loneliness
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Clinical significance
- loneliness accounts for over 80% of association between living alone & psychiatric disorders (depression, anxiety, others)[1]
- loneliness is associated with physical & mental health-related quality of life
- association with mental health-related quality of life remains after adjusting for both anxiety & depression[17]
- primary care providers have increased contact with lonely elderly[17]
- loneliness is associated use of NSAIDs, benzodiazepines, antidepressants, & sleep medications, & higher likelihood of polypharmacy[3]
Complications
- loneliness is associated with increased all-cause mortality[14]
- loneliness is associated with excess risk for premature death, cognitive impairment[3]
- cognitive decline is ~20% faster in lonely adults
- loneliness is associated with increased risk for myocardial infarction & stroke[10][12]
- loneliness is associated with worsening depression & anxiety[12]
- loneliness is associated with increased risk of infectious disease[12]
- loneliness is associated with functional impairment[12]
- loneliness is associated with death from overdose or suicide[12]
- loneliness is associated with social frailty
- loneliness is associated with increased risk of Parkinson's disease[16]
Management
- if associated with social isolation, assess access to & comfort with using technology for social interaction[4]
More general terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Jacob L et al. Relationship between living alone and common mental disorders in the 1993, 2000 and 2007 National Psychiatric Morbidity Surveys. PLoS One 2019 May 1; 14:e0215182. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31042720 Free PMC Article https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0215182
- ↑ Blazer D. Social isolation and loneliness in older adults - A mental health/public health challenge. JAMA Psychiatry 2020 Jun 3 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32492078 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2766710
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Kotwal AA, Steinman MA, Cenzer I et al. Use of high-risk medications among lonely older adults: Results from a nationally representative sample. JAMA Intern Med 2021 Jul 26; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34309620 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2782349
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022
- ↑ Gardiner C, Geldenhuys G. Gott M. Interventions to reduce social isolation and loneliness among older people: an integrative review. Health Soc Care Community. 2018;26(2):147-157 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27413007 Free article https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/hsc.12367
- ↑ Kotwal AA, Holt-Lunstad J, Newmark RL et al. Social isolation and loneliness among San Francisco bay area older adults during the COVID-19 shelter-in-place orders. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2021;69(1):20-29 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32965024 PMCID: PMC7536935 Free PMC article https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jgs.16865
- ↑ Ong AD, Uchino BN, Wethington E. Loneliness and health in older adults: a mini-review and synthesis. Gerontology. 2016;62(4):443-449 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26539997 PMCID: PMC6162046 Free PMC article https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/441651
- ↑ Cacioppo JT, Cacioppo S. The growing problem of loneliness. Lancet. 2018;391(10119):426 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29407030 PMCID: PMC6530780 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)30142-9/fulltext
- ↑ Fakoya OA, McCorry NK, Donnelly M. Loneliness and social isolation interventions for older adults: a scoping review of reviews. BMC Public Health. 2020;20(1):129 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32054474 PMCID: PMC7020371 Free PMC article https://bmcpublichealth.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12889-020-8251-6
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Cene CW, Beckie TM, Sims M et al Effects of Objective and Perceived Social Isolation on Cardiovascular and Brain Health: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. J Am Heart Assoc. 2022 Aug 4:e026493 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35924775
- ↑ Imai A, Matsuoka T, Narumoto J Older people with severe loneliness have an atrophied thalamus, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex. International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry. 2022. Nov 12. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36394171 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/gps.5845
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 12.4 12.5 Holt-Lunstad J, Perissinotto C Perspective. Social Isolation and Loneliness as Medical Issues. N Engl J Med 2023; 388:193-195. Jan 19. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36648080 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2208029
- ↑ The U.S. Surgeon General's Advisory on the Healing Effects of Social Connection and Community. 2023 Our Epidemic of Loneliness and Isolation https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/surgeon-general-social-connection-advisory.pdf
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Wang F, Gao Y, Han Z et al A systematic review and meta-analysis of 90 cohort studies of social isolation, loneliness and mortality. Nat Hum Behav. 2023. Jun 19 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37337095 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41562-023-01617-6
- ↑ Rodham-Clinton H The Weaponization of Loneliness The Atlantic. August 7, 2013 https://apple.news/AcSuBizhzTUmWAKO_XPdUbw
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 George J Loneliness Tied to Subsequent Parkinson's Risk. Findings support Surgeon General's recent call to improve social connection. MedPage Today October 2, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/parkinsonsdisease/106592
Terracciano A, Luchetti M, Karakose S et al Loneliness and Risk of Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol. Published online October 2, 2023 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37782489 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2809774 - ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Williams-Farrelly MM, Schroeder MW, Li C et al Loneliness in older primary care patients and its relationship to physical and mental health-related quality of life. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2024 Mar;72(3):811-821. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38240340 PMCID: PMC10947914 (available on 2025-03-01) https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.18762