stillbirth
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Introduction
death of a fetus in the uterus or during labor or delivery
Etiology
- maternal or fetal infection (13-20%)[4]
- Escherichia coli > multiple organisms > group B streptococcus, enterococcus
- less common: syphilis, cytomegalovirus, parvovirus , herpes simplex virus[4]
- risk factors[2]
- obesty
- smoking
- older age
- preexisting diabetes
- hypertension
- primiparity
- placental abruption
- small-for-gestational-age fetus
Epidemiology
- most stillbirths occur in full term pregnancies[1]
- non-Hispanic black women more susceptible to infection-related stillbirth than white women[4]
Differential diagnosis
- miscarriage: before 24* weeks of gestation
- stillbirth: after 24* weeks of gestation
* 24 is arbitrary: UK definition[1]
Management
- guidelines for investigation[2]
- conception within 6-12 months after a stillbirth does not appear to increase risks for adverse pregnancy outcomes[3]
More general terms
More specific terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Wikipedia: Stillbirth http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stillbirth
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Flenady V et al. Major risk factors for stillbirth in high-income countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2011 Apr 16; 377:1331. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21496916
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Regan AK, Gissler M, Magnus MC et al Association between interpregnancy interval and adverse birth outcomes in women with a previous stillbirth: an international cohort study. Lancet. Feb 28, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30827781 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32266-9/fulltext
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Page JM, Bardsley T, Thorsten V et al. Stillbirth associated with infection in a diverse U.S. cohort. Obstet Gynecol 2019 Dec; 134:1187. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31764728