmission of Zika virus. Interim guidance update. 7 June 2016 http://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/10665/204421/1/WHO_ZIKV_MOC_16.1_eng.pdf
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 World Health Organization (WHO) WHO statement on the third meeting of the International Health Regulations (2005) (IHR(2005)) Emergency Committee on Zika virus and observed increase in neurological disorders and neonatal malformations. WHO statement. June 14, 2016 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/zika-third-ec/en/
- ↑ Pacheco O, Beltran M, Nelson CA et al Zika Virus Disease in Colombia - Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 15. [Epub ahead of print] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27305043
- ↑ Zika. CDC Draft Interim Response Plan. June 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/zika/pdfs/zika-draft-interim-conus-plan.pdf
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Outcomes of Pregnancies with Laboratory Evidence of Possible Zika Virus Infection in the United States, 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/pregnancy-outcomes.html
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 Kuehnert MJ, Basavaraju SV, Moseley RR, et al. Screening of Blood Donations for Zika Virus Infection - Puerto Rico, April 3-June 11, 2016 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 17 June 2016 www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6524e2.htm
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 Lee CT, Vora NM, Bajwa W, et al. Zika Virus Surveillance and Preparedness - New York City, 2015-2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 21 June 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6524e3.htm
- ↑ CDC Health Alert Network. June 21, 2016 CDC Recommendations for Subsequent Zika IgM Antibody Testing http://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00392.asp
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 Aiken AR et al Requests for Abortion in Latin America Related to Concern about Zika Virus Exposure. N Engl J Med. 2016 Jun 22 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27331661 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1605389
- ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Franca GV, Schuler-Faccini L, Oliveira WK et al Congenital Zika virus syndrome in Brazil: a case series of the first 1501 livebirths with complete investigation. Lancet. June 29, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27372398 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30902-3/abstract
Martines RB, Bhatnagar J, de Oliveira Ramos AM et al Pathology of congenital Zika syndrome in Brazil: a case series. Lancet. June 29, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27372395 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(16)30883-2/abstract - ↑ 80.0 80.1 Orciari Herman A, Sadoughi S, Sofair A CDC Confirms First Zika-Related Death in Continental U.S. Physician's First Watch, July 11, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 Grills A, Morrison S, Nelson B, Miniota J, Watts A, Cetron MS. Projected Zika Virus Importation and Subsequent Ongoing Transmission after Travel to the 2016 Olympic and Paralympic Games - Country-Specific Assessment, July 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 13 July 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6528e1.htm
- ↑ 82.0 82.1 Mysorekar IU, Diamond MS Modeling Zika Virus Infection in Pregnancy. N Engl J Med. July 13, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27433842 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcibr1605445
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 Ferguson NM, Cucunuba ZM, Dorigatti I et al Countering Zika in Latin America. Science 14 Jul 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27417493 <Internet> http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2016/07/13/science.aag0219.full
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 Davidson A, Slavinski S, Komoto K, Rakeman J, Weiss D. Suspected Female-to-Male Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus - New York City, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 15 July 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6528e2.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) First female-to-male sexual transmission of Zika virus infection reported in New York City. CDC Media Statement. July 15, 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0715-zika-female-to-male.html - ↑ 85.0 85.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) CDC assisting Utah investigation of Zika virus infection apparently not linked to travel. CDC Media Statement. July 18, 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0718-zika-utah-investigation.html
Utah Department of Health. July 18, 2016 Public Health Officials Investigating Unique Case of Zika http://udohnews.blogspot.com/2016/07/public-health-officials-investigating.html - ↑ 86.0 86.1 Florida Department of Health, Office of Communications. July 19, 2016 Department of Health, Investigating Possible Non-Travel Related Case of Zika. http://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2016/07/071916-investigating-possible-non-travel-related-case-zika.html
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 87.3 Oduyebo T, Igbinosa I, Petersen EE, et al. Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Caring for Pregnant Women with Possible Zika Virus Exposure - United States, July 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 25 July 2016 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6529e1.htm
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 Brooks JT, Friedman A, Kachur RE et al Update: Interim Guidance for Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus - United States, July 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 25 July 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6529e2.htm
- ↑ 89.0 89.1 Ndeffo-Mbah ML, Parpia AS, Galvani AP Mitigating Prenatal Zika Virus Infection in the Americas. Ann Intern Med. Published online 26 July 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27454076 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx
- ↑ Lewnard JA, Gonsalves G, Ko AI Low Risk for International Zika Virus Spread due to the 2016 Olympics in Brazil. Ann Intern Med. Published online 26 July 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27454521 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 van der Eijk AA, van Genderen PJ et al Miscarriage Associated with Zika Virus Infection. N Engl J Med. July 27, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27463941 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1605898
- ↑ FDA Statement. July 28, 2016 Statement from Peter Marks, M.D., Ph.D., Director, FDA's Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm513792.htm
- ↑ Ten New Local Zika Cases in Florida Prompt Travel Warning. Medscape. Aug 01, 2016. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/866880
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Advice for people living in or traveling to Wynwood, a neighborhood in Miami, FL http://www.cdc.gov/zika/intheus/florida-update.html
CDC Health Alert Network. Aug 1, 2016 CDC Guidance for Travel and Testing of Pregnant Women and Women of Reproductive Age for Zika Virus Infection Related to the Investigation for Local Mosquito-borne Zika Virus Transmission in Miami-Dade and Broward Counties, Florida. https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00393.asp - ↑ 94.0 94.1 Boulet SL, D'Angelo DV, Morrow B, et al. Contraceptive Use Among Nonpregnant and Postpartum Women at Risk for Unintended Pregnancy, and Female High School Students, in the Context of Zika Preparedness - United States, 2011- 2013 and 2015. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 2 August 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6530e2.htm
- ↑ Young K, Sadoughi S, Saitz R 33 U.S. Service Members Acquired Zika Overseas. Physician's First Watch, Aug 4, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Starr B, Labott E First on CNN: 41 US military members have now contracted Zika. CNN. Aug. 3, 2016 http://www.cnn.com/2016/08/03/politics/zika-33-military-members-contract-disease/index.html - ↑ Florida Department of Health Daily Zika Update. Aug 5, 2016 http://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2016/08/080516-zika-update.html
Florida Department of Health Daily Zika Update. Aug 8, 2016 http://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2016/08/080816-zika-update.html
Florida Department of Health Daily Zika Update. Aug 10, 2016 http://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2016/08/081016-zika-update.html - ↑ 97.0 97.1 97.2 van der Linden V et al Congenital Zika syndrome with arthrogryposis: retrospective case series study. BMJ 2016;354:i3899 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27509902 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/354/bmj.i3899
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 Texas Department of State Health Services. Aug 9, 2016 Infant Death in Texas Linked to Zika http://www.dshs.texas.gov/news/releases/2016/20160809.aspx
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 Orciari Herman A, Sadoughi S, Saitz R NYC Health Department Calls for Expanded Zika Testing. Physician's First Watch, Aug 11, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 100.0 100.1 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services (HHS). Aug 12, 2016 HHS declares a public health emergency in Puerto Rico in response to Zika outbreak. http://www.hhs.gov/about/news/2016/08/12/hhs-declares-public-health-emergency-in-puerto-rico-in-response-to-zika-outbreak.html
- ↑ 101.0 101.1 Texas Department of State Health Services. News Release. August 15, 2016 Texas Zika Illness Linked to Miami Travel http://www.dshs.texas.gov/news/releases/2016/Texas-Zika-Case-Linked-to-Miami.aspx
Florida Department of Health Daily Zika Update. Aug 16, 2016 http://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2016/08/081616-zika-update.html - ↑ 102.0 102.1 Motta IJ et al Evidence for Transmission of Zika Virus by Platelet Transfusion. N Engl J Med. Aug 17, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27532622 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1607262
- ↑ NEJM Physician's First Watch Editors NIH Official Warns About Potential Spread of Zika Through Gulf Coast. Physician's First Watch, Aug 22, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 Florida State Governor's Office. News Release. Aug 23, 2016 GOV. SCOTT: DOH IDENTIFIES LOCAL TRANSMISSION OF ZIKA IN PINELLAS COUNTY; SIGNIFICANTLY REDUCES WYNWOOD AREA. http://www.flgov.com/2016/08/23/gov-scott-doh-identifies-local-transmission-of-zika-in-pinellas-county-significantly-reduces-wynwood-area/
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 Soares de Oliveira-Szejnfeld P, Levine D, Suely de Oliveira Melo A Congenital Brain Abnormalities and Zika Virus: What the Radiologist Can Expect to See Prenatally and Postnatally. Radiology (series of images & videos of brain abnormalities) <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27552432 <Internet> http://pubs.rsna.org/doi/full/10.1148/radiol.2016161584
- ↑ 106.0 106.1 Oliveira DB et al Prolonged Shedding of Zika Virus Associated with Congenital Infection. N Engl J Med. August 24, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27653589 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1607583
- ↑ 107.0 107.1 Brooks RB, Carlos MP, Myers RA, et al. Likely Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus from a Man with No Symptoms of Infection - Maryland, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 26 August 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6534e2.htm
- ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 World Health Organization (WHO) Zika situation report. 25 August 2016 Zika virus, Microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. http://www.who.int/emergencies/zika-virus/situation-report/25-august-2016/en/
- ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 Dirlikov E, Major CG, Mayshack M, et al. Guillain-Barre Syndrome During Ongoing Zika Virus Transmission
Puerto Rico, January 1-July 31, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2016 Sep 2;65(34):910-4. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27584942 Free Article <Internet> http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6534e1.htm - ↑ 110.0 110.1 FDA News Release. August 26, 2016 FDA advises testing for Zika virus in all donated blood and blood components in the US. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm518218.htm
- ↑ 111.0 111.1 Leal MC, Muniz LF, Ferreira TS, et al. Hearing Loss in Infants with Microcephaly and Evidence of Congenital Zika Virus Infection - Brazil, November 2015 - May 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 30 August 2016. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6534e3.htm
- ↑ 112.0 112.1 dos Santos T, Rodriguez A, Almiron M et al Zika Virus and the Guillain-Barre Syndrome - Case Series from Seven Countries. N Engl J Med. August 31, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27579558 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMc1609015
- ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 Walker WL, Lindsey NP, Lehman JA, et al. Zika Virus Disease Cases - 50 States and the District of Columbia, January 1-July 31, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 13 September 2016 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6536e5.htm
- ↑ Brent C, Dunn A, Savage H, et al. Preliminary Findings from an Investigation of Zika Virus Infection in a Patient with No Known Risk Factors - Utah, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 13 September 2016 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6536e4.htm
- ↑ 115.0 115.1 115.2 Florida governor's news release/ September 16, 2016, GOV. SCOTT: DOH EXPANDS AREA OF LOCAL TRANSMISSION IN MIAMI BEACH; EXPECTS TO LIFT WYNWOOD ZONE MONDAY. http://www.flgov.com/2016/09/16/gov-scott-doh-expands-area-of-local-transmission-in-miami-beach-expects-to-lift-wynwood-zone-monday/
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Press Release: September 19, 2016 CDC updates guidance for Wynwood (FL) neighborhood with active Zika transmission. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p0919-updated-zika-guidance.html
- ↑ 117.0 117.1 Likos A, Griffin I, Bingham AM, et al. Local Mosquito-Borne Transmission of Zika Virus - Miami-Dade and Broward Counties, Florida, June-August 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 23 September 2016. https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6538e1.htm
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Transcript for CDC Telebriefing: Zika Telebriefing Update Press Briefing Transcript. September 23, 2016 https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/t0923-zika-briefing-update.html - ↑ 118.0 118.1 Petersen EE, Meaney-Delman D, Neblett-Fanfair R, et al. Update: Interim Guidance for Preconception Counseling and Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus for Persons with Possible Zika Virus Exposure - United States, September 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 30 September 2016 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6539e1.htm
- ↑ 119.0 119.1 119.2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) CDC issues Zika special travel considerations for 11 Southeast Asian countries. CDC Media Statement: Thursday, September 29, 2016 https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/s0929-southeast-asian-update-statement.html
- ↑ Goodman AB, Dziuban EJ, Powell K, et al. Characteristics of Children Aged <18 Years with Zika Virus Disease Acquired Postnatally - U.S. States, January 2015-July 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 30 September 2016 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6539e2.htm
- ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 121.3 121.4 Fore K. MedPage Today. Oct 4, 2015 Range of Brain Injuries in Zika Microcephaly. But overall pattern of brain atrophy suggests interference in neuronal migration. http://www.medpagetoday.com/Neurology/GeneralNeurology/60591
Melo AS, Aguiar RS, Amorim MM et al Congenital Zika Virus Infection: Beyond Neonatal Microcephaly. JAMA Neurol. 2016 Oct 3. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27695855 - ↑ 122.0 122.1 Department of Health Daily Zika Update. October 13, 2016 Florida Department of Health, Office of Communications http://www.floridahealth.gov/newsroom/2016/10/101316-zika-update.html
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Press Release. October 13, 2016 CDC working with Florida to respond to new active Zika transmission area in Miami-Dade County. https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p1014-zika-transmission.html - ↑ 123.0 123.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) CDC updates guidance related to local Zika transmission in Miami-Dade County, Florida. Press Release. October 19, 2016 https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p1019-zika-florida-update.html
- ↑ 124.0 124.1 Melo AS, Aguiar RS, Amorim MM et al. Congenital Zika virus infection: Beyond neonatal microcephaly. JAMA Neurol 2016 Oct 3; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27695855
Roos RP. Zika virus - A public health emergency of international concern. JAMA Neurol 2016 Oct 3; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27695847 - ↑ 125.0 125.1 NEJM JWatch Editors. Universal Zika Screening of Donated Blood Begins This Week. Physician's First Watch, Nov 16, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 126.0 126.1 ARUP Consult. Zika virus. https://arupconsult.com/content/zika-virus
- ↑ 127.0 127.1 World Health Organization (WHO) Fifth meeting of the Emergency Committee under the International Health Regulations (2005) regarding microcephaly, other neurological disorders and Zika virus. WHO statement. 18 November 2016 http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2016/zika-fifth-ec/en/
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 van der Linden V, Pessoa A, Dobyns W, et al. Description of 13 Infants Born During October 2015-January 2016 With Congenital Zika Virus Infection Without Microcephaly at Birth - Brazil. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 22 November 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6547e2.htm
- ↑ 129.0 129.1 Lowes R Texas Reports Local Zika Case, First Outside Florida. Medscape. Nov 28, 2016 http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/872470
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) CDC supporting Texas investigation of possible local Zika transmission. CDC Press Release. November 28, 2016 https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2016/p1128-zika-texas.html - ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 Suy A, Sulleiro E, Vazquez E et al Prolonged Zika Virus Viremia during Pregnancy. N Engl J Med. December 7, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27959695 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1607580
- ↑ 131.0 131.1 Cuevas EL, Tong VT, Rozo N, et al. Preliminary Report of Microcephaly Potentially Associated with Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy - Colombia, January
November 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 9 December 2016 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/wr/mm6549e1.htm - ↑ 132.0 132.1 Vinhaes ES, Santos LA, Dias L et al Transient Hearing Loss in Adults Associated with Zika Virus Infection. Clinical Infectious Diseases. December 7, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27927858 <Internet> http://cid.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2016/12/05/cid.ciw770.full.pdf
- ↑ 133.0 133.1 Texas State Dept of Health. News Release. December 9, 2016 Texas Announces Additional Local Zika Cases in Cameron County http://www.dshs.texas.gov/news/releases/2016/20161209.aspx
- ↑ 134.0 134.1 134.2 Honein MA, Dawson AL, Petersen EE et al Birth Defects Among Fetuses and Infants of US Women With Evidence of Possible Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy . JAMA. Dec 13, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27960197 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2593702
Muller WJ, Miller ES Preliminary Results From the US Zika Pregnancy Registry: Untangling Risks for Congenital Anomalies. JAMA. Dec 13, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27960198 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2593701 - ↑ 135.0 135.1 135.2 Bhatnagar J, Rabeneck DB, Martines RB et al Zika Virus RNA Replication and Persistence in Brain and Placental Tissue. Emerg Infect Dis. 2017 Mar. Published online Dec 14, 2016 https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/23/3/16-1499_article
- ↑ 136.0 136.1 136.2 Brasil P, Pereira JP, Moreira ME et al Zika Virus Infection in Pregnant Women in Rio de Janeiro. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:2321-2334. December 15, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26943629 Free full text <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1602412
Honein MA, Jamieson DJ Monitoring and Preventing Congenital Zika Syndrome. N Engl J Med 2016; 375:2393-2394. December 15, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27960068 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1613368 - ↑ 137.0 137.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) CDC Guidance for Travel and Testing of Pregnant Women and Women of Reproductive Age for Zika Virus Infection Related to the Investigation for Local Mosquito-borne Zika Virus Transmission in Brownsville, Cameron County, Texas. CDC Health Alert Network. December 14, 2016 https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00399.asp
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Zika Virus in Mexico Travel notice updated November 4, 2016 https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/travel/notices/alert/zika-virus-mexico - ↑ 138.0 138.1 Paz-Bailey G, Rosenberg ES, Doyle K et al Persistence of Zika Virus in Body Fluids - Preliminary Report. N Engl J Med. 2017 Feb 14. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28195756 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1613108
- ↑ 139.0 139.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) CDC identifies potential risk of Zika virus transmission since June 15, 2016, in Miami-Dade, Broward, and Palm Beach counties. Media Statement. March 13, 2017 https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2017/s0313-risk-of-zika-transmission-florida.html
- ↑ 140.0 140.1 140.2 140.3 140.4 140.5 140.6 Cordel N, Birembaux X, Chaumont H et al. Main characteristics of Zika virus exanthema in Guadeloupe. JAMA Dermatol 2017 Feb 22; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28241170 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/2604250
- ↑ 141.0 141.1 Reynolds MR, Jones AM, Petersen EE, et al. Vital Signs: Update on Zika Virus-Associated Birth Defects and Evaluation of All U.S. Infants with Congenital Zika Virus Exposure - U.S. Zika Pregnancy Registry, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 4 April 2017 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6613e1.htm
- ↑ 142.0 142.1 142.2 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Prolonged IgM Antibody Response in People Infected with Zika Virus: Implications for Interpreting Serologic Testing Results for Pregnant Women. CDC Health Alert Network. May 5, 2017 https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00402.asp
- ↑ 143.0 143.1 143.2 Shapiro-Mendoza CK, Rice ME, Galang RR, et al. Pregnancy Outcomes After Maternal Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy - U.S. Territories, January 1, 2016-April 25, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . ePub: 8 June 2017 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6623e1.htm
- ↑ 144.0 144.1 144.2 Oduyebo T, Polen KD, Walke HT, et al. Update: Interim Guidance for Health Care Providers Caring for Pregnant Women with Possible Zika Virus Exposure - United States (Including U.S. Territories), July 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep . ePub: 24 July 2017 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6629e1.htm
- ↑ 145.0 145.1 Texas Department of State Health Services. Health officials find probable local Zika infection. News Release. July 26, 2017 http://www.dshs.texas.gov/news/releases/2017/20170726.aspx
- ↑ 146.0 146.1 Zhu Z, Gorman MJ, McKenzie LD Zika virus has oncolytic activity against glioblastoma stem cells. J Experimental Med. Sept 5, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28874392 <Internet> http://jem.rupress.org/content/early/2017/09/05/jem.20171093
- ↑ 147.0 147.1 Yuan L, Huang XY, Liu ZY et al A single mutation in the prM protein of Zika virus contributes to fetal microcephaly. Science 28 Sep 2017: <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28971967 <Internet> http://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2017/09/27/science.aam7120.full
- ↑ 148.0 148.1 148.2 Adebanjo T, Godfred-Cato S, Viens L, et al. Update: Interim Guidance for the Diagnosis, Evaluation, and Management of Infants with Possible Congenital Zika Virus Infection - United States, October 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:1089-1099 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6641a1.htm
- ↑ 149.0 149.1 149.2 Satterfield-Nash A, Kotzky K, Allen J, et al. Health and Development at Age 19-24 Months of 19 Children Who Were Born with Microcephaly and Laboratory Evidence of Congenital Zika Virus Infection During the 2015 Zika Virus Outbreak - Brazil, 2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2017;66:1347-1351 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/66/wr/mm6649a2.htm
- ↑ 150.0 150.1 Delaney A, Mai C, Smoots A, et al. Population-Based Surveillance of Birth Defects Potentially Related to Zika Virus Infection - 15 States and U.S. Territories, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:91-96 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6703a2.htm
Fitzgerald B, Boyle C, Honein MA. Birth Defects Potentially Related to Zika Virus Infection During Pregnancy in the United States. JAMA. Published online January 25, 2018 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2671017 - ↑ 151.0 151.1 151.2 Hall V, Walker WL, Lindsey NP, et al. Update: Noncongenital Zika Virus Disease Cases - 50 U.S. States and the District of Columbia, 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2018;67:265-269 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6709a1.htm
- ↑ 152.0 152.1 152.2 Hoen B, Schaub B, Funk AL et al. Pregnancy outcomes after ZIKV infection in French territories in the Americas. N Engl J Med 2018 Mar 15; 378:985-994. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29539287 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1709481
Honein MA. Recognizing the global impact of Zika virus infection during pregnancy. N Engl J Med 2018 Mar 15; 378:1055-1056 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29539290 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe1801398 - ↑ 153.0 153.1 Mead PS, Duggal NK, Hook SA et al Zika Virus Shedding in Semen of Symptomatic Infected Men. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1377-1385. April 12, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29641964 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1711038
- ↑ 154.0 154.1 Saa P, Proctor M, Foster G et al Investigational Testing for Zika Virus among U.S. Blood Donors. N Engl J Med 2018; 378:1778-1788. May 10, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29742375 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1714977
- ↑ 155.0 155.1 155.2 Rice ME, Galang RR, Roth NM, et al. Vital Signs: Zika-Associated Birth Defects and Neurodevelopmental Abnormalities Possibly Associated with Congenital Zika Virus Infection - U.S. Territories and Freely Associated States, 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 7 August 2018 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6731e1.htm
Polen KD, Gilboa SM, Hills S, et al. Update: Interim Guidance for Preconception Counseling and Prevention of Sexual Transmission of Zika Virus for Men with Possible Zika Virus Exposure - United States, August 2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 7 August 2018 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/67/wr/mm6731e2.htm - ↑ 156.0 156.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 18, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2018
- ↑ 157.0 157.1 157.2 157.3 Sharp TM, Fischer M, Munoz-Jordan JL, et al. Dengue and Zika Virus Diagnostic Testing for Patients with a Clinically Compatible Illness and Risk for Infection with Both Viruses. MMWR Recomm Rep 2019;68(No. RR-1):1-10 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/68/rr/rr6801a1.htm
- ↑ Rothaus C Zika Virus and Its Associated Diseases. NEJM Resent 360. Oct 9, 2019 https://resident360.nejm.org/clinical-pearls/zika-virus-and-its-associated-diseases
- ↑ 159.0 159.1 159.2 Bronze MS Fast Five Quiz: Dengue Medscape. August 22, 2022 https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/995704
- ↑ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Zika Virus http://www.cdc.gov/zika/
Areas with Zika http://www.cdc.gov/zika/geo/index.html
Zika Cases in the United States https://www.cdc.gov/zika/reporting/case-counts.html
N Eng J Med Zika Website (collection of articles and other resources) http://www.nejm.org/page/zika-virus