air pollution
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Introduction
Consist of exposures to:
- carbon monoxide
- sulfur dioxide
- nitrogen dioxide
- ozone (smog)
- particulate matter (largest component)
Adverse effects
- increased risk of sudden cardiac death with increased fine particulate matter & ozone levels[1]
- short-term exposure to extreme heat & air pollution alone individually associated with increased risk of mortality; coexposure with synergistic effects[24]
- air pollution promotes lung cancer[32]
- particulate matter increases risk of lung cancer
- association strongest for lung adenocarcinoma[2]
- also increased risk of bladder cancer[5]
- a leading environmental cause of cancer death, especially in countries undergoing rapid industrialization[5]
- increased risk for adverse respiratory outcomes in smokers[12]
- exposure to gaseous air pollution or particulate matter increases risk for hospitalization or death due to heart failure[3]
- increased cardiorespiratory mortality due to air pollution from burning coal
- 55% increase in particulate matter associated with 5.5 year shorter life expectancy[4]
- 7 million deaths/year due to air pollution[6]
- increased risk of stroke[23]
- increases in each air pollutants including particulate matter, carbon dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, & ozone increase risk of stroke & stroke mortality[8]
- increased exposure to air pollution including air particulate matter may increase risk of anxiety & depression (noise pollution may contribute)[8][25]
- increased exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (< 2.5 um in diameter) is associated with lower brain white matter volume in older women[9]
- no change in brain gray matter or hippocampal volume
- air pollution associated with increased risk of amyloid plaques in brain[16]
- fine particulate matter & ozone exposure associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality in elderly at levels below current air quality standards[10]
- elevated long-term exposure to fine particulate matter is associated with an increased risk of dementia[18][19][35]
- association of PM2.5 with dementia not mediated or modified by hypertension or stroke[34]
- higher residential PM2.5 levels, especially from wildfires & agriculture, are associated with increased risk of dementia[35]
- long-term exposure to air pollution is associated with increased risk of depression in the elderly[28]
- current concentrations of particulate matter pollution although within legal limits (12 ug/m3) associated with diminished life expectancy, especially in lower income counties[11]
- long-term PM2.5 exposure at moderate concentrations (10-12 ug/m3) is associated with increased risks of incident myocardial infarction, ischemic heart disease mortality, & cardiovascular mortality[26] (legal limit is 12 ug/m3)
- highest quartile of PM2.5 exposure associated with increased risk of Parkinson's disease[27]
- air pollution increases risk of osteoporosis[20]
- air pollution increases risk of rheumatoid arthritis flares[21]
- air pollution increases risk of psoriasis flares[22]
- air pollution, especially particulate matter 2.5 & nitrates, associated with stroke incidence & severity, headaches, risk of dementia, Parkinson's disease, & exacerbation of multiple sclerosis[23]
- 6-8 weeks in Beijing during summer resulted in a 50% increase in plasma fibrinogen & 2-fold increase in serum CRP in healthy Los Angeles residents[13]
- among Chinese[14]
- cardiovascular disease, increase of 0.26%
- ischemic heart disease, increase of 0.31%
- heart failure, increase of 0.27%
- arrhythmia, increase of 0.29%
- ischemic stroke, increase of 0.29%[14]
- long-term exposure to air pollution impedes cognitive performance in verbal & math tests
- effect of air pollution on verbal tests becomes more pronounced as people age, especially for men & the less educated.
- outdoor air pollution is associated poorer cognitive function, especially semantic fluency & executive function with exposure to black carbon & NO2[29]
- exposure to PM2.5 mainly affects semantic fluency[29]
- air pollution affects cognition via inflammation & oxidative stress[31]
- vigorous physical activity in air pollution with high particulate matter < 10 um in diameter is associated with increased mortality in elderly[33]
- moderate physical activity may still be beneficial[33]
Complications
- disease interaction(s) of air pollution with depression
- disease interaction(s) of air pollution with anxiety
Management
- air quality improvement is associated with better development of pulmonary function between ages 11-15 years[7]
- improved air quality associated with lower risk of dementia & slower cognitive decline in women[17]
- omega-3 fatty acids may protect brain from air pollution[15]
More specific terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Ensor KB et al. A case-crossover analysis of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest and air pollution. Circulation 2013 Mar 19; 127:1192. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23406673
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Raaschou-Nielsen O et al Air pollution and lung cancer incidence in 17 European cohorts: prospective analyses from the European Study of Cohorts for Air Pollution Effects (ESCAPE). The Lancet Oncology, Early Online Publication, 10 July 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849838 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanonc/article/PIIS1470-2045(13)70279-1/abstract
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Shah AS et al Global association of air pollution and heart failure: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 10 July 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23849322 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(13)60898-3/abstract
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Chen Y, Ebenstein A, Greenstone M and Li H Evidence on the impact of sustained exposure to air pollution on life expectancy from China's Huai River Policy PNAS July 8, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23836630 <Internet> http://www.pnas.org/content/early/2013/07/03/1300018110.full.pdf+html
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 IARC: Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. International Agency for Research on Cancer World Health Organization http://www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 WHO News Release. March 25, 2014 7 million premature deaths annually linked to air pollution. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/releases/2014/air-pollution/en/
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Gauderman WJ et al. Association of improved air quality with lung development in children. N Engl J Med 2015 Mar 5; 372:905 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25738666 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1414123
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Shah ASV et al Short term exposure to air pollution and stroke: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2015;350:h1295 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25810496 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h1295
Power MC et al The relation between past exposure to fine particulate air pollution and prevalent anxiety: observational cohort study. BMJ 2015;350:h1111 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25810495 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h1111 - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chen JC, Wang X, Wellenius GA et al Ambient air pollution and neurotoxicity on brain structure: Evidence from Women's Health Initiative Memory Study. Ann Neurol 2015 Jun 15 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26075655 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.24460/abstract
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Di Q, Dai L, Wang Yet al Association of Short-term Exposure to Air Pollution With Mortality in Older Adults. JAMA. 2017;318(24):2446-2456 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29279932 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2667069
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Boyles S. Air Pollution at Legal Levels Kills Thousands: Study Current air quality standards may be lacking, EPA-funded research suggests. MedPage Today. July 23, 2019 https://www.medpagetoday.com/publichealthpolicy/environmentalhealth/81179
Bennett JE, Tamura-Wicks H, Parks RM et al Particulate matter air pollution and national and county life expectancy loss in the USA: a spatiotemporal analysis. PLOS Med 2019; 16(7): e1002856. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31335874 Free PMC Article https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1002856 - ↑ 12.0 12.1 Paulin LM, Gassett AJ, Alexis NE et al Association of Long-term Ambient Ozone Exposure With Respiratory Morbidity in Smokers. JAMA Intern Med. Published online December 9, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31816012 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2757312
Limaye VS, Knowlton K. Shining New Light on Long-term Ozone Harms. JAMA Intern Med. Published online December 9, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31816008 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2757308 - ↑ 13.0 13.1 Joseph S Brief Visit to Severely Polluted City Can Up Biomarkers of Heart Disease. Medscape - Dec 09, 2019. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/922337
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Tian Y et al. Association between ambient fine particulate pollution and hospital admissions for cause specific cardiovascular disease: Time series study in 184 major Chinese cities. BMJ 2019 Dec 30; 367:l6572. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31888884
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 George J Omega-3s May Protect Brain From Air Pollution - Women in polluted areas with highest omega-3 levels had less brain shrinkage. MedPage Today July 16, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/generalneurology/87598
Chen C, Xun P, Kaufman JD et al Erythrocyte omega-3 index, ambient fine particle exposure and brain aging. Neurology 2020 July 15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32669395 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2020/07/15/WNL.0000000000010074 - ↑ 16.0 16.1 Iaccarino L, La Joie R, Lesman-Segev OH et al Association Between Ambient Air Pollution and Amyloid Positron Emission Tomography Positivity in Older Adults With Cognitive Impairment. JAMA Neurol. Published online November 30, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33252608 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/article-abstract/2773645
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 George J Better Air, Better Brains. Reducing air pollution tied to lower dementia risk, slower cognitive decline. MedPage Today July 26, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aaic/93755
Anderson P Reducing Air Pollution Linked to Slowed Brain Aging, Lower Dementia Risk. Medscape. July 26, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/955363
Younan D et al Association of air quality improvement with slower decline of cognitive function in older women. Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC) 2021; Abstract 56162
Wang X et al Association of lower dementia risk with improved air quality in older women. Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC) 2021; Abstract 56626
Alzheimer's Association International Conference (AAIC) 2021: Abstracts 56162, 56585. Presented July 26, 2021 - ↑ 18.0 18.1 Shaffer RM, Blanco MN, Li G et al Fine Particulate Matter and Dementia Incidence in the Adult Changes in Thought Study. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2021 129(8): August 4. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP9018
Ritz B, Yu Y Invited Perspective: Air Pollution and Dementia: Challenges and Opportunities. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2021 129(8): August 4. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/EHP9605 - ↑ 19.0 19.1 Sullivan KJ, Ran X, Wu F et al Ambient fine particulate matter exposure and incident mild cognitive impairment and dementia. J Am Geriatr Soc 2021 69(8):2185-2194 August 2021. ePub April 26 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33904156 PMCID: PMC8373708 (available on 2022-08-01) https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.17188
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Evans J Osteoporosis Risk Rises With Air Pollution Levels. Medscape. June 21, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/975959
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Bosworth T Novel Study Links Air Pollution to Increased Risk for RA Flares. Medscape. June 9, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/952763
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Melville NA Study Links Air Pollution to Psoriasis Flares Medscape. Feb 24, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/969146
Bellinato F, Adami G, Vaienti S et al Association Between Short-term Exposure to Environmental Air Pollution and Psoriasis Flare. JAMA Dermatol. 2022;158(4):375-381. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35171203 PMCID: PMC8851365 (available on 2023-02-16) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/2788833 - ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Louis S, Carlson AK, Suresh A et al Impacts of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Neurologic Health, Disease, and Practice: A Scoping Review. Neurology. 2022. Nov 16. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36384657 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2022/11/16/WNL.0000000000201630
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Kinney PL, Pinkerton KE Heatwaves and Air Pollution: a Deadly Combination. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Nov 1;206(9):1060-1062 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35877995 PMCID: PMC9704824 Free PMC article. No abstract available.
Rahman MM, McConnell R, Schlaerth H et al The Effects of Coexposure to Extremes of Heat and Particulate Air Pollution on Mortality in California: Implications for Climate Change. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2022 Nov 1;206(9):1117-1127. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35727303 PMCID: PMC9704834 Free PMC article. - ↑ 25.0 25.1 Yang T, Wang J, Huang J et al Long-term Exposure to Multiple Ambient Air Pollutants and Association With Incident Depression and Anxiety. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online February 1, 2023 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36723924 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2801116
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Alexeeff SE, Deosaransingh K, Van Den Eeden S et al Association of Long-term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution With Cardiovascular Events in California. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(2):e230561. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36826819 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2801820
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 George J Nationwide Study Links Parkinson's Disease to Air Pollution. Researchers identify a hot spot in the Mississippi-Ohio River Valley. MedPage Today February 23, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aan/103245
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Qiu X, Shi L, Kubzansky LD et al Association of Long-term Exposure to Air Pollution With Late-Life Depression in Older Adults in the US. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(2):e2253668 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36763364 PMCID: PMC9918878 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2801241
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 Zare Sakhvidi MJ, Yang J, Lequy E et al Outdoor air pollution exposure and cognitive performance: findings from the enrolment phase of the CONSTANCES cohort. Lancet Planet Health. 2022 Mar;6(3):e219-e229 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35278388 Free article.
- ↑ Zhang X, Chen X, Zhang X. The impact of exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2018 Sep 11;115(37):9193-9197 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30150383 PMCID: PMC6140474 Free PMC article
Chen X. Smog, cognition and real-world decision-making. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2019 Feb 1;8(2):76-80 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30980620 PMCID: PMC6462201 Free PMC article - ↑ 31.0 31.1 Hahad O, Lelieveld J, Birklein F, Lieb K, Daiber A, Munzel T. Ambient Air Pollution Increases the Risk of Cerebrovascular and Neuropsychiatric Disorders through Induction of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Int J Mol Sci. 2020 Jun 17;21(12):4306. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32560306 PMCID: PMC7352229 Free PMC article
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Harris E Research Shows Air Pollution Promotes Lung Cancer. JAMA. 2023;329(18):1543. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37075236 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2804240
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Park H, Yang PS, Sung JH et al Association Between the Combined Effects of Physical Activity Intensity and Particulate Matter and All-Cause Mortality in Older Adults. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2023. 98(8):_1153-1163. July 7. https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(23)00191-X/fulltext
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Zhang B, Langa KM, Weuve J et al Hypertension and Stroke as Mediators of Air Pollution Exposure and Incident Dementia. JAMA Netw Open. 2023;6(9):e2333470 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37728927 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2809726
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 35.2 Zhang B, Weuve J, Langa KM et al Comparison of Particulate Air Pollution From Different Emission Sources and Incident Dementia in the US. JAMA Intern Med. 2023;183(10):1080-1089 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37578757 PMCID: PMC10425875 (available on 2024-08-14) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2808088
- ↑ National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Air Pollution and Your Health https://www.niehs.nih.gov/health/topics/agents/air-pollution/