migraine headache
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Classification
- International Headache Society
- 1.1 Migraine without aura
- 1.2 Migraine with aura
- 1.3 Ophthalmoplegic migraine
- 1.4 Retinal migraine
- 1.5 Childhood periodic syndromes
- 1.6 Complications of migraine
- 1.7 Other migraine disorders
- chronic migraine
Etiology
precipitating factors/agents, risk factors
- nitrates/nitrites: reddened meats (hot dogs)
- phenylethylamines: i.e. tyramine
- monosodium glutamate (MSG)
- caffeine withdrawal
- fruits
- dairy products
- shellfish
- hormonal factors
- pharmaceutical agents
- sinusitis, sinus headache
- > 90% of patients with 'sinus headache' have migraine & respond to migraine treatment[24]
- fatigue
- altered sleep patterns
- poor sleeo quality predicts recurrent migraine[79]
- glaring lights
- excessive noise
- hydrocarbon fumes
- cutaneous allodynia[21]
- obesity[40] especially in white women < 50 years
- not associated with patent foramen ovale[39]
- functional GI disorders
- 32% of children with migraine, vs 18% of controls[63]
* avoid estrogen-containing oral contraception if migraine with aura due to increase risk of stroke[24]
Epidemiology
- 90% of outpatients who present with recurrent primary headache have migraine
Pathology
- alterations in blood flow may not be involved[38]
- oligemia spreading from occipital to frontal lobe
- extracranial blood flow increases
- migraine is not a vascular disorder[38]
- changes in serotoninergic transmission
- role of cranial nerve 5 (trigeminal nerve)
Genetics
- familial migraine syndrome linked to chromosome 19p13.1-2
Clinical manifestations
- aura or prodome* (30%)[24]
- generally visual
- 'scintillating scotoma'
- shimmering vision
- flashing lights
- visual changes lasting minutes (generally 5-60 minutes)
- 'looking through frosted glass'[24]
- aura lasting > 1 hour is a red flag[24]
- sensory, numbness, paresthesias
- motor
- affective, aphasia, confusion[24]
- each aura symptom develops gradually (> 4 minutes) & lasts < 60 minutes
- may be multiple aura symptoms, that occur sequentially
- migraine aura may occur without headache
- 50% of children & adolescents with migraine aura have patent foramen ovale (vs 25% of general population)[31]
- generally visual
- migraine with brainstem aura[24]
- vertigo, ataxia, dysarthria, diplopia, tinnitus, hyperacusis, alterations in consciousness
- deep, throbbing (pulsatile) headache (may or may not be pulsatile)
- unilateral or bilateral
- unilateral, periorbital, severe, & nonpulsatile
- begins within 1 hour of aura onset
- nausea/vomiting common
- diarrhea
- photophobia, phonophobia
- paresthesias
- scalp tenderness
- lightheadedness
- vertigo
- alterations in consciousness (uncommon with severe migraine)
- activity worsens pain
- bending or walking up stairs or down stairs[24]
- usual migraine lasts 4-72 hours & is episodic
- migraine lasting longer than 72 hours is status migrainosus
- occipital/nuchal pain & sinus pain or pressure are common during migraine attacks
- physical findings unremarkable other than patient often appears ill
- sinus pressure &/or drainage common[24]
- common triggers include stress, hormonal changes, weather patterns, exercise
- postdrome (headache resolution to feeling normal)[62]
- fatigue (88%)
- difficulty concentrating (56%)
- stiff neck (42%)
- resolution of postdrome within 6 hours (54%), > 24 hours (7%)
- factors affecting postdrome unknown[62]
* prodrome is the earliest phase of a migraine preceding headache onset, characterised by non-aura symptoms
POUND mneumonic[24]
- Pulsatile quality
- One day's duration (4-72 hours)
- Unilateral
- Nausea & vomiting
- Disabling intensity (patient goes to bed)
* > 3 POUND features 90% predictive of migraine[53]
- abrupt onset (thunderclap headache reaches maximum intensity in < 1 minute)
- new headache in a patient > 50 years of age
- change in headache pattern
- aura lasting > 1 hour is a red flag [24
Diagnostic criteria
Laboratory
- not helpful except for exclusion of other disease
Radiology
- neuroimaging for stable headaches that meet criteria for migraine not indicated[24]
- non-contrast head CT
- thunderclap headache (subarachnoid hemorrhage) suspected
- magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
- atypical headache features
- red flags (see Clinical manifestations:)
- warning signs & symptoms of potentially serious cause of headache (see Complications:)
- unstable or progressive temporal pattern
- headaches that do not meet criteria for migraine
- white matter hyperintensities common, particularly in the posterior circulation[24]
- small 1 mm focal areas of gliosis in the periphery of the periventricular white matter are common
- increase in the number (but not size) of white matter hyperintensities with time in women (total lesion volume progression, 77% vs 60% over 9 years)
- lesions not associated with cognitive decline or stroke[24][36][41]
- enlarged perivascular spaces in the centrum semiovale identified by ultra-high-field 7T MRI in patients with chronic or episodic migraine[88]
- atypical headache features
Complications
- increased risk of suicide (hazzard ratio = 1.5)[26]
- migraine with aura may have increased risk of cardiovascular disease & stroke[19][25][27][44];
- migraine without aura & tension headache do not[19][25]
- relative risk = 8
- absolute risk low: 18-40 per 100,000/year
- risk of perioperative stroke 0.9% vs 0.6%[65]
- migraine without aura associated with increased risk of stroke due to cervical artery dissection (RR=1.74)[66]
- risk exacerbated by smoking, estrogen-containing oral contraceptives[24]
- all-cause mortality (21%)[27]
- increased risks for myocardial infarction (RR=1.4), stroke (RR=1.6), cardiovascular mortality (RR=1.4)[61] (information on aura not available in[61])
- increased risk for ischemic stroke (RR=1.8)[73]
- increased risk for hemorrhagic stroke (RR=1.8)[73]
- increased risk for ischemic stroke with or without patent foramen ovale (PFO), although increased right-left shunt of PFO increases risk of migraine with aura[80]
- increased risk for atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter (RR=1.4)[73]
- migraine with aura associated with increased risk for atrial fibrillation ((RR=1.3)[76]
- increased risk for venous thromboembolism (RR=1.5)[73]
- migraine with or without aura not associated with increased risk of cognitive decline[35][41]
- midlife migraine (especially migraine with aura) may be associated with late life parkinsonism & resless legs syndrome[49]
- increased risk (2-fold) for Bell's palsy[50]
- increased risk for urinary calculus (RR=1.6)[51]
- migraine patients who used cannabis were more likely to develop rebound headaches than those who did not[81]
- increased risk of hypertension (RR=1.25-1.31)[89][91]
- increased risk of vasomotor symptoms in menopausal women (RR=1.34)[91]
- status migrainosus
- prosopagnosia (facial blindness)
Warning signs & symptoms of potentially serious cause of headache:
- frequent headaches beginning after age 30
- frequent headaches localizing to one area
- headaches associated with:
- headaches precipitated by:
- headaches refractory to 1st line treatment
- neurologic symptoms lasting > 1 hour[24]
- recurrent headaches with pain during sleep or with morning emesis[77]
- progressively worsening headaches[77]
- recurrent headaches with focal neurologic findings[77]
- disease interaction(s) of migraine with restless legs syndrome
- disease interaction(s) of migraine with parkinsonism
- disease interaction(s) of migraine with atrial sepatal defect
- disease interaction(s) of migraine with patent foramen ovale
- disease interaction(s) of trochleitis with migraine
Differential diagnosis
- cerebral hemorrhage
- cerebral infarction
- encephalitis
- intracranial mass
- meningitis
- analgesic rebound headache
- daily use of analgesics
- often occur in the morning or upon awakening
- generally diffuse
- drug tolerance
- prophylactic medications are ineffective
- tension headache
- bilateral, not aggravated by activity, no nausea, non-pulsatile
- no photophobia or phonophobia
- lasts 30 minutes to 7 days
- trigeminal neuralgia
- brief paroxysms of unilateral lancinating pain in distribution of maxillary nerve (CN5-2) or mandibular nerve (CN5-3)[24]
- may be triggered by light touch
- cluster headache
- thunderclap headache reaches maximum intensity in < 1 minute
Management
general
pharmacologic therapy
- avoid estrogen-containing contraceptives in women with migraine with aura
abortive therapy
- abortive therapy (at the onset)
- useful only during the aura or the start of a migraine
- acetaminophen for mild cases (1st line)
- non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents (NSAIDs)*
- first line therapy
- work well in acute attacks for most people if other risk factors are under control
- ibuprofen may work better than COX2 inhibitor[11]
- Excedrin Migraine better than Imitrex
- no good evidence supports superiority of one NSAID over another[24]
- acetaminophen/aspirin/caffeine[24]
- ergot alkaloids:
- Cafergot
- dihydroergotamine (contraindicated in pregnancy)[94]
- 1 mg intranasal[24][82]
- 1 mg IM at 1st sign of headache, then every hour as needed, NOT to exceed 3 mg in 24 hours
- IV dihydroergotamine for status migrainosus (migraine lasting longer than 72 hours)[24]
- triptans*
- indicated for severe migraine or poor response to NSAIDs or acetaminophen
- contraindicated with cardiovascular disease, uncontrolled hypertension & migraines with brainstem or hemiplegic aura[24]
- sumatriptan (Imitrex) is drug of choice unless contraindicated:
- subcutaneous sumatriptan for migraine without aura not responding to NSAIDs or oral triptans[24]
- may be less effective for migraine with aura[54]
- treatment of choice for refractory migraine with aura [NEJM Knowledge+]
- naproxen/sumatriptan combination[24]
- sumatriptan 5-20 mg intranasal
- sumatriptan: 25, 50 & 100 mg PO (tablets)
- almotriptan (Axert) 6.25-12.5 mg PO[4]
- eletriptan (Relpax) 20-40 mg PO[4]
- frovatriptan (Frova) 2.5 mg PO[6]
- naratriptan (Amerge) 1.0-2.5 mg PO
- rizatriptan (Maxalt) 5-10 mg PO
- zolmitriptan (Zomig) 2.5-5 mg PO or 5 mg intranasal[4]
- no good evidence supports superiority of one triptan over another[24]
- combination of triptan & NSAID synergistic[17]
- avoid frequent use of triptans &/or NSAIDs to prevent rebound headache[17][24]
- opiates
- codeine, hydrocodone (Vicodin), oxycodone (Percocet)
- if no relief 1 hour after triptan[24]
- use in emergency departments common but inappropriate[68]
- 1 mg hydromorphone IV less effective than 10 mg prochlorperazine IV + 25 mg diphenhydramine PO[71]
- avoid butalbital compounds[24]
- isomethepene compounds
- intravenous therapy
- calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors[85]
- rimegepant & ubrogepant approved for migraine treatment[85]
- ubrogepant (Ubrelvy) taken during prodrome
- no data to support use of oxygen by face mask 10 L/min in treatment of migraine[24]
- combination of NSAID plus triptan may be better than monotherapy[22]
- interval therapy (during the headache)
- moderate to severe migraine
- ketorolac (Toradol) 60 mg IM (single dose)
- serotonin agonist (triptan), sumatriptan 6 mg SC
- dihydroergotamine (DHE) 1 mg IV/IM (max: 3 mg/day)
- repetitive IV administration for status migrainosus[24]
- migraine lasting > 72 hours[24]
- repetitive IV administration for status migrainosus[24]
- glucocorticoids
- dexamethasone 20 mg IV
- methylprednisolone 60 mg IV
- opioids
- avoid when other options available[24]
- butorphanol (Stadol) 2 mg IM or nasal spray
- meperidine (Demerol) 75 mg IM + promethazine 75 mg IM
- hydromorphone + prochlorperazine IV + diphenhydramine
- oxygen & cold compresses (1st step)
- intranasal ketamine for refractory chronic migraine[92]
- relatively tolerable adverse events
prophylactic therapy
- exercise may be more effective migraine prophylaxis than pharmacologic therapy[87]
- strength training is the most effective form of exercise for reducing migraine
- high-intensity aerobics second most effective
- either beats topiramate or amitriptyline[87]
- prophylactic pharmacologic therapy
- consider if patient has > 4 total days with headache/month[24]
- prophylaxis for periods of 3-6 months followed by a gradual taper to see if patient remains in remission
- most antiepileptic drugs are effective[33]
- valproic acid 500-1000 mg QD in divided doses
- topiramate (Topamax) 50-200 mg QD[6][10][24]*
- useful for episodic & chronic migraine[24]
- not effective in pediatric migraine[64]
- certain beta-blockers are effective[24][33]
- propranolol 40-240 mg QD
- not useful for chronic migraine[24]*
- metoprolol effective[24]*
- timolol 10-30 mg QD effective[24]
- other beta-blockers are probably effective[33]
- atenolol 50-100 mg QD
- nadolol
- pindolol & other beta blockers with intrinsic sympathomimetic activity are NOT effective
- propranolol 40-240 mg QD
- frovatriptan is effective[33]
- other triptans (other than frovatriptan) are probably effective
- calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) inhibitors[69][72][75]
- eptinezumab, erenumab, fremanezumab, galcanezumab after failure of 2-3 attempts of 1st line prophylaxis)[24]
- gepants: rimegepant (Nurtec ODT), ubrogepant (Ubrelvy), atogepant (Qulipta)[95]
- certain antidepressants are probably effective[33]
- tricyclic antidepressants
- amitriptyline 25-150 mg QD; not effective in pediatric migraine[64]
- desipramine (Norpramin)' may be more effective with failure of beta-blocker prophylaxis
- tricyclic antidepressants more useful than SSRI[29]
- venlafaxine 150 mg QD (effective)[24]
- selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) (may be least effective)
- tricyclic antidepressants
- NSAIDs are probably effective[33]
- fenoprofen 600-1800 mg QD
- ibuprofen 400 mg QD
- ketoprofen 50 mg QD
- naproxen
- celecoxib[85]
- histamine SC is probably effective[33]
- herbal/natural medicine
- Botox, benefit modest[34]*
- suggested, possibly effective
- calcium channel blockers
- neurontin, titrate up to 2400 mg QD[9]
- ACE inhibitors[4][5]
- lisinopril (20% reduction in frequency & severity)
- angiotensin receptor antagonists[8] (30% fewer headaches)
- simvastatin + vitamin D[59]
- not effective
- lamotrigine is not effective
- topiramate not effective in pediatric migraine[64]
- amitriptyline not effective in pediatric migraine[64]
- montelukast is probably ineffective
- may be used in combination with COX2 inhibitor[6]
- acupuncture of no benefit[16]
- menstrual migraine prophylaxis
- topiramate[24]
- oral contraceptives may be helpful
- avoid in women with prolonged aura or other risk factors for stroke[24]
- see other considerations below
- transdermal estradiol[24]
- avoid estrogen-containing contraceptive in women with migraine with aura (further increases stroke risk)[24]
other therapy
- cognitive behavioral therapy
- cognitive behavioral therapy plus amitriptyline for children & adolescents with migraine[47]
- electrical nerve stimulation
- Cefaly TENS device FDA-approved for migraine prevention
- hand-held vagus nerve stimulator approved for treatment of migraine in adults
- remote electrical neuromodulation[85]
- transcranial magnetic stimulation
- acupuncture may lessen frequency & severity of migraines[67][78]
- diet high in omega-3 fatty acids (eicosapentaenoic acid & docosahexaenoic acid) reduced headache frequency & intensity but did not affect scores on the HIT-6 quality of life[84]
- patient education/lifestyle
- proper sleep habits
- regular exercise
- sexual activity
- avoidance of precipitating factors
- intense exercise usually not a trigger, even when suspected
- light alone even less likely to be a trigger
- prospective confirmation of triggers necessary[37]
- daily headaches are due to analgesic abuse & withdrawal, NOT migraine
- oral contraceptives
- women with migraine should not take oral contraceptives with > 20 ug of ethinyl estradiol
- > 35 years of age with migraine should not take oral contraceptives
- Follow-up: as needed.
* only topiramate & Botox effective for chronic migraine[24]
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
- analgesic rebound headache (transformed headache)
- diagnostic criteria for migraine with aura
- diagnostic criteria for migraine without aura
References
- ↑ Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 1032-33
- ↑ Kaiser Permanente Drug Information/Professional Services
- ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed. Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1994, pg 65
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Prescriber's Letter 8(2):12 2001
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Journal Watch 21(5):44, 2001 Schrader H et al Prophylactic treatment of migraine with angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (lisinopril): randomised, placebo controlled, crossover study. BMJ 322:19, 2001 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11141144
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 Prescriber's Letter 8(12):68 2001
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Prescriber's Letter 9(6):33 2002
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Prescriber's Letter 9(7):39 2002
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Journal Watch 24(3):23, 2004 Spira PJ et al Gabapentin in the prophylaxis of chronic daily headache: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Neurology 61:1753, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14694042
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Journal Watch 24(7):54, 2004 Brandes JL, Topiramate for migraine prevention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291:965, 2004 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14982912
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Prescriber's Letter 11(5):29 2004 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=200514&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Lewis D, Ashwal S, Hershey A, Hirtz D, Yonker M, Silberstein S; American Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee; Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Practice parameter: pharmacological treatment of migraine headache in children and adolescents: report of the American Academy of Neurology Quality Standards Subcommittee and the Practice Committee of the Child Neurology Society. Neurology. 2004 Dec 28;63(12):2215-24. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15623677
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Journal Watch 25(3):27, 2005 Colman I, Brown MD, Innes GD, Grafstein E, Roberts TE, Rowe BH. Parenteral metoclopramide for acute migraine: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ. 2004 Dec 11;329(7479):1369-73. Epub 2004 Nov 18. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15550401 <Internet> http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7479/1369
- ↑ Update on Migraine Headaches Prescriber's Letter 7:(6): 200 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=160609&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Prescriber's Letter 12(4): 2005 Supplements for Migraine Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=210414&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Journal Watch 25(11):91, 2005 Linde K, Streng A, Jurgens S, Hoppe A, Brinkhaus B, Witt C, Wagenpfeil S, Pfaffenrath V, Hammes MG, Weidenhammer W, Willich SN, Melchart D. Acupuncture for patients with migraine: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 May 4;293(17):2118-25. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15870415
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 Prescriber's Letter 12(12): 2005 Combination use of triptains and NSAIDs for Migraine Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=211211&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 13(1): 2006 Comparison of acetaminophen, aspirin, and caffeine with sumatriptan for the early treatment of migraine headache Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=2201114&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Kurth T et al, Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women JAMA 2006, 296:283 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16849661
Lipton RB and Bigel ME, Migraine and cardiovascular disease JAMA 2006, 296:332 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16849667
Scher AI et al Migraine Headache in Middle Age and Late-Life Brain Infarcts JAMA. 2009;301(24):2563-2570. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549973 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/301/24/2563
Kurth T and Tzourio C Migraine and Cerebral Infarct-like Lesions on MRI JAMA. 2009;301(24):2594-2595. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19549979 <Internet> http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/short/301/24/2594 - ↑ MacClelland LR et al, Probable migraine with visual aura and risk of ischemic stroke: The Stroke Prevention in Young Women Study. Stroke 2007, 38:2438 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17690308
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 Bigal ME, Ashina S, Burstein R, Reed ML, Buse D, Serrano D, Lipton RB; AMPP Group. Prevalence and characteristics of allodynia in headache sufferers: a population study. Neurology. 2008 Apr 22;70(17):1525-33. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18427069
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Prescriber's Letter 15(6): 2008 New Formulation: Treximet (Sumatriptan and Naproxen) for Migraine Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=240603&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
Brandes JL, Kudrow D, Stark SR, O'Carroll CP, Adelman JU, O'Donnell FJ, Alexander WJ, Spruill SE, Barrett PS, Lener SE. Sumatriptan-naproxen for acute treatment of migraine: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2007 Apr 4;297(13):1443-54. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17405970 - ↑ Silberstein SD. Preventive migraine treatment. Neurol Clin. 2009 May;27(2):429-43. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19289224
- ↑ 24.00 24.01 24.02 24.03 24.04 24.05 24.06 24.07 24.08 24.09 24.10 24.11 24.12 24.13 24.14 24.15 24.16 24.17 24.18 24.19 24.20 24.21 24.22 24.23 24.24 24.25 24.26 24.27 24.28 24.29 24.30 24.31 24.32 24.33 24.34 24.35 24.36 24.37 24.38 24.39 24.40 24.41 24.42 24.43 24.44 24.45 24.46 24.47 24.48 24.49 24.50 24.51 24.52 24.53 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2006, 2009, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2021.
Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022 - ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 Schurks M et al Migraine and cardiovascular disease: systematic review and meta-analysis BMJ 2009;339:b3914 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861375 doi:10.1136/bmj.b3914 http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/full/339/oct27_1/b3914
Loder E Migraine with aura and increased risk of ischaemic stroke BMJ 2009;339:b4380 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19861379 doi:10.1136/bmj.b4380 http://www.bmj.com/cgi/content/extract/339/oct27_1/b4380 - ↑ 26.0 26.1 Veterans Administration Memorandum Dec 24, 2009 Recent VHA Findings regarding chronic pain conditions and suicide risk
- ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Gudmundsson LS et al Migraine with aura and risk of cardiovascular and all cause mortality in men and women: prospective cohort study BMJ 2010; 341:c3966 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20736269 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c3966.full
Berger K and Evers S Migraine with aura and the risk of increased mortality BMJ 2010; 341:c4410 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20736272 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c4410.extract - ↑ 28.0 28.1 FDA News release FDA approves Botox to treat chronic migraine http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm229782.htm
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Jackson JL et al. Tricyclic antidepressants and headaches: Systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2010 Oct 20; 341:c5222 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20961988 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/341/bmj.c5222/T5.expansion
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 18(9): 2011 COMMENTARY: Triptans for the Treatment of Migraines in Children GUIDELINES: Practice Parameter: Pharmacological treatment of migraine headache in children and adolescents (2004) Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=270908&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 McCandless RT et al. Patent foramen ovale in children with migraine headaches. J Pediatr 2011 Aug; 159:243 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21450305
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 19(3): 2012 Oral Contraceptives and Migraines Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=280323&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 33.00 33.01 33.02 33.03 33.04 33.05 33.06 33.07 33.08 33.09 33.10 33.11 Silberstein SD et al Evidence-based guideline update: Pharmacologic treatment for episodic migraine prevention in adults Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society Neurology April 24, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22529202 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1337.full (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Jan 2018)
Holland S et al Evidence-based guideline update: NSAIDs and other complementary treatments for episodic migraine prevention in adults Report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology and the American Headache Society Neurology April 24, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22529203 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/78/17/1346.full (corresponding NGC guideline withdrawn Nov 2015) - ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Jackson JL et al. Botulinum toxin A for prophylactic treatment of migraine and tension headaches in adults: A meta-analysis. JAMA 2012 Apr 25; 307:1736. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22535858
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Rist PM et al Migraine and cognitive decline among women: prospective cohort study BMJ 2012;345:e5027 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22875950 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e5027
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Palm-Meinders II et al Structural Brain Changes in Migraine JAMA. 2012;308(18):1889-1896 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23150008 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1391911
Friedman DI and Dodick DW White Matter Hyperintensities in Migraine. Reason for Optimism. JAMA. 2012;308(18):1920-1921 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23150012 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1391896 - ↑ 37.0 37.1 Hougaard A et al Provocation of migraine with aura using natural trigger factors. Neurology. January 23, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23345632 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2013/01/23/WNL.0b013e31827f0f10.abstract
Goadsby PJ and Silberstein SD Migraine triggers: Harnessing the messages of clinical practice. Neurology. January 23, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23345640 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2013/01/23/WNL.0b013e31827f100c.extract - ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 Amin FM et al. Magnetic resonance angiography of intracranial and extracranial arteries in patients with spontaneous migraine without aura: A cross-sectional study. Lancet Neurol 2013 May; 12:454 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23578775
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Garg P, Servoss SJ, Wu JC et al Lack of association between migraine headache and patent foramen ovale: results of a case-control study. Circulation. 2010 Mar 30;121(12):1406-12 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231534
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Peterlin L et al Episodic migraine and obesity and the influence of age, race, and sex. Neurology. September 11, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24027060 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2013/09/11/WNL.0b013e3182a824f7.abstract
- ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 Bashir A et al Migraine and structural changes in the brain: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 2013 Aug 29 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23986301 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2013/08/28/WNL.0b013e3182a6cb32
- ↑ Loder E. Triptan therapy in migraine. N Engl J Med. 2010 Jul 1;363(1):63-70 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20592298
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Brandes JL. Headache related to pregnancy: management of migraine and migraine headache in pregnancy. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2008 Jan;10(1):12-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18325295
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 Bigal ME, Kurth T, Santanello N et al Migraine and cardiovascular disease: a population-based study. Neurology. 2010 Feb 23;74(8):628-35 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20147658
- ↑ Kruit MC, van Buchem MA, Launer LJ, Terwindt GM, Ferrari MD. Migraine is associated with an increased risk of deep white matter lesions, subclinical posterior circulation infarcts and brain iron accumulation: the population-based MRI CAMERA study. Cephalalgia. 2010 Feb;30(2):129-36 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19515125
- ↑ Saper JR et al. Occipital nerve stimulation for the treatment of intractable chronic migraine headache: ONSTIM feasibility study. Cephalalgia 2011 Feb; 31:271. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20861241 <Internet> http://cep.sagepub.com/content/31/3/271
FDA News Release: Dec. 13, 2013 FDA allows marketing of first device to relieve migraine headache pain. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm378608.htm - ↑ 47.0 47.1 Powers SW et al. Cognitive behavioral therapy plus amitriptyline for chronic migraine in children and adolescents: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2013 Dec 25; 310:2622. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24368463
Connelly M. Cognitive behavioral therapy for treatment of pediatric chronic migraine. JAMA 2013 Dec 25; 310:2617. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24368460 - ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 48.4 Friedman BW et al. Randomized trial of IV valproate vs metoclopramide vs ketorolac for acute migraine. Neurology 2014 Feb 12 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24523483 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/82/11/976
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Scher AI et al Midlife migraine and late-life parkinsonism. Neurology. September 17, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25230997 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2014/09/17/WNL.0000000000000840
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Peng KP et al Increased risk of Bell palsy in patients with migraine. A nationwide cohort study. Neurology. Dec 17, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25520313 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2014/12/17/WNL.0000000000001124
Silberstein SD, Silvestrini M Does migraine produce facial palsy? For whom the Bell tolls. Neurology. Dec 17, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25520314 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2014/12/17/WNL.0000000000001136 - ↑ 51.0 51.1 Tsai MJ, Chen YT, Ou SM, Shin CJ, Peng KP, Tang CH, Wang SJ. Increased risk of urinary calculi in patients with migraine: A nationwide cohort study. Cephalalgia. 2014 Oct 15. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25319966
- ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 The NNT: Steroids (Dexamethasone) for Prevention of Migraine Recurrence. http://www.thennt.com/nnt/steroids-for-prevention-of-migraine-recurrence/
Colman I, Friedman BW, Brown MD et al Parenteral dexamethasone for acute severe migraine headache: meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials for preventing recurrence. BMJ. 2008 Jun 14;336(7657):1359-61 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18541610
Singh A, Alter HJ, Zaia B. Does the addition of dexamethasone to standard therapy for acute migraine headache decrease the incidence of recurrent headache for patients treated in the emergency department? A meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature. Acad Emerg Med. 2008 Dec;15(12):1223-33. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18976336 - ↑ 53.0 53.1 The NNT: Migraine. Diagnostics and Likelihood Ratios, Explained http://www.thennt.com/lr/migraine/
Detsky ME, McDonald DR, Baerlocher MO et al Does this patient with headache have a migraine or need neuroimaging? JAMA. 2006 Sep 13;296(10):1274-83. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16968852 - ↑ 54.0 54.1 Hansen JM et al. Reduced efficacy of sumatriptan in migraine with aura vs without aura. Neurology 2015 May 5; 84:1880 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25841032 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/84/18/1880
- ↑ Kurth T, Chabriat H, Bousser MG. Migraine and stroke: a complex association with clinical implications. Lancet Neurol. 2012 Jan;11(1):92-100 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22172624
- ↑ Schulman E Refractory migraine - a review. Headache. 2013 Apr;53(4):599-613. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23405959
- ↑ Taylor FR, Kaniecki RG. Symptomatic treatment of migraine: when to use NSAIDs, triptans, or opiates. Curr Treat Options Neurol. 2011 Feb;13(1):15-27. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21125432
- ↑ Kelley NE, Tepper DE. Rescue therapy for acute migraine, part 1: triptans, dihydroergotamine, and magnesium. Headache. 2012 Jan;52(1):114-28. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22211870
Kelley NE, Tepper DE Rescue therapy for acute migraine, part 2: neuroleptics, antihistamines, and others. Headache. 2012 Feb;52(2):292-306. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22309235
Kelley NE, Tepper DE. Rescue therapy for acute migraine, part 3: opioids, NSAIDs, steroids, and post-discharge medications. Headache. 2012 Mar;52(3):467-82. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22404708 - ↑ 59.0 59.1 Buettner C et al. Simvastatin and vitamin D for migraine prevention: A randomized, controlled trial. Ann Neurol 2015 Dec; 78:970 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26418341 <Internet> http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.24534/abstract
- ↑ 60.0 60.1 Simpson DM, Hallett M, Ashman EJ et al Practice guideline update summary: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of blepharospasm, cervical dystonia, adult spasticity, and headache. Report of the Guideline Development Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology. April 18, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27164716 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/early/2016/04/15/WNL.0000000000002560.full.pdf+html
- ↑ 61.0 61.1 61.2 Kurth T et al Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease in women: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2016;353:i2610 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27247281 Free PMC Article <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/353/bmj.i2610
Burch RC, Rayhill ML. Migraine and vascular disease. BMJ 2016;353:i2806 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27247290 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/353/bmj.i2806 - ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 Giffin NJ et al. The migraine postdrome: An electronic diary study. Neurology 2016 Jul 19; 87:309 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27335112 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Le Gal J, Michel JF, Rinaldi VE et al Association between functional gastrointestinal disorders and migraine in children and adolescents: a case-control study. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Aug 24, 2016 Not indexed in PubMed http://thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(16)30038-3/fulltext
Palsson OS A specific link between migraine and functional GI disorders. The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology. Aug 24, 2016 Not indexed in PubMed http://thelancet.com/journals/langas/article/PIIS2468-1253(16)30074-7/fulltext - ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 64.3 64.4 Powers SW, Coffey CS, Chamberlin LA et al Trial of Amitriptyline, Topiramate, and Placebo for Pediatric Migraine. N Engl J Med. October 27, 2016 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27788026 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1610384
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Timm FP, Houle TT, Grabitz SD et al Migraine and risk of perioperative ischemic stroke and hospital readmission: hospital based registry study. BMJ 2017;356:i6635 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28073753 Free full text <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/356/bmj.i6635
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 De Giuli V, Grassi M, Lodigiani C et al Association Between Migraine and Cervical Artery Dissection. The Italian Project on Stroke in Young Adults. JAMA Neurol. Published online March 6, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28264095 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2606444
Lyden PD Migraine and the Risk of Carotid Artery Dissection in the IPSYS Registry. Are They Related? JAMA Neurol. Published online March 6, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28264078 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaneurology/fullarticle/2606442 - ↑ 67.0 67.1 Zhao L et al. The long-term effect of acupuncture for migraine prophylaxis: A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2017 Feb 20; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28241154
Gelfand AA. Acupuncture for migraine prevention: Still reaching for convincing evidence. JAMA Intern Med 2017 Feb 20; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28241222 - ↑ 68.0 68.1 Young N, Silverman D, Bradford H, Finkelstein J. Multicenter prevalence of opioid medication use as abortive therapy in the emergency department treatment of migraine headaches. Am J Emerg Med 2017 Jun 16; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28645559
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Charles A. Migraine. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:553-561. August 10, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28792865 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMcp1605502
- ↑ Rothaus C Migraine NEJM Resident 360. Aug 9, 2017 https://resident360.nejm.org/content_items/migraine
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 Friedman BW, Irizarry E, Solorzano C et al. Randomized study of IV prochlorperazine plus diphenhydramine vs IV hydromorphone for migraine. Neurology 2017 Oct 18; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29046364
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 Hershey AD CGRP - The Next Frontier for Migraine. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:2190-2191. Nov 30, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29171812 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1712559
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 73.3 73.4 Adelborg K et al Migraine and risk of cardiovascular diseases: Danish population based matched cohort study. BMJ 2018;360:k96 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29386181 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.k96
Kurth T et al Migraine and risk of cardiovascular disease BMJ 2018;360:k275 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29386182 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/360/bmj.k275 - ↑ Marmura MJ, Silberstein SD, Schwedt TJ. The acute treatment of migraine in adults: the american headache society evidence assessment of migraine pharmacotherapies. Headache. 2015 Jan;55(1):3-20. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25600718
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 Reuter U, Goadsby PJ, Lanteri-Minet M et al Efficacy and tolerability of erenumab in patients with episodic migraine in whom two-to-four previous preventive treatments were unsuccessful: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3b study. Lancet Oct 22, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30360965 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32534-0/fulltext
Charles A A new opportunity after migraine treatment failure? Lancet Oct 22, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30360967 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)32606-0/fulltext - ↑ 76.0 76.1 Sen S, Androulakis XM, Duda V et al. Migraine with visual aura a risk factor for incident atrial fibrillation: A cohort study. Neurology 2018 Nov 14 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30429278 <Internet> http://n.neurology.org/content/early/2018/11/14/WNL.0000000000006650
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 77.3 NEJM Knowledge+ Question of the Week, April 2, 2019 https://knowledgeplus.nejm.org/question-of-week/4824/
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 Xu S, Yu L, Luo X Manual acupuncture versus sham acupuncture and usual care for prophylaxis of episodic migraine without aura: multicentre, randomised clinical trial BMJ 2020;368:m697 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32213509 https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m697
Angus-Leppan H Manual acupuncture for migraine BMJ 2020;368:m1096 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32213481 https://www.bmj.com/content/368/bmj.m1096 - ↑ 79.0 79.1 George J Sleep Predicts Migraine Recurrence - Sleep quality may identify patients at risk of developing chronic migraine https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/ahs/87305
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 Martinez-Majander N, Artto V, Ylikotila P et al. Association between migraine and cryptogenic ischemic stroke in young adults. Ann Neurol 2020 Oct 19; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33078475 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ana.25937
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 George J Cannabis Tied to Rebound Headaches in Chronic Migraine Patients - Study adds to findings about marijuana and migraine. MedPage Today March 1, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aan/91420
Zhang N, Woldeamanuel Y Medication Overuse Headache in Chronic Migraine Patients Using Cannabis: A Case-Referent Study American Academy of Neurology (AAN) 2021 - ↑ 82.0 82.1 George J Low Migraine Recurrence With Intranasal DHE. Analysis shows sustained results with investigational INP104 device. MedPage Today June 6, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/ahs/92956
Tepper SJ, et al Recurrence Rates for INP104 for the Acute Treatment of Migraine: Results From the Phase 3 STOP 301 Study. American Headache Society (AHS) 2021. - ↑ VanderPluym AH, Halker Singh RB, Urtecho M et al Acute Treatments for Episodic Migraine in Adults. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA. 2021;325(23):2357-2369. June 15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34128998 PMCID: PMC8207243 (available on 2021-12-15) https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2781052
Burch R, Rayhill M Acute Treatment for Migraine. Contemporary Treatments and Future Directions. JAMA. 2021;325(23):2346-2347. June 15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34129013 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2781072 - ↑ 84.0 84.1 George J Migraine Frequency, Severity Drop Substantially With Diet Interventions. Findings could lead to targeted dietary changes to improve chronic pain. MedPage Today June 30, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/migraines/93375
Ramsden C et al Dietary alteration of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids for headache reduction in adults with migraine: Randomized controlled trial. BMJ 2021;374:n1448 BMJ 2021 https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1448
Burch R Dietary omega 3 fatty acids for migraine: At last, grounds for optimism among those seeking a dietary option. BMJ 2021;374:n1535 BMJ 2021 https://www.bmj.com/content/374/bmj.n1535 - ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 85.3 85.4 Cimino S AHS Releases Updated Guidance on New Migraine Treatments. Medscape - Jul 16, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/954940
- ↑ Kazi F, Manyapu M, Fakherddine M et al Second-line Interventions for Migraine in the Emergency Department. Headache. 2021;61(10):1467-1474. via Medscape https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/965441
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 87.2 Anderson P Recommending Exercise for Migraine: Just Do It. Medscape. Nov 22, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/984472
Woldeamanuel YW, Oliveira ABD. What is the efficacy of aerobic exercise versus strength training in the treatment of migraine? A systematic review and network meta-analysis of clinical trials. J Headache Pain. 2022. Oct 13 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36229774 PMCID: PMC9563744 Free PMC article. Review. https://thejournalofheadacheandpain.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s10194-022-01503-y
Han J, Cho SJ Comment regarding: what is the efficacy of aerobic exercise versus strength training in the treatment of migraine? A systematic review and network meta- analysis of clinical trials J Headache Pain. 2022. Oct 13 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36401170 PMCID: PMC9675077 Free PMC article - ↑ 88.0 88.1 Susman E Ultra-High-Res MRI Highlights Migraine Brain Changes. Patients had significant changes in perivascular spaces. MedPage Today December 1, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/rsna/101993
- ↑ 89.0 89.1 Zhang J, Mao Y, Li Y et al Association between migraine or severe headache and hypertension among US adults: A cross-sectional study. Nut Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2022 Nov 18;S0939-4753(22)00457-4. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36604265
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Smith J Dietary Zinc Linked to Reduced Migraine Risk. Medscape. Jan 17, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/987025
- ↑ 91.0 91.1 91.2 Faubion SS, Smith T, Thielen J et al Association of Migraine and Vasomotor Symptoms. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 2023 98(5):701-712. May PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37137642 PMCID: PMC10157023 (available on 2024-05-01) https://www.mayoclinicproceedings.org/article/S0025-6196(23)00013-7/fulltext
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 Yuan H, Natekar A, Park J, Lauritsen CG, Viscusi ER, Marmura MJ. Real-world study of intranasal ketamine for use in patients with refractory chronic migraine: a retrospective analysis. Reg Anesth Pain Med. 2023 May 30:rapm-2022-104223. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37253638 https://rapm.bmj.com/content/early/2023/05/03/rapm-2022-104223
- ↑ Ashina M. Migraine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:1866-1876. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33211930 https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra1915327
- ↑ 94.0 94.1 94.2 94.3 94.4 NEJM Knowledge+ Pain Management and Opioids: Recharge
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 Tassorelli C, Nagy K, Pozo-Rosich P, et al. Safety and efficacy of atogepant for the preventive treatment of episodic migraine in adults for whom conventional oral preventive treatments have failed (ELEVATE): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 3b trial. Lancet Neurol. 2024 Feb 13:S1474-4422(24)00025-5 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38364831
- ↑ NINDS Migraine Information Page https://www.ninds.nih.gov/Disorders/All-Disorders/Migraine-Information-Page
Patient information
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