risk factors for dementia
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Etiology
risk factors
- Parkinson's disease (RR=6)[52]
- essential tremor (RR=3)[52]
- metabolic & endocrine disorders, toxins
- head trauma, traumatic brain injury
- service in the U.S. military[45]
- late-onset unprovoked seizures increases risk 2-fold within 6 years[1]
- poor physical performance is a risk factor in the oldest old (> 90 years)[2]
- anemia is a risk factor[3]
- personality disorder may be risk factor[4]
- neuroticism[4][5][6]
- social isolation[4][7][8] (RR=1.3)
- being less agreeable[6]
- being less conscientious[6]
- schizophrenia is a risk factor, 28% at age 66 years[9]
- depression is a modifiable risk factor[10][39]
- apathy is a risk factor[11][12]
- adult ADHD is associated with an increased risk of dementia (RR-2.8-3;6) [43}
- androgen deprivation therapy increases risk (RR=2.3)[13]
- menopausal hormone replacement therapy increases risk of all-cause dementia (RR=1.2)[38]
- anticholinergic agent exposure increases risk[14]
- proton pump inhibitor use: reports conflicting (see proton pump inhibitor)[15][37]
- congenital heart disease may be a risk factor (RR=1.6)[24]
- midlife orthostatic hypotension is a risk factor[16]
- higher systolic blood pressure variability (RR=1.02-1.10)[17]
- coronary artery disease before age 45 years[46]
- alcohol consumption* 1-7 drinks weekly not associated with risk for dementia (lowest risk)
- trans fats, elaidic acid[19]
- air pollution* - fine particulate matter PM2.5[36], nitrogen dioxide*
- noise - residential exposure to transportation noise[20]
- sensory deprivation:
- hearing impairment[21], visual impairment[41], anosmia
- hearing loss linked to dementia: use of hearing aids reduces risk[21]
- olfactory impairment is an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment in the elderly[42] (see olfaction & Alzheimer's disease)
- hearing impairment[21], visual impairment[41], anosmia
- pre-eclampsia might increase risk for dementia later in life[22]
- taller men may have lower risk for dementia (RR=0.9)[23]
- obesity at age 18-70 years is associated with increased risk for dementia (especially women)[54]
- weight loss & variability in late middle age (50-65 years) associated with increased risk of dementia after age 65 years[47]
- resting heart rate > 80/min vs 60-69/min associated with increased risk for dementia (RR=1.55)[25]
- hospitalization with infection associated with increased risk for dementia[27]
- elective surgery with general anesthesia not associated with increased risk for dementia[26][49]
- frailty is a risk factor for mild cognitive impairment & dementia[28]
- osteoporosis may be a risk factor for denentia[35]
- alcohol use frequency[53]*
- nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (RR=1.4)[29]
- osmotic laxative use & multiple different laxatives use associated with increased risk for all-cause dementia (RR=1.64) & vascular dementia (RR=1.97)[34]
- common vaccinations (especially influenza virus vaccine & pneumococcal vaccine) may increase risk of dementia in elderly after a 2-year lag period (RR=1.4)[30]
- Herpes simplex[51]
- dementia risk score in the UK Biobank (predictive variables)[40]
- age
- education
- parental history of dementia
- material deprivation (poverty)
- diabetes mellitus*
- stroke
- depression
- hypertension
- high cholesterol
- living alone
- sex (M > F) contrasts with other risk scores
- risk factors in adolescence[31]
- alcohol intoxication
- stroke
- use of antipsychotics
- depression
- father's dementia
- drug intoxication other than alcohol
- low cognitive function
- short stature
- high blood pressure
* most deleterious modifiable risk factors[53]
Laboratory
Diagnostic procedures
Management
- see Clinical trials:
Clinical trials
- Kaiser-Permanente: (SMARRT Randomized Clinical Trial)
- 172 elderly 70-89 years of age with > 1 risk factor* for dementia
- data collected from August 2018 to August 2022 & analyzed from October 2022 to September 2023
- intervention: personalized risk-reduction goals with health coaching & nurse visits
- control: health education
- primary outcome: change in a composite modified Neuropsychological Test Battery
- secondary outcomes: change in risk factors & quality of life
- outcomes assessed at baseline & 6, 12, 18, & 24 months
- results: personalized, multidomain intervention led to modest improvements in cognition, dementia risk factors, & quality of life after 2 years[44]
- Tai chi
- cognitively intensive Tai chi results in greater improvement of cognition measures than standard Tai chi or stretching in elderly with mild cognitive impairment[48]
* modifiable risk factors (SMARRT)
- physical inactivity
- uncontrolled hypertension
- poor sleep
- prescription medication that may adversely affect cognition
- high depressive symptoms
- uncontrolled diabetes
- social isolation
- currently smoking
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Annals of Long-Term Care. April 30, 2020 Seizure Onset May Signal Dementia in Older Adults. https://www.managedhealthcareconnect.com/content/seizure-onset-may-signal-dementia-older-adults
Keret O, Hoang TD, Xia F, Rosen HJ, Yaffe K. Association of Late-Onset Unprovoked Seizures of Unknown Etiology With the Risk of Developing Dementia in Older Veterans JAMA Neurol. 2020;e200187. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32150220 - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Bullain SS et al. Poor physical performance and dementia in the oldest old: The 90+ study. Arch Neurol 2012 Oct 22; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23090391
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hong CH, Falvey C, Harris TB et al Anemia and risk of dementia in older adults Neurology. July 31, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23902706 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2013/07/31/WNL.0b013e31829e701d.short
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Wang HX, Karp A, Herlitz A, Personality and lifestyle in relation to dementia incidence. Neurology. 2009 Jan 20;72(3):253-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19153372
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Geriatrics Review Syllabus, American Geriatrics Society, 5th edition, 2002-2004;
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 7th edition Parada JT et al (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2010
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022 - ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Terracciano A, Stephan Y, Luchetti M, Albanese E, Sutin AR. Personality traits and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia. J Psychiatr Res 2017 Jun; 89:22. Epub 2017 Jan 22. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28153642 <Internet> http://www.journalofpsychiatricresearch.com/article/S0022-3956(16)30635-5/fulltext
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 George J Social Isolation Tied to Higher Risk of Subsequent Dementia. Isolation linked with lower brain volume in areas related to cognition. MedPage Today June 9, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/99159 Shen C, Rolls E, Chen W et al Associations of Social Isolation and Loneliness With Later Dementia. Neurology. June 8, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35676089 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2022/06/08/WNL.0000000000200583
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Huang AR, Roth DL, Cidav T et al Social isolation and 9-year dementia risk in community-dwelling Medicare beneficiaries in the United States. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2023. Jan 11. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36628523 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.18140
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Grant K High Prevalence of Early-Onset Dementia in Schizophrenia Patients. More than a quarter had a dementia diagnosis by age 66. MedPage Today March 10, 2021. https://www.medpagetoday.com/psychiatry/generalpsychiatry/91574
Stroup TS et al Age-specific prevalence and incidence of dementia diagnoses among older US adults with schizophrenia, JAMA Psychiatry 2021. March 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33688938 - ↑ 10.0 10.1 Almeida OP et al. Depression as a modifiable factor to decrease the risk of dementia. Transl Psychiatry 2017 May 2; 7:e1117 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28463236 https://www.nature.com/tp/journal/v7/n5/full/tp201790a.html
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Monaco K Apathy Tied to Higher Dementia Risk in Memory Clinic Patients. Findings suggest early marker for clinically significant cognitive decline. MedPage Today. July 18, 2018 https://www.medpagetoday.com/geriatrics/dementia/74088
Willem van Dalen J, van Wanrooij LL, Moll van Charante EP et al Association of apathy with risk of incident dementia: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Psychiatry, July 18, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30027214 - ↑ 12.0 12.1 George J Apathy Predicts Dementia in Cognitively Normal Older People - Independent of depression as risk factor, study indicates MedPage Today October 14, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/89123
Bock M, et al Apathy and risk of probable incident dementia among community-dwelling older adults. Neurology 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33055276 - ↑ 13.0 13.1 Nead KT, Gaskin G, Chester C Association Between Androgen Deprivation Therapy and Risk of Dementia. JAMA Oncol. Published online October 13, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27737437 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2569059
Walsh CG, Johnson KB Observational Cohort Studies and the Challenges of In Silico Experiments. JAMA Oncol. Published online October 13, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27737433 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaoncology/article-abstract/2569057 - ↑ 14.0 14.1 Coupland CAC, Hill T, Dening T et al Anticholinergic Drug Exposure and the Risk of Dementia. A Nested Case-Control Study. JAMA Intern Med. Published online June 24, 2019. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31233095 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2736353
Campbell NL, Holden R, Boustani MA et al. Preventing Alzheimer disease by deprescribing anticholinergic medications. JAMA Intern Med 2019 Jun 24 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31233087 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2736349 - ↑ 15.0 15.1 Gray SL, Walker RL, Dublin S et al. Proton pump inhibitor use and dementia risk: Prospective population-based study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2018 Feb; 66:247. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29134629
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 George J, Wilson FP, Caputo D Orthostatic Hypotension at Midlife Tied to Dementia - Link with stroke confirmed, too. MedPage Today. July 25, 2018 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/74227
Rawlings AM, Juraschek SP, Heiss G et al Association of orthostatic hypotension with incident dementia, stroke, and cognitive decline Neurology. 2018 Jul 25 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30045960 <Internet> http://n.neurology.org/content/early/2018/07/25/WNL.0000000000006027 - ↑ 17.0 17.1 George J Dementia Risk Tied to Blood Pressure Fluctuations. Relationship was stronger in people not taking calcium channel blockers. MedPage Today January 20, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/102733
Mahinrad S et al Blood pressure variability, dementia, and role of antihypertensive medications in older adults. Alzheimer's & Dementia 2023. Jan 19 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36656086 https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/alz.12935 - ↑ 18.0 18.1 Sabia S, Fayosse A, Dumurgier J et al Alcohol consumption and risk of dementia: 23 year follow-up of Whitehall II cohort study. BMJ 2018;362:k2927 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30068508 Free full text https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k2927
Yasar S Relation between alcohol consumption in midlife and dementia in late life. BMJ 2018;362:k3164 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30068510 https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3164https://www.bmj.com/content/362/bmj.k3164 - ↑ 19.0 19.1 George J Dementia Tied to Trans Fats - Study links all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's to higher blood levels of elaidic acid MedPage Today. October 24, 2019 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/82917
Honda T, Ohara T, Shinohara M et al Serum elaidic acid concentration and risk of dementia. The Hisayama study. Neurology 2019. Oct 23 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31645469 - ↑ 20.0 20.1 Cantuaria ML, Waldorff FB, Wermuth L et al Residential exposure to transportation noise in Denmark and incidence of dementia: national cohort study. BMJ 2021;374:n1954 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34497091 Free article https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1954
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 George J Dementia Tied to Hearing Loss Likelihood of developing dementia was lower for older adults who used hearing aids. MedPage Today January 10, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/102578
Huang AR, Jiang K, Lin FR et al Hearing Loss and Dementia Prevalence in Older Adults in the US. JAMA. 2023;329(2):171-173 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3662581 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2800197 - ↑ 22.0 22.1 Basit S, Wohlfahrt J, Boyd HA. Pre-eclampsia and risk of dementia later in life: nationwide cohort study. BMJ 2018;363:k4109 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333106 Free PMC Article https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4109
Ray JG, Park AL Pre-eclampsia and the brain BMJ 2018;363:k4236 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30333102 https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k4236 - ↑ 23.0 23.1 Jorgensen TSH, Okholm GT, Christensen K et al Body height in young adult men and risk of dementia later in adult life. eLife 2020;9:e51168. Feb 11 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32041683 Free PMC Article https://elifesciences.org/articles/51168
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Bagge CN, Henderson VW, Laursen HB et al Risk of Dementia in Adults With Congenital Heart Disease: Population-Based Cohort Study. Circulation. 2018. Feb 12, 2018 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29440121 <Internet> http://circ.ahajournals.org/content/early/2018/02/07/CIRCULATIONAHA.117.029686
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 George J Dementia Tied to Resting Heart Rate. Findings persist even after accounting for cardiovascular disease. MedPage Today December 3, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/95999
Imahori Y, Vetrano DL, Xia X et al Association of resting heart rate with cognitive decline and dementia in older adults: A population-based cohort study. Alzheimer's & Dementia. Dec 3, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34859936 https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/alz.12495 - ↑ 26.0 26.1 Velkers C et al Association Between Exposure to General Versus Regional Anesthesia and Risk of Dementia in Older Adults. J Am Geriatrics Soc, 2020 Oct 6. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33025584 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.16834
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 George J Dementia Risk Higher After Hospital Stay With Infection. Is neuroinflammation a factor? MedPage Today January 9, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/102551
Bohn B, Lutsey PL, Misialek JR et al Incidence of Dementia Following Hospitalization With Infection Among Adults in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study Cohort. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(1):e2250126 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36622673 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2800141 - ↑ 28.0 28.1 Meglio M Health-Deficit Accumulation Affects Risk for Mild Cognitive Impairment, Dementia. NeurologyLive. 2020. Nov 17. https://www.neurologylive.com/view/health-deficit-accumulation-affects-chance-of-mild-cognitive-impairment-dementia https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2022/06/08/WNL.0000000000200583
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Hamza Z NAFLD Tied to Higher Dementia Risk
Findings were stronger among patients with comorbid heart disease. MedPage Today July 13, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/99704https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/99704
Shang Y, Widman L, Hagstrom H Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Risk of Dementia: A Population-Based Cohort Study. Neurology. 2022. July 13 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35831178 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2022/07/13/WNL.0000000000200853 - ↑ 30.0 30.1 Douros A et al. Common vaccines and the risk of incident dementia: A population-based cohort study. J Infect Dis 2022 Dec 21; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36542511 https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiac484/6948438
Salmon DA et al. Commentary on "Common vaccines and the risk of dementia: a population-based cohort study": Science can be messy but eventually leads to truths. J Infect Dis 2022 Dec 21; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36542509 https://academic.oup.com/jid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/infdis/jiac487/6950650 - ↑ 31.0 31.1 Nordstrom P et al. Risk factors in late adolescence for young-onset dementia in men: A nationwide cohort study. JAMA Intern Med 2013 Aug 12 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23939347 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1726998
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 Jeon KH, Han K, Jeong SM et al Changes in Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia in a Nationwide Cohort in South Korea. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(2):e2254771 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36745453 Free article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2800994
- ↑ Snyder HM There's No 'Recipe' to Reduce Dementia Risk - Yet. Until more evidence emerges, here's how to discuss it with patients. MedPage Today. February 13, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/opinion/second-opinions/103083
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Yang Z, Wei C, Li X et al Association Between Regular Laxative Use and Incident Dementia in UK Biobank Participants. Neurology. 2023, Feb 22 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36813729 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2023/02/22/WNL.0000000000207081
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Xiao T, et al. Association of Bone Mineral Density and Dementia: The Rotterdam Study Neurology. 2023. March 222 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2023/03/22/WNL.0000000000207220 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36948596
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 Wilker EH et al Ambient air pollution and clinical dementia: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2023;381:e071620 https://www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2022-071620
Zhang B, Weuve J, Langa KM et al Comparison of Particulate Air Pollution From Different Emission Sources and Incident Dementia in the US. JAMA Intern Med. Published online August 14, 2023. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37578757 PMCID: PMC10425875 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2808088 - ↑ 37.0 37.1 George J Dementia Risk Linked With Cumulative Heartburn Med Use, Analysis Suggests. Study adds to the ongoing discussion about proton pump inhibitors and cognition. MedPage Today August 9, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/105827
Northuis C, Bell E, Lutsey P et al Cumulative Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Risk of Dementia: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study. Neurology, 2023. August 9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37558503 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2023/08/09/WNL.0000000000207747
Ahn N, Wawro N, Baumeister SE et al Time-Varying Use of Proton Pump Inhibitors and Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: A Real-World Analysis from Germany. Drug & Aging. 2023. May 13 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37178361 https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40266-023-01031-7 - ↑ 38.0 38.1 Pourhadi N, Morch LS, Holm EA, Torp-Pedersen C, Meaidi A. Menopausal hormone therapy and dementia: nationwide, nested case-control study. BMJ 2023;381:e072770 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37380194 PMCID: PMC10302215 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/381/bmj-2022-072770
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Elser H, Horvath-Puho E, Gradus JL et al Association of Early-, Middle-, and Late-Life Depression With Incident Dementia in a Danish Cohort. JAMA Neurol. Published online July 24, 2023. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37486689 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2807208
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Anaturk M, Patel R, Ebmeier KP et al Development and validation of a dementia risk score in the UK Biobank and Whitehall II cohorts. BMJ Ment Health. 2023 Jul;26(1):e300719. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37603383 https://mentalhealth.bmj.com/content/26/1/e300719
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 Ehrlich JR, Goldstein J, Swenor BK et al Addition of Vision Impairment to a Life-Course Model of Potentially Modifiable Dementia Risk Factors in the US. JAMA Neurol. Published online April 25, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35467745 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2791268
Deal J, Rohas JC Visual Impairment as a Modifiable Risk Factor in Dementia Prevention and Management. JAMA Neurol. Published online April 25, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35467705 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2791267 - ↑ 42.0 42.1 Christen-Zaech S, Kraftsik R, Pillevuit O, Kiraly M, Martins R, Khalili K, Miklossy J. Early olfactory involvement in Alzheimer's disease. Can J Neurol Sci. 2003 Feb;30(1):20-5. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12619779
Attems J, Jellinger KA, Olfactory tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment. Clin Neuropathol. 2006, 25:265 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17140156
Lu R, Aziz NA, Reuter M et al Evaluation of the Neuroanatomical Basis of Olfactory Dysfunction in the General Population. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. Published online August 26, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34436517 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaotolaryngology/article-abstract/2783603 - ↑ Levine SZ, Rotstein A, Kodesh A et al Adult Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and the Risk of Dementia. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(10):e2338088 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37847497 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2810766
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 Yaffe K, Vittinghoff E, Dublin S et al Effect of Personalized Risk-Reduction Strategies on Cognition and Dementia Risk Profile Among Older Adults. The SMARRT Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA Intern Med. Published online November 27, 2023 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38010725 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2811803
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Powell WR, Vilen L, Zuelsdorff M et al Association between military service and Alzheimer's disease neuropathology at autopsy. Alzheimer's & Dementia. 2023. Nov 15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37965965 https://alz-journals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/alz.13520
- ↑ 46.0 46.1 George J Coronary Heart Disease by Age 45 Linked With Subsequent Dementia. All-cause dementia, Alzheimer's disease, and vascular dementia risks elevated. MedPage Today November 29, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/107594
Lang J, Li C, Gao D et al Association Between Onset Age of Coronary Heart Disease and Incident Dementia: A Prospective Cohort Study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;0:e031407 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38018492 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/full/10.1161/JAHA.123.031407 - ↑ 47.0 47.1 Qin Z, Liu A, Li R et al Association between BMI trajectories in late-middle age and subsequent dementia risk in older age: a 26-year population-based cohort study. BMC Geriatrics. 2023. 773. Nov 24 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38001429 PMCID: PMC10675868 Free PMC article https://bmcgeriatr.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12877-023-04483-z
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Li F, Harmer P, Eckstrom E et al Clinical Effectiveness of Cognitively Enhanced Tai Ji Quan Training on Global Cognition and Dual-Task Performance During Walking in Older Adults With Mild Cognitive Impairment or Self-Reported Memory Concerns. A Randomized Controlled Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2023. Oct 31. 37903365 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M23-1603
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Reich KM, Gill SS, Eckenhoff R, et al. Association between surgery and rate of incident dementia in older adults: A population-based retrospective cohort study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2024 Jan 2 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38165146 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.18736
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Naddaf M Early dementia diagnosis: blood proteins reveal at-risk people. Nature News. 2024 Feb 12 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38347211 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-00418-9
Guo Y, You J, Zhang Y et al Plasma proteomic profiles predict future dementia in healthy adults. Nature Aging. 2024. Feb 12. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38347190 - ↑ 51.0 51.1 Vestin E, Bostrom G, Olsson J et al Herpes Simplex Viral Infection Doubles the Risk of Dementia in a Contemporary Cohort of Older Adults: A Prospective Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 2024;97(4):1841-1850. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38306033
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 George J Dementia More Common in People With Essential Tremor. Prevalence greater than normal aging, but not as high as Parkinson's disease. MedPage Today March 6, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aan/109046
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 53.2 Manuello J, Min J, McCarthy P et al The effects of genetic and modifiable risk factors on brain regions vulnerable to ageing and disease. Nat Commun. 2024 Mar 27;15(1):2576 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38538590 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-024-46344-2
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 Wu Z, Owen A, Woods RL et al Associations of body habitus and its changes with incident dementia in older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2024 Apr;72(4):1023-1034. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38243627