topiramate (Topamax, Qudexy XR, Trokendi XR)
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Indications
- adjunctive therapy in the treatment of partial seizures
- generalized seizures
- effective for tonic-clonic seizures, myoclonic seizures & absence seizures[11]
- treatment of Lennox-Gastaut syndrome
- migraine prophylaxis[7][8][15]
- used for obesity, but not approved or recommended[5][6]
- alcohol dependence, alcoholism[5]
- tremors[6]
- painful diabetic neuropathy (NOT drug of choice)[9]
- neuropathic pain
- idiopathic intracranial hypertension (pseudotumor cerebri)[11]
Contraindications
Caution:
- AVOID abrupt withdrawal
- increase risk of renal stones; maintain adequate fluid intake
- use cautiously in patient with hepatic or renal insufficiency
- watch for metabolic acidosis[6]
- pregnancy
Dosage
- start 25-50 mg/day in 2 divided doses
- 1st dose HS (at bedtime)
- increase daily dose by 25-50 mg weekly
- maintenance dose:
- maximum dose: 400 mg/day
- reduce dose by 25-50% in patients with renal insufficiency
- patients may require supplemental doses post dialysis
Tabs: 25 mg, 100 mg, 200 mg.
* dosage adjustment for liver failure uncertain[11]
Dosage adjustment in renal failure
- creatinine clearance < 70 mL/min:
- administer 25-50% of dose
- titrate more slowly
- supplemental dosage after dialysis
Pharmacokinetics
- oral bioavailability is about 80%, unaffected by food
- 13-17% of drug is bound to plasma proteins
- time to peak serum concentration is 2-4 hours
- not extensively metabolized
- excreted unchanged in the urine
- elimination 1/2life is about 21 hours
- clearance is reduced 42-54% with renal insufficiency
- 30% dialyzable
- about 4 weeks before effective for migraine propylaxis[8]
elimination via kidney
1/2life = 21 hours
protein binding = 13-17 %
1/2life = 21 hours
elimination by hemodialysis = +/-
Monitor
- serum bicarbonate baseline, periodically & when increasing dose (may cause metabolic acidosis)[15]
- plasma ammonia if evidence of encephalopathy[15]
Adverse effects
- common (> 10%)
- fatigue (8%), somnolence, psychomotor slowing, dizziness, ataxia, nervousness, anxiety, memory difficulties[10], upper respiratory tract infections, speech problems (word-finding difficulty), nausea, anorexia, paresthesia (8%), tremor, nystagmus
- less common (1-10%)
- chest pain, edema, language problems, incoordination, confusion, depression, difficulty concentrating, hypoesthesia, hot flashes, dyspepsia, abdominal pain, anorexia, constipation, xerostomia, gingivitis, weight loss, myalgia, weakness, back pain, leg pain, rigors, decreased hearing, pharyngitis, sinusitis, nephrolithiasis (calcium phosphate stones), epistaxis, flu-like syndrome
- other
- kidney stones (2-4 fold increased risk)[11][15]
- visual problems generally within 1st month of therapy[3]
- metabolic acidosis[6], hypokalemia (RTA1 ?)
- heat stroke[11]
- cognitive impairment[10][16] affecting verbal fluency
- increased risk of cleft lip &/or cleft palate in infants born to women treated with topiramate during pregnancy
- associated with low birth weight & small for gestational age[18]
- drug adverse effects of anticonvulsants
- drug adverse effects of diuretics
- drug adverse effects of carbonic anhydrase inhibitor(s)
- drug adverse effects of antihypertensive agents
Drug interactions
- phenytoin:
- 25% increase in phenytoin concentration
- 48% decrease in topiramate concentration
- carbamazepine: 40% decrease in topiramate concentration
- valproic acid:
- 11% decrease in valproic acid concentration
- 14% decrease in topiramate concentration
- CNS depressants: increased CNS depression
- carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: increased incidence of renal stone formation
- oral contraceptives: decreased effectiveness of oral contraceptives
- drug interaction(s) anticonvulsants with anti-bacterial agents
- drug interaction(s) anticonvulsants with statins
- drug interaction(s) SGLT2 inhibitors (flozins) with diuretics
- drug interaction(s) of diuretics in combination with Zn+2
- drug interaction(s) of antiarrhythmic agents in combination with diuretics
- drug interaction(s) of calcium channel blockers with diuretics
- drug interaction(s) of diuretics with angiotensin II receptor antagonists
- drug interaction(s) of diuretics with ACE inhibitors
- drug interaction(s) of NSAIDs, diuretics & angiotensin II receptor antagonists
- drug interaction(s) of NSAIDs, diuretics & ACE inhibitors
- drug interaction(s) of NSAIDs & antihypertensives
Mechanism of action
- sulfamate-substituted monosaccharide with broad spectrum anticonvulsant activity
- mechanism not fully understood
- inhibits carbonic anhydrase
- increases renal excretion of bicarbonate
- some effects may be due to
- blockage of Na+ channels
- enhancement of GABA's inhibitory effects
- antagonsim of kainate receptor responses
Notes
cost nearly $200 per month for migraine prophylaxis[8]
More general terms
Additional terms
- Lennox-Gastaut syndrome (epileptic encephalopathy, Lennox-Gastaut type)
- partial seizure; focal seizure
Component of
References
- ↑ Drug Information & Medication Formulary, Veterans Affairs, Central California Health Care System, 1st ed., Ravnan et al eds, 1998
- ↑ Kaiser Permanente Northern California Regional Drug Formulary, 1998
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Prescriber's Letter 8(11):65 2001
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 9(12):69 2002
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Prescriber's Letter 10(9):53 2003
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 Prescriber's Letter 11(3):14 2004 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=200307&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 Journal Watch 24(7):54, 2004 Brandes JL et al, Topiramate for migraine prevention: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 291:965, 2004 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14982912
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 Prescriber's Letter 11(10): 2004 Topamax for Migraine Prevention Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=201009&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Journal Watch 24(21):165, 2004
Raskin P, Donofrio PD, Rosenthal NR, Hewitt DJ, Jordan DM, Xiang J, Vinik AI; CAPSS-141 Study Group. Topiramate vs placebo in painful diabetic neuropathy: analgesic and metabolic effects. Neurology. 2004 Sep 14;63(5):865-73. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15365138
Thienel U, Neto W, Schwabe SK, Vijapurkar U; Topiramate Diabetic Neuropathic Pain Study Group. Topiramate in painful diabetic polyneuropathy: findings from three double-blind placebo-controlled trials. Acta Neurol Scand. 2004 Oct;110(4):221-31. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15355485 - ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Journal Watch 25(9):74, 2005 Salinsky MC, Storzbach D, Spencer DC, Oken BS, Landry T, Dodrill CB. Effects of topiramate and gabapentin on cognitive abilities in healthy volunteers. Neurology. 2005 Mar 8;64(5):792-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15753411
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 11.5 11.6 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 15, 16, 17. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2009, 2012, 2015
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 17(7): 2010 Recommended Lab Monitoring for Common Medications Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=260704&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ Andersohn F et al, Use of antiepileptic drugs in epilepsy and the risk of self-harm or suicidal behavior Neurology 2010;75:335-340 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20660863 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/cgi/content/abstract/75/4/335
- ↑ FDA MedWatch: 3/3/2011 Topamax (topiramate): Label Change - Risk For Development of Cleft Lip and/or Cleft Palate in Newborns http://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm245777.htm
FDA Drug Safety Communication: Risk of oral clefts in children born to mothers taking Topamax (topiramate 03-04-2011 http://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DrugSafety/ucm245085.htm
Hunt S et al Topiramate in pregnancy: Preliminary experience from the UK Epilepsy and Pregnancy Register Neurology 2008 71:272-276 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18645165 <Internet> http://www.neurology.org/content/71/4/272.abstract - ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 Welch BJ, Graybeal D, Moe OW, Maalouf NM, Sakhaee K. Biochemical and stone-risk profiles with topiramate treatment. Am J Kidney Dis. 2006 Oct;48(4):555-63. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16997051 FDA approves Topamax for migraine prevention in adolescents. First approved treatment for ages 12 to 17. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm391026.htm
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Wandschneider B et al. Effect of topiramate and zonisamide on fMRI cognitive networks. Neurology 2017 Feb 17 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28213372
- ↑ Dell'Orto VG, Belotti EA, Goeggel-Simonetti B ET AL Metabolic disturbances and renal stone promotion on treatment with topiramate: a systematic review. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2014 Jun;77(6):958-64. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24219102 Free PMC Article
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 18.3 Kirkner RM Three Antiseizure Medications Join List for Newborn Risks. Medscape. Dec 13, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/985504