causes of dementia
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Etiology
- primary dementia without other signs
- dementia with vascular disease
- leukoaraiosis (pericyte dysfunction?)
- multi-infarct dementia*
- diabetes, obesity, hypertension, & dyslipidemia risk factors for atherosclerosis & vascular dementia
- often coexists with Alzheimer's disease
- midlife hypertension associated with risk for later dementia only in women[11]
- atrial fibrillation[28]
- thalamic infarction
- Binswanger's disease* & lacunar state
- vasculitis*
- blood-brain barrier breakdown (BBB) is an early marker of cognitive dysfunction in humans independent of beta-amyloid & MAP-tau[17]
- dementia with chronic infection
- secondary dementia, neoplastic disorders
- primary & secondary tumors*
- carcinomatous meningitis
- paraneoplastic encephalitis
- chronic subdural hematoma*
- hydrocephalus*
- secondary dementia, movement disorders
- Parkinson's disease
- Lewy body dementia
- Huntington's disease
- progressive supranuclear palsy (Steel-Richardson syndrome)
- Shy-Drager syndrome
- hereditary ataxias
- ALS-parkinsonism-dementia complex of Guam
- secondary dementia, other neurologic diseases
- multiple sclerosis
- amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
- late-onset seizures of unknown etiology[19]
- dementia following diffuse brain injury
- traumatic brain injury (TBI)
- acute head injury
- dementia pugilistica
- even mild TBI without loss of consciousness increases risk for dementia in veterans[13]
- traumatic brain injury (TBI) in female veterans (RR=1.5)[16]
- anoxia
- encephalitis
- noise - residential exposure to transportation noise[24]
- traumatic brain injury (TBI)
- endocrine & metabolic disorders
- toxic disorders
- drug & narcotic poisoning*
- alcoholic dementia*
- heavy metal intoxication*
- organic toxins*
- dialysis dementia*
- trans fats, elaidic acid[18]
- air pollution - fine particulate matter PM2.5
- carbon monoxide poisoning[29]
- psychiatric disorders
- chronic schizophrenia; 66% at age 66 years[23]
- pseudodementia (depression)*
- depression in female veterans (RR=1.7)[16]
- acute intermittent porphyria*
- personality disorders[7]
- PTSD in female veterans (RR=1.8)[16]
- mental health disorders > risk than chronic physical diseases []
- granulomatous diseases
- cardiovascular disease
- hypertension
- hypertension at age 50[15]
- treatment reduces risk 7.0% vs 7.5% within 4 years[21]
- multimorbidity associated with 63% increased risk of dementia within 15 years[26]
- risk highest in patients with cardiovascular disease[26]
- people born in states with high stroke mortality are at increased risk for dementia, regardless of where they live as adults (Alabama, Alaska, Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Oklahoma, Tennessee, South Carolina, or West Virginia)[9]
- hypertension
- sleep disorders
- migraine in midlife (RR=1.5)[22]
- higher plasma neurofilament associated with a 54% greater risk for all-cause dementia & a 49% greater risk for Alzheimer's dementia[20].
- hearing loss linked to dementia: use of hearing aids reduces risk[27]
- conditions in adolescents & young adults
- also see risk factors for dementia & etiology of Alzheimer's disease
* condition in which treatment may reverse or prevent progression of dementia
More specific terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed. Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1994, pg 143
- ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 14th ed. Fauci et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1998, pg 145
- ↑ Kanaya AM et al Total and regional adiposity and cognitive change in older adults: The Health, Aging and Body Composition (ABC) Study. Arch Neurol 2009 Mar; 66:329. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19273751
Sonnen JA et al. Different patterns of cerebral injury in dementia with or without diabetes. Arch Neurol 2009 Mar; 66:315. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19139294 - ↑ Nordstrom P et al. Risk factors in late adolescence for young-onset dementia in men: A nationwide cohort study. JAMA Intern Med 2013 Aug 12 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23939347 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1726998
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 16 American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2012
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 Wang HX, Karp A, Herlitz A, Personality and lifestyle in relation to dementia incidence. Neurology. 2009 Jan 20;72(3):253-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19153372
George J Social Isolation Tied to Higher Risk of Subsequent Dementia. Isolation linked with lower brain volume in areas related to cognition. MedPage Today June 9, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/99159
Shen C, Rolls E, Chen W et al Associations of Social Isolation and Loneliness With Later Dementia. Neurology. June 8, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35676089 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2022/06/08/WNL.0000000000200583 - ↑ Almeida OP et al. Depression as a modifiable factor to decrease the risk of dementia. Transl Psychiatry 2017 May 2; 7:e1117 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28463236 https://www.nature.com/tp/journal/v7/n5/full/tp201790a.html
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Gilsanz P, Mayeda ER, Glymour M et al Association Between Birth in a High Stroke Mortality State, Race, and Risk of Dementia. JAMA Neurol. Published online July 31, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28759663 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2645931
Lackland DT Impact of Birth Place and Geographic Location on Risk Disparities in Cerebrovascular Disease. Implications for Future Research. JAMA Neurol. Published online July 31, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28759684 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2645929 - ↑ 10.0 10.1 Kieboom BCT, Licher S, Wolters FJ et al Serum magnesium is associated with the risk of dementia. Neurol 2017; 89(1-7). PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28931641
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Gilsanz P, Mayeda ER, Glymour M et al Female sex, early-onset hypertension, and risk of dementia. Neurology. October 4, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28978656 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2017/10/04/WNL.0000000000004602
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Schwarzinger M, Pollock BG, Hasan OSM et al Contribution of alcohol use disorders to the burden of dementia in France 2008-13: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health. 2018 Feb 20. pii: S2468-2667(18)30022-7. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29475810 Free Article https://www.doximity.com/doc_news/v2/entries/11216565
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Barnes DE, Byers AL, Gardner RC et al Association of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury With and Without Loss of Consciousness With Dementia in US Military Veterans. JAMA Neurol. Published online May 7, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29801145 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2679879
Kenney K, Diaz-Arrastia R. Risk of Dementia Outcomes Associated With Traumatic Brain Injury During Military Service. JAMA Neurol. Published online May 7, 2018. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29800966 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2679877
Gardner RC, Byers AL, Barnes DE, Li Y, Boscardin J, Yaffe K. Mild TBI and risk of Parkinson disease: A Chronic Effects of Neurotrauma Consortium Study. Neurology. 2018 Apr 18. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29669907 - ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Ohara T, Honda T Hata J et al. Association Between Daily Sleep Duration and Risk of Dementia and Mortality in a Japanese Community. J Am Geriatr Soc. June 6, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29873398
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 George J Elevated Blood Pressure at Age 50 Tied to Dementia Later. Mild hypertension may increase risk, even without cardiovascular disease. MedPage Today. June 13, 2018 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/73469
Abell J, Kivimaki M, Dugravot A et al Association between systolic blood pressure and dementia in the Whitehall II cohort study: role of age, duration and threshold used to define hypertension. Eur Heart J 2018. June 12. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29901708 https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehy288/5032485 - ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 Yaffe K, Lwi SJ, Hoang TD, Xia F, Barnes DE, Maguen S, Peltz CB. Military-related risk factors in female veterans and risk of dementia. Neurology 2018 Dec 12; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30541865 <Internet> http://n.neurology.org/content/early/2018/12/12/WNL.0000000000006778
Schneider ALC, Ling G. Associations of TBI, PTSD, and depression with dementia risk among female military veterans: Not just men. Neurology 2018 Dec 12; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30541868 <Internet> http://n.neurology.org/content/early/2018/12/12/WNL.0000000000006768 - ↑ 17.0 17.1 Nation DA, Sweeney MD, Montagne A et al Blood-brain barrier breakdown is an early biomarker of human cognitive dysfunction. Nature Medicine 2019. Jan 14. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30643288 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-018-0297-y
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 George J Dementia Tied to Trans Fats - Study links all-cause dementia and Alzheimer's to higher blood levels of elaidic acid MedPage Today. October 24, 2019 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/82917
Honda T, Ohara T, Shinohara M et al Serum elaidic acid concentration and risk of dementia. The Hisayama study. Neurology 2019. Oct 23 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31645469 - ↑ 19.0 19.1 Keret O, Hoang TD, Xia F, Rosen HJ, Yaffe K. Association of Late-Onset Unprovoked Seizures of Unknown Etiology With the Risk of Developing Dementia in Older Veterans. JAMA Neurol. Published online March 9, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32150220 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2762515
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 de Wolf F, Ghanbari M, Licher S et al. Plasma tau, neurofilament light chain and amyloid-beta levels and risk of dementia; a population-based cohort study. Brain 2020 Apr 1; 143:1220 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32206776 Free PMC Article https://academic.oup.com/brain/article/143/4/1220/5811096
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Hughes D et al. Association of blood pressure lowering with incident dementia or cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA 2020 May 19; 323:1934. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32427305 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2766163
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 George J Dementia Linked to Previous Migraine History - Midlife migraine diagnosis boosted dementia rate by 50%, Danish study shows. MedPage Today June 18, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/ahs/87149
Islamoska S. et al Migraine as a Risk Factor for Dementia: A National Register- Based Follow-Up Study. American Headache Society (AHS) 2020 - ↑ 23.0 23.1 Grant K High Prevalence of Early-Onset Dementia in Schizophrenia Patients. More than a quarter had a dementia diagnosis by age 66. MedPage Today March 10, 2021. https://www.medpagetoday.com/psychiatry/generalpsychiatry/91574
Stroup TS et al Age-specific prevalence and incidence of dementia diagnoses among older US adults with schizophrenia, JAMA Psychiatry 2021. March 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33688938 - ↑ 24.0 24.1 Cantuaria ML, Waldorff FB, Wermuth L et al Residential exposure to transportation noise in Denmark and incidence of dementia: national cohort study. BMJ 2021;374:n1954 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34497091 Free article https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1954
- ↑ George J Mental Health Disorders Tied to Subsequent Dementia. Mental disorders more strongly linked with dementia than chronic physical diseases. MedPage Today February 17, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/97261
Richmond-Rakerd LS, D'Souza S, Milne BJ et al Longitudinal Associations of Mental Disorders With Dementia. 30-Year Analysis of 1.7 Million New Zealand Citizens. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online February 16, 2022. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35171209 PMCID: PMC8851362 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2789298 - ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Calvin CM, Conroy MC, Moore SF et al Association of Multimorbidity, Disease Clusters, and Modification by Genetic Factors With Risk of Dementia. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(9):e2232124 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36125811 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2796543
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 George J Dementia Tied to Hearing Loss Likelihood of developing dementia was lower for older adults who used hearing aids. MedPage Today January 10, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/dementia/102578
Huang AR, Jiang K, Lin FR et al Hearing Loss and Dementia Prevalence in Older Adults in the US. JAMA. 2023;329(2):171-173 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3662581 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2800197 - ↑ 28.0 28.1 Styles S Cutting Dementia Risk in Atrial Fibrillation: Does Rhythm Control Strategy Matter? Medscape. April 29, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/972967
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Liu X, Sun Y, Zhang A et al Prevalence and outcomes of rapidly progressive dementia: a retrospective cohort study in a neurologic unit in China. BMC Geriatrics. 2023. March 14 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36918794 PMCID: PMC10012734 Free PMC article