coronary stent/coronary stenting
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Introduction
Use of a prosthetic metal device (coronary stert) to provide & maintain an enlarged coronary lumen at the side of an obstructive atherosclerotic plaque. Used in conjection with (PCI/PTCA).
Indications
- acute coronary syndrome
- myocardial infarction
- inserted during percutaneous coronary intervention
- reduction in coronary restinosis
- reperfusion of coronary stenosis within 12 hours of ST segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI)*
* reduction of infarct size if performed with 48 hours of STEMI[5]
Contraindications
- of no benefit for stable ischemic heart disease due to coronary artery disease (myocardial ischemia)*[52]
- stable angina pectoris with severe coronary artery stenosis[70]
* also see percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
Benefit/risk
- coronary artery disease without acute coronary syndrome
- no mortality benefit[46]
- number needed to harm: 50 (complication of coronary artery catheterization)[46]
Laboratory
- platelet function testing to adjust antiplatelet therapy of no benefit[55]
Clinical significance
- drug-eluting stents inhibit regrowth of endothelial cells that quickly conver bare metal stents
- overgrowth of endothelial cells can clog stents while exposure of the stent increases risk of clots
- everolimus-eluting stents superior to paclitaxel-eluting stents dincluding patients with type 2 diabetes[50]
- bioresorbable scaffolds with everolimus-eluting stents
- no difference in mortality or myocardial infarction or in quality of life after drug-eluting stent vs bare-metal stent; however, restenosis & stent thrombosis less frequent with drug-eluting stent[56]
- all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, stroke, & ischemia-driven target-lesion revascularization more frequent with bare-metal stent than drug-eluting stent (16% vs 12%)[71]
Procedure
- insertion of a 15-30 mm expandable tube across a lesion opened by balloon angioplasty during PTCA may diminish the rate of restenosis (2-7%)[2]
Complications
- severe to moderate bleeding
- stent thrombosis most likely to occur within 6 months of stent placement
- late thrombosis weeks to months after stent placement more common in patients with drug-eluting stents[11][14]
- clopidogrel may need to be continued for 18 months[11]
- early stent thrombosis days after stent placement
- late thrombosis weeks to months after stent placement more common in patients with drug-eluting stents[11][14]
- stent restenosis occurs with progressive endothelialization of stent
- occurs weeks to months after stent placement[86]
- stenosis gradually worsens resulting in progressive exertional angina
- 3 or more coronary stents associated with higher rates of subsequent ischemic events, but not bleeding events[76]
- late incomplete stent apposition & delayed endothelialization are mechanistic factors in late drug-eluting stent thrombosis[16]
- coronary aneurysm after drug-eluting stent (rare)[24]
- patients with atrial fibrillation requiring warfarin plus clopidogrel plus aspirin at high risk of hemorrhage[35]
- migration of stent
- migration of left main coronary artery stent into aorta[53]
- delay in filling prescriptions for clopidogrel after receiving stents, puts patients at increased risk for early stent thrombosis, death or myocardial infarction in subsequent months & years[4]
Management
- dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), P2Y12 inhibitor + aspirin 81 mg
- short-term DAPT (< 6 months) not for STEMI or NSTEMI[57]
- 12 months minumum duration of DAPT after STEMI or NSTEMI (NEJM)
- 6 months minumum duration of DAPT if placed to stable ischemic heart disease
- may interrupt at 6 months for elective surgery
- 3-6 months of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after PCI with drug-eluting stent; 6 months of DAPT (MKSAP)[1]
- > 6 months of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) is associated with fewer MIs but more bleeding & more deaths relative to < 6 months of therapy, but absolute risk is low (0.03% for MI)[49]
- 1-3 months of DAPT sufficient[79][89]
- lower bleeding risk with 3 months DAPT than 6 months in elderly without difference in major cardiovascular events[89]
- continue P2Y12 inhibitor alone for 6-12 months[72]
- 1 month of DAPT after PCI with biodegradable-polymer sirolimus-eluting coronary stent may be sufficient in high-risk patients[85]
- 1 month of DAPT after PCI with drug-eluting coronary stent followed by 12 months of ticagrelor with less bleeding & no difference in major cardiovascular events vs DAPT[90]
- bare metal stents & polymer-free umirolimus-coated stents (DCS; BioFreedom) safe with only 1 month of DAPT[82]
- standard DAPT (6-12 months)
- minimimum of 12 months of DAPT after drug-eluting stent for STEMI or NSTEMI[1]
- clopidogrel 75-150 mg QD, ticagrelor or prasugrel indicated for 6-12 months following placement of stent*[1][8][28][37][44]
- prasugrel contraindicated in patients with history of stroke[1]
- ticagrelor with similar risks of major cardiovascular events as clopidogrel with greater safety risks (12 months of therapy)[83]
- 6-12 months of DAPT for stable CAD followed by aspirin monotherapy[72]
- need for BID dosing with ticagrelor & its much greater cost than aspirin argues for 6-12 months of DAPT, followed by aspirin monotherapy[72]
- 12 months of DAPT for acute coronary syndrome followed by aspirin monotherapy[72]
- 12 months of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) does not decrease risk of myocardial infarction, cardiac death or stent thrombosis & increases risk of bleeding relative to 6 months of therapy with or without type 2 diabetes[59][80]
- long-term DAPT (> 12 months)
- long-term DAPT (> 12 months) associated with decreased risks for myocardial infarction & stent thrombosis but increased risks for noncardiac death &major bleeding relative to short-term DAPT (< 6 months)[80]
- DAPT for 30 months lowers risk for stent thrombosis (0.4% vs 1.4%), MI (2.1% vs 4.1%), & death, MI or stroke (4.3% vs 5.9%) at the cost of increased risk of moderate-to-severe bleeding (2.5% vs 1.6%) & increased non-cardiovascular mortality (1.0% vs 0.5%) relative to 12 months of DAPT with continued low-dose (81 mg) aspirin[44]
- long-term DAPT with newer-generation stents associated with increased risks for all-cause mortality & major bleeding [80
- dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) for 24 months results in similar risks for all-cause & cardiovascular mortality (RR =1.05 & 1.01, respectively) compared with 12 months of DAPT[45]
- may offer greatest benefits to those at low risk for bleeding[76]
- other recommendations for duration of therapy*
- at least 1 month (11-30 days) for bare metal stent[1]
- at least 3 months for sirolilus-eluting stent
- at least 6 months for paclitaxel-eluting stent
- at least 3 months for zotarolimus-eluting stent (dual therapy with aspirin)[40]
- low-dose aspirin is recommended for prevention of cardiovascular events & should be continued indefinetly
- short-term DAPT (< 6 months) not for STEMI or NSTEMI[57]
- clopidogrel generally given with 81 mg of aspirin QD[28][37][44]
- 1-3 months of dual anti-platelet therapy sufficient[79]
- addition of cilostazol 100 mg QD may enhance platelet inhibition[27]
- esomeprazole more effective than famotidine in preventing GI bleed[30]
- interruption of dual therapy (median of 1 week) not associated with adverse outcomes[34]
- ticagrelor (Brilinta) is more effective clopidogrel with similar bleeding risk[31]
- patients with atrial fibrillation, venous thromboembolism or mechanical heart value[25]
- PGY12 inhibitor + aspirin 81 mg to prevent white clot + warfarin or direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) to prevent red clot (triple therapy)
- clopidogrel over prasugrel[75]
- PGY12 inhibitor + warfarin or DOAC (dual therapy)[75]
- clopidogrel + apixaban without aspirin[77]
- lower rates for major & minor bleeding with PGY12 inhibitor + DOAC (without aspirin)
- no increased risk for death, cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stent thrombosis if aspirin excluded[84]
- bare metal stent requires shorter antiplatelet therapy duration than drug-eluting stent (4 weeks vs 1 year)
- polymer-free umirolimus-coated stents (DCS; BioFreedom) safe with only 1 month of DAPT[82]
- no difference in triple therapy for 6 weeks vs 6 months in patients with atrial fibrillation also on warfarin[48]
- low-dose rivaroxaban (15 mg QD) + P2Y12 inhibitor[61]
- dabigatran 110 mg BID + clopidogrel or ticagrelor[66] (no aspirin) noninferior to triple therapy with respect to thromboembolic events with lower risk of bleeding
- if aspirin monotherapy after appropriate DAPT & patient develops atrial fibrillation or DVT, discontinue aspirin & begin anticoagulation[1]
- PGY12 inhibitor + aspirin 81 mg to prevent white clot + warfarin or direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) to prevent red clot (triple therapy)
- postpone MRI until 8 weeks after stent placement[8]
- postpone elective surgery for:[20]
- 4-6 weeks for recipients of bare-metal stents
- 14-30 days if stent placed for stable coronary artery disease[1]
- 6-12 months for recipients of drug-eluting stents[1][57][58], unless benefit of elective surgery outweighs risk
- no consensus on antiplatelet therapy (DAPT or single agent therary) & elective surgery in patients with coronary stents[65]
- 4-6 weeks for recipients of bare-metal stents
- urgent surgery:[20]
- discontinue clopidogrel
- no association between adverse events & continuation of antiplatelet therapy[39]
- continue aspirin unless significant risk of bleeding
- discontinue clopidogrel
* no bleeding risk
* MKSAP18[1] recognizes dual anti-platelet therapy for at least 6 months except for bare metal stent placed after PCI in the absence of acute coronary syndrome; in that case duration is 1 month[1]
Notes
- Drug-eluting stents: (2007)[15]
- FDA has approved sirolimus-eluting stents to further diminish the rate of restenosis.[3][4]
- sirolimus-eluting stents are better than paclitaxel-eluting stents[6][9][18] or bare stents[12][18][19]
- superiority of sirolimus-eluting stent sustained for at least 5 years[23]
- cost-effectiveness of drug-eluting stents in question[22]
- sirolimus-eluting stents are better than zotarolimus- eluting stents[26]
- cobalt-chromium everolimus-eluting stents (CoCr-EES) carry lower risks for thrombosis than other types of stents[28]
- newer drug-eluting stents carry lowest risk of thrombosis, 1% at 1 & 3 years vs 2% for bare metal stents & older drug-eluting stents at 3 years[43]
- drug-eluting stents are overused on patients at low risk for restenosis[32]
- everolimus-eluting stents most effective for patients with diabetes mellitus[33]
- zotarolimus-eluting stent
- Xience is a thin-strut stent that elutes sirolimus months after the polymer coating is gone is noninferior to an already-marketed everolimus-eluting stent at 1 year[64]
- biodegradable-polymer, ultrathin-strut (60-80 uM) sirolimus- eluting stent with similar 5 years outcomes to durable-polymer, thin-strut (81 uM) everolimus-eluting stent[73]
- drug-eluting coronary stents have reduced rates of restenosis & repeat revascularization compared with bare-metal stents, but 1st-generation drug-eluting stents are associated with higher rates of stent thrombosis than bare metal stents[78]
- stent manufacturers
- resorbable stent to dissolve leaving nothing behind to trigger thrombosis,[17] contains Mg+2
- Absorb GT1 Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold (FDA-approved March 2016[54]
- Absorb GT1 Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold System (BVS), releases everolimus to limit growth of scar tissue, is gradually absorbed by the body in ~3 years (FDA-approved July 2016)[54]
- increased rates of device thrombosis with bioresorbable vascular scaffolds[63]
- MiStent bioabsorbable polymer-based drug-eluting stent associated with with zero thrombosis at 5 years & a favorable long-term safety profile[69]
- Absorb GT1 Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold (BVS) associated with increased adverse cardiac events relative to metallic XIENCE drug-eluting stent[62]
- BVS taken off the market by Abbott in Sept 2017 due to risks for major cardiac events & stent thrombosis[68]
- thin-strut (60-um) polymer sirolimus-eluting stent reduces target-lesion failure at 1 year[67]
- hybrid approach borrowing from both conventional metallic stents & fully absorbable scaffolds[87]
- New stents in development:[15]
- a stent that elutes cbemotactic factor(s) for arterial repair
- a super-thin stent that uses a novel drug to prevent formation of scar tissue
More general terms
Additional terms
- Arterial Revascularization Therapy Study (ARTS)
- percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)
- percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)/coronary stent vs CABG
References
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 11, 16, 17, 18, 19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 1998, 2012, 2015, 2018, 2022
Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 19 Board Basics. An Enhancement to MKSAP19. American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2022 - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Journal Watch 23(13):106-7, 2003 Brophy JM et al, Ann Intern Med 138:777, 2003 King SB III, Ann Intern Med 138:824, 2003
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Journal Watch 23(14):110, 2003 Lemos PA et al, J Am Coll Cardiol 41:2093, 2003
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Journal Watch 23(23):188, 2003 Moses JW et al, N Engl J Med 349:1315, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14523139 Marks AR, N Engl J Med 349:1307, 2003
Schofer J et al, Lancet 362:1093, 2003 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14550694
Sigwart U, Lancet 362:1088, 2003 - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Journal Watch 25(16):126, 2005 Schomig A, Mehilli J, Antoniucci D, Ndrepepa G, Markwardt C, Di Pede F, Nekolla SG, Schlotterbeck K, Schuhlen H, Pache J, Seyfarth M, Martinoff S, Benzer W, Schmitt C, Dirschinger J, Schwaiger M, Kastrati A; Beyond 12 hours Reperfusion AlternatiVe Evaluation (BRAVE-2) Trial Investigators. Mechanical reperfusion in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting more than 12 hours from symptom onset: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2005 Jun 15;293(23):2865-72. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15956631
Gibbons RJ, Grines CL. Acute PCI for ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: is later better than never? JAMA. 2005 Jun 15;293(23):2930-2. No abstract available. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15956638 - ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kastrati A, Dibra A, Eberle S, Mehilli J, Suarez de Lezo J, Goy JJ, Ulm K, Schomig A. Sirolimus-eluting stents vs paclitaxel-eluting stents in patients with coronary artery disease: meta-analysis of randomized trials. JAMA. 2005 Aug 17;294(7):819-25. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16106007
- ↑ Spaulding C et al, Sirolimus-eluting versus uncoated stents in acute myocardial infarction N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1093 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971716
Laarmen GJ et al, Paclitaxel-eluting versus uncoated stents in primary cutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1169 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971717
Van de Werf F, Drug-eluting stents in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2006, 355:1169 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16971724 - ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 UpToDate 14.2 http://www.utdol.com
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Saia F et al, Clinical outcomes for sirolimus-eluting stents and polymer- coated paclitaxel-eluting stents in daily practice: Results from a large multicenter register. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:1304 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17010788
Elezi S et al, Vessel size and outcome after coronary drug-eluting stent placement: Results from a large cohort of patients treated with sirolimus- or paclitaxel-eluting stents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:1304 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17010786
Strauss BH, All drug-eluting stents are equal, but some drug-eluting stents are more equal than others. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:1310 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17010787 - ↑ Prescriber's Letter 14(1): 2007 FDA Statement of Coronary Drug-Eluting Stents Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=230102&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Pfisterer M et al, Late clinical events after clopidogrel discontinuation may limit the benefit of drug-eleting stents: An observational study of drug-eluting versus bare-metal stents. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006, 48:2548 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174201
Eisenstein EL et al, Clopidogrel use and long-term clinical outcomes after drug- eluting stent placement. JAMA 2006, Dec 5 E Pub ahead of print PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17148711
Harrington RA and Califf RM Late ischemic events after clopidogrel cessation following drug-eluting stenting: Should we be worried? PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174202 - ↑ 12.0 12.1 Vermeersch P, Agostoni P, Verheye S, Van den Heuvel P, Convens C, Bruining N, Van den Branden F, Van Langenhove G. Randomized double-blind comparison of sirolimus-eluting stent versus bare-metal stent implantation in diseased saphenous vein grafts: six-month angiographic, intravascular ultrasound, and clinical follow-up of the RRISC Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 Dec 19;48(12):2423-31. Epub 2006 Nov 28. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17174178
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 14(2): 2007 Why I need to know about my heart stent Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=230207&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Daemen J et al, Early and late coronary stent thrombosis of sirolimus-eluting stents in routine clinical practice: Data from a large two- institutional cohort study. Lancet 2007, 369:667 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17321312
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Associated Press, March 24, 2007
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Cook S et al, Incomplete stent apposition and very late stent thrombosis after drug-eluting stent implantation. Circulation 2007, 115:2456 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17485593
Finn AV et al, Pathological correlates of late drug-eleting stent thrombosis: Strut coverage as a marker of endothelialization. Circulation 2007, 115:2435 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17438147
Mintz GS What to do about late incomplete stent apposition? Circulation 2007, 115:2379 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17485592 - ↑ 17.0 17.1 Erbel R et al for the PROGRESS-AMS Investigators Temporary scaffolding of coronary arteries with bioabsorbable magnesium stents: A prospective non-randomized multicentre trial. Lancet 2007, 369:1869 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17544767
Ormiston J & Webster M Absorbable coronary stents Lancet 2007, 369:1839 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17544749 - ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Tu JV et al, Effectiveness and safety of drug-eluting stents in Ontario N Engl J Med 2007, 357:1393 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17914040
Stettler C et al, Outcomes associated with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents: A collaborative network meta-analysis Lancet 2007, 370:937 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17869634
Schomig A et al, A meta-analysis of 16 randomized trials of sirolimus-eluting stents versus paclitaxel-eluting stents in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Cardiol 2007, 50:1373 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17903638
Kereiakes DJ The Emperor's new clothes: another cypher versus taxus post-hoc meta-analysis. J Am Cardiol 2007, 50:1373 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17903639 - ↑ 19.0 19.1 Baumgart D et al, One-year results of the SCORPIUS study: A German multicenter investigation on the effectiveness of sirolimus-eluting stents in diabetic patients. J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:1627 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950142
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Fleisher LA et al, ACC/AHA 2007 guidelines on perioperative cardiovascular evaluation and care for non-cardiac surgery... J Am Coll Cardiol 2007, 50:e159 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17950140 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2007.09.003
- ↑ Nuttall GA et al. Time and cardiac risk of surgery after bare-metal stent percutaneous coronary intervention. Anesthesiology 2008 Oct; 109:588. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18813036
Rabbitts JA et al. Cardiac risk of noncardiac surgery after percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stents. Anesthesiology 2008 Oct; 109:596. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18813037 - ↑ 22.0 22.1 Filion KB et al Cost-effectiveness of drug-eluting stents including the economic impact of late stent thrombosis. Am J Cardiol 2009 Feb 1; 103:338. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19166686
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 Weisz G et al. Five-year follow-up after sirolimus-eluting stent implantation: Results of the SIRIUS (Sirolimus-Eluting Stent in De-Novo Native Coronary Lesions) Trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 Apr 28; 53:1488. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19389558
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Alfonso F et al Coronary aneurysms after drug-eluting stent implantation: Clinical, angiographic, and intravascular ultrasound findings. J Am Coll Cardiol 2009 Jun 2; 53:2053. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19477355
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Prescriber's Letter 16(9): 2009 Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=250901&pb=PRL Triple Antithrombotic Therapy (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Rasmussen K et al Efficacy and safety of zotarolimus-eluting and sirolimus- eluting coronary stents in routine clinical care (SORT OUT III): A randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet 2010 Mar 15 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231034 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60208-5
Webster MWI and Ormiston JA Sorting out drug-eluting stents. Lancet 2010 Mar 15 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231035 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)60402-3 - ↑ 27.0 27.1 Jeong Y-H et al Adding cilostazol to dual antiplatelet therapy achieves greater platelet inhibition than high maintenance dose clopidogrel in patients with acute myocardial infarction: Results of the Adjunctive Cilostazol versus High Maintenance Dose Clopidogrel in Patients with AMI (ACCEL-AMI) study. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010 Feb 1; 3:17. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20118150
Croce K. Antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention: Should another regimen be "TAPT?". Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2010 Feb 1; 3:3. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20160184 - ↑ 28.0 28.1 28.2 28.3 Park S-J et al Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after implantation of drug-eluting stents. N Engl J Med 2010 Mar 15 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231231 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1001266
Berger PB. Optimal duration of clopidogrel use after implantation of drug-eluting stents - Still in doubt. N Engl J Med 2010 Mar 15 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20231230 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMe1002553 - ↑ Palmerini T et al Stent thrombosis with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents: evidence from a comprehensive network meta-analysis The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 23 March 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22445239 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2960324-9/abstract
Ormiston JA and Webster MWI Stent thrombosis: has the firestorm been extinguished? The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 23 March 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22445240 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2812%2960440-1/fulltext - ↑ 30.0 30.1 Ng F-H et al. Esomeprazole compared with famotidine in the prevention of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with acute coronary syndrome or myocardial infarction. Am J Gastroenterol 2012 Mar; 107:389. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22108447
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Prescriber's Letter 19(5): 2012 COMMENTARY: Antiplatelets After Acute Coronary Syndrome or Coronary Stent CHART: Comparison of Oral Antithrombotics Detail-Document#: http://prescribersletter.com/(5bhgn1a4ni4cyp2tvybwfh55)/pl/ArticleDD.aspx?li=1&st=1&cs=&s=PRL&pt=3&fpt=25&dd=280526&pb=PRL (subscription needed) http://www.prescribersletter.com
- ↑ 32.0 32.1 Amin AP et al Use of Drug-Eluting Stents as a Function of Predicted Benefit: Clinical and Economic Implications of Current Practice Arch Intern Med. Published online July 9, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22777536 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1212634
Groeneveld PW et al How Drug-Eluting Stents Illustrate Our Health System's Flawed Relationship With Technology: Value Lost: Comment on "Use of Drug-Eluting Stents as a Function of Predicted Benefit" Arch Intern Med. Published online July 9, 2012 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22777509 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1212633 - ↑ 33.0 33.1 Bangalore S et al Outcomes with various drug eluting or bare metal stents in patients with diabetes mellitus: mixed treatment comparison analysis of 22,844 patient years of follow-up from randomised trials BMJ 2012;345:e5170 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22885395 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/345/bmj.e5170
- ↑ 34.0 34.1 Ferreira-Gonzalez I et al Double Antiplatelet Therapy After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation. Risk Associated With Discontinuation Within the First Year J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;() <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22999716 <Internet> http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1361778
Kim BK et al A New Strategy for Discontinuation of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy The RESET Trial (REal Safety and Efficacy of 3-month dual antiplatelet Therapy following Endeavor zotarolimus-eluting stent implantation) J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;() <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22999717 <Internet> http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1361780
Witzenbichler B Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation Is it Time to Slacken the Reins? J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;() <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22999715 <Internet> http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1361781 - ↑ 35.0 35.1 Lamberts M et al. Bleeding after initiation of multiple antithrombotic drugs, including triple therapy, in atrial fibrillation patients following myocardial infarction and coronary intervention: A nationwide cohort study. Circulation 2012 Sep 4; 126:1185. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22869839
Maggioni AP. Acute coronary syndrome in patients with atrial fibrillation: What is the benefit/risk profile of triple antithrombotic therapy? Circulation 2012 Sep 4; 126:1176 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22869840 - ↑ 36.0 36.1 Abbott Announces FDA Approval and U.S. Launch of Next- Generation XIENCE Xpedition<TM> Drug Eluting Stent System http://www.abbott.com/press-release/abbott-announces-fda-approval-and-us-launch-of-nextgeneration-xience-xpedition-drug-eluting-sten.htm
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 Brilakis ES et al. Medical management after coronary stent implantation: A review. JAMA 2013 Jul 10; 310:189 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23839753
- ↑ Rossini R, Capodanno D, Lettieri C et al Prevalence, predictors, and long-term prognosis of premature discontinuation of oral antiplatelet therapy after drug eluting stent implantation. Am J Cardiol. 2011 Jan 15;107(2):186-94 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21211596
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 Hawn MT et al Risk of Major Adverse Cardiac Events Following Noncardiac Surgery in Patients With Coronary Stents. JAMA. Published online October 07, 2013. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24101118 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1748148
Brilakis ES and Banerjee S Patient With Coronary Stents Needs Surgery. What to Do? JAMA. Published online October 07, 2013. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24101010 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1748146 - ↑ 40.0 40.1 Feres F et al Three vs Twelve Months of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Zotarolimus-Eluting Stents. The OPTIMIZE Randomized Trial. JAMA. Published online October 31, 2013 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24177257 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1765224
- ↑ Wang TY, Masoudi FA, Messenger JC et al Percutaneous coronary intervention and drug-eluting stent use among patients >= 85 years of age in the United States. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012 Jan 10;59(2):105-12. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22222072
- ↑ Cruden NL et al Delay in Filling First Clopidogrel Prescription After Coronary Stenting Is Associated With an Increased Risk of Death and Myocardial Infarction. Journal of the American Heart Association. May 28, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24870939 <Internet> http://jaha.ahajournals.org/content/3/3/e000669.full
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 Husten L, Fairchild DG, Saitz R Registry Study Offers Reassurance About Newer Drug-Eluting Stents. Physician's First Watch, July 2 2014 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 44.2 44.3 Husten L, Sadoughi S. Sofair A Benefits of Prolonged Dual Antiplatelet Therapy After Stent Placement Affirmed. Physician's First Watch, Nov 17, 2014 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Mauri L et al Twelve or 30 Months of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Drug-Eluting Stents. N Eng J Med. Nov 16, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25399658 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1409312
Colombo A, Chieffo A Dual Antiplatelet Therapy after Drug-Eluting Stents - How Long to Treat? N Eng J Med. Nov 16, 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25399657 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1413297 - ↑ 45.0 45.1 Herrmann HC Additional Studies Show No Benefit of Prolonged Dual Antiplatelet Therapy. NEJM Journal Watch. Nov 16, 2014 Massachusetts Medical Society (subscription needed) http://www.jwatch.org
Elmariah S et al Extended duration dual antiplatelet therapy and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 16 November 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25467565 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2962052-3/abstract
Lemesle G Dual antiplatelet therapy and non-cardiovascular mortality. The Lancet, Early Online Publication, 16 November 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25467568 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2962125-5/fulltext
Gilard M et al. Six-month versus 24-month antiplatelet therapy after implantation of drug eluting stents in patients non-resistant to aspirin: ITALIC, a randomized multicenter trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25461690 <Internet> http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109714069708 - ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 The NNT: Coronary Stenting for Non-Acute Coronary Disease Compared to Medical Therapy. http://www.thennt.com/nnt/coronary-stenting-for-non-acute-coronary-disease-compared-to-medical-therapy/
Stergiopoulos K, Brown DL. Initial coronary stent implantation with medical therapy vs medical therapy alone for stable coronary artery disease: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med. 2012 Feb 27;172(4):312-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22371919 - ↑ 47.0 47.1 Navarese EP et al. Optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention with drug eluting stents: Meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2015 Apr 16; 350:h1618. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25883067 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/350/bmj.h161
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 Fiedler KA et al. Duration of triple therapy in patients requiring oral anticoagulation after drug-eluting stent implantation: The ISAR-TRIPLE trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2015 Apr 28; 65:1619 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25908066
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 Spencer FA et al Longer Versus Shorter Duration Dual-Antiplatelet Therapy After Drug-Eluting Stent Placement: A Systematic Review and Meta- analysis. Ann Intern Med. May 26, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26005909 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=2297227
- ↑ 50.0 50.1 Kaul U, Bangalore S, Seth A, et al. Paclitaxel-eluting versus everolimus-eluting coronary stents in diabetes. N Engl J Med 2015 Oct 14; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26466202
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 Ellis SG et al. Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable scaffolds for coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2015 Oct 12; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26457558
Byrne RA. Bioresorbable vascular scaffolds - will promise become reality? N Engl J Med 2015 Oct 12; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26457446 - ↑ 52.0 52.1 Sedlis SP et al Effect of PCI on Long-Term Survival in Patients with Stable Ischemic Heart Disease. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:1937-1946. November 12, 2015. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26559572 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1505532
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Adigopula A, Nsair A Images in Clinical Medicine. Left Main Coronary Artery Stent Migration. N Engl J Med 2015; 373:1957. November 12, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26559574 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm1500200
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 54.2 FDA Executive Summary. March 15, 2016 Absorb GT1 Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold System http://www.fda.gov/downloads/AdvisoryCommittees/CommitteesMeetingMaterials/MedicalDevices/MedicalDevicesAdvisoryCommittee/CirculatorySystemDevicesPanel/UCM490445.pdf
FDA News Release. July 5, 2016 FDA approves first absorbable stent for coronary artery disease http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm509805.htm - ↑ 55.0 55.1 Editors. NEJM JWatch News from the European Society of Cardiology Congress. Physician's First Watch, Aug 29, 2016 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Cayla G et al. Platelet function monitoring to adjust antiplatelet therapy in elderly patients stented for an acute coronary syndrome (ANTARCTIC): An open-label, blinded-endpoint, randomised controlled superiority trial. Lancet 2016 Aug 28 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27581531 - ↑ 56.0 56.1 Bonaa KH et al. Drug-eluting or bare-metal stents for coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2016 Aug 30; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27572953 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1607991
Bates ER. Balancing the evidence base on coronary stents. N Engl J Med 2016 Aug 30 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27573082 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe1610485 - ↑ 57.0 57.1 57.2 57.3 Levine GN, Bates ER, Bittl JA et al 2016 ACC/AHA Guideline Focused Update on Duration of Dual Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Artery Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016 Sep 6;68(10):1082-115 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27036918 Free full text Circulation. 2016 Sep 6;134(10):e123-55. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27026020 Free full text
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Fleisher LA et al 2014 ACC/AHA Guideline on Perioperative Cardiovascular Evaluation and Management of Patients Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery. A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25091544 <Internet> http://content.onlinejacc.org/article.aspx?articleid=1893784
Kristensen SD et al 2014 ESC/ESA Guidelines on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management. The Joint Task Force on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA). Eur Heart J (2014). August 2014 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25086026 <Internet> http://eurheartj.oxfordjournals.org/content/early/2014/07/28/eurheartj.ehu282.extrac - ↑ 59.0 59.1 Gargiulo G, Windecker S, da Costa BR et al Short term versus long term dual antiplatelet therapy after implantation of drug eluting stent in patients with or without diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomised trials. BMJ 2016;355:i5483 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27811064 Free full text <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i5483
Ball J Optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after stent implantation in patients with or without diabetes. BMJ 2016;355:i5730 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27811234 <Internet> http://www.bmj.com/content/355/bmj.i5730 - ↑ 60.0 60.1 Serruys PW, Chevalier B, Sotomi Y, et al. Comparison of an everolimus-eluting bioresorbable scaffold with an everolimus-eluting metallic stent for the treatment of coronary artery stenosis (ABSORB II): A 3 year, randomised, controlled, single-blind, multicentre clinical trial. Lancet 2016 Oct 28; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2780689
Byrne RA, Kastrati A. Disappearing scaffolds, dissolving expectations. Lancet 2016 Oct 30 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27806898 - ↑ 61.0 61.1 Link MS Which Anticoagulation Strategy for Patients with Atrial Fibrillation and a New Stent? NEJM Journal Watch. Nov 14, 2016 Massachusetts Medical Society (subscription needed) http://www.jwatch.org
Gibson CM, Mehran R, Bode C et al. Prevention of bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med 2016 Nov 14 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27959713 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1611594 - ↑ 62.0 62.1 FDA Safety Watch. March 18, 2017 Absorb GT1 Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold (BVS) by Abbott Vascular: Letter to Health Care Providers - FDA Investigating Increased Rate of Major Adverse Cardiac Events. https://www.fda.gov/Safety/MedWatch/SafetyInformation/SafetyAlertsforHumanMedicalProducts/ucm547256.htm
- ↑ 63.0 63.1 Wykrzykowska JJ, Kraak RP, Hofma SH et al Bioresorbable Scaffolds versus Metallic Stents in Routine PCI. N Engl J Med. March 29, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28402237 Free full text <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1614954
Mukherjee D Device Thrombosis with Bioresorbable Scaffolds. N Engl J Med. March 29, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28402239 Free Article <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe1703202 - ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Wendling P DESSOLVE III: Novel Drug-Eluting MiStent Passes 1-Year Test. Medscape - Jun 01, 2017. http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/880955
- ↑ 65.0 65.1 Childers CP, Maggard-Gibbons M, Shekelle PG Antiplatelet Therapy in Patients With Coronary Stents Undergoing Elective Noncardiac Surgery: Continue, Stop, or Something in Between? JAMA. June 19, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28628711 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2633647
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 Cannon CP, Bhatt DL, Oldgren J, et al. Dual antithrombotic therapy with dabigatran after PCI in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2017; 377:1513-1524. October 19, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28844193 <Internet> http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1708454
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 Kandzari DE, Mauri L, Koolen JJ et al. Ultrathin, bioresorbable polymer sirolimus-eluting stents versus thin, durable polymer everolimus-eluting stents in patients undergoing coronary revascularisation (BIOFLOW V): A randomised trial. Lancet 2017 Aug 26; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28851504 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32249-3/fulltext
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 FDA Letter to Health Care Providers. October 31, 2017 UPDATE on Increased Rate of Major Adverse Cardiac Events Observed in Patients Receiving Abbott Vascular's Absorb GT1 Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold (BVS) - Letter to Health Care Providers. https://www.fda.gov/MedicalDevices/Safety/LetterstoHealthCareProviders/ucm582728.htm
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 Lou N Absolutely Zero Stent Thrombosis at 5 Years With Bioabsorbable MiStent. Device had shown non-inferiority with Xience at 1 year. MedPage Today. December 28, 2017 https://www.medpagetoday.com/cardiology/pci/70164
Wijns W, Vrolix M, Verheye S et al Long-term clinical outcomes of a crystalline-sirolimus-eluting coronary stent with a fully bioabsorbable polymer coating: five-year outcomes from the DESSOLVE I and II trials. EuroIntervention. 2017 Dec 26. pii: EIJ-D-17-00230 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29278354 - ↑ 70.0 70.1 Al-Lamee R, Thompson D, Dehbi HM et al Percutaneous coronary intervention in stable angina (ORBITA): a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. Nov 2, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29103656 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32714-9/fulltext
- ↑ 71.0 71.1 Varenne O, Cook S, Sideris G et al. Drug-eluting stents in elderly patients with coronary artery disease (SENIOR): A randomised single-blind trial. Lancet 2017 Nov 1; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29102362 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32713-7/fulltext
Gerber RT, Gershlick AH. A SENIOR moment? Bare-metal stents in elderly patients. Lancet 2017 Nov 1; <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29102363 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(17)32803-9/fulltext - ↑ 72.0 72.1 72.2 72.3 72.4 Vranckx P, Valgimigli M, Juni P et al. Ticagrelor plus aspirin for 1 month, followed by ticagrelor monotherapy for 23 months vs aspirin plus clopidogrel or ticagrelor for 12 months, followed by aspirin monotherapy for 12 months after implantation of a drug-eluting stent: A multicentre, open-label, randomised superiority trial. Lancet 2018 Aug 27; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30166073 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31858-0/fulltext
Bhatt DL. Aspirin - still the GLOBAL LEADER in antiplatelet therapy. Lancet 2018 Aug 27 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30166072 - ↑ 73.0 73.1 Pilgrim T, Piccolo R, Heg D et al. Ultrathin-strut, biodegradable-polymer, sirolimus-eluting stents versus thin-strut, durable-polymer, everolimus-eluting stents for percutaneous coronary revascularisation: 5-year outcomes of the BIOSCIENCE randomised trial. Lancet 2018 Aug 28; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30170848 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31715-X/fulltext
von Birgelen C, Zocca P. Late clinical outcome of stent trials: A matter of life or death? Lancet 2018 Aug 28; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30170847 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31860-9/fulltext - ↑ 74.0 74.1 Kedhi E, Fabris E, van der Ent M et al Six months versus 12 months dual antiplatelet therapy after drug-eluting stent implantation in ST-elevation myocardial infarction (DAPT-STEMI): randomised, multicentre, non-inferiority trial. BMJ. 2018 Oct 2;363:k3793. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30279197 Free Article https://www.bmj.com/content/363/bmj.k3793
- ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 January CT et al. AHA/ACC/HRS focused update of the 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the management of patients with atrial fibrillation. Circulation 2019; Jan 28; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30686041 https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIR.0000000000000665
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 Costa F, Van Klaveren D, Feres F et al Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Duration Based on Ischemic and Bleeding Risks After Coronary Stenting. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb 2019, 73(3) <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30784667 <Internet> http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/73/7/741
Angoulvant D, Genet T, Ivanes F. Optimizing DAPT Duration in High-Risk Patients After Coronary Stent Implantation. Bleeding Risk Takes It All. J Am Coll Cardiol. Feb 2019, 73(3) <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30784668 <Internet> http://www.onlinejacc.org/content/73/7/755 - ↑ 77.0 77.1 Lopes RD, Heizer G, Aronson R et al. Antithrombotic therapy after acute coronary syndrome or PCI in atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med 2019 Mar 17; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30883055 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1817083
Mehta SR. Refining antithrombotic therapy for atrial fibrillation and acute coronary syndromes or PCI. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30883051 N Engl J Med 2019 Mar 17; https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMe1902214 - ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 Piccolo R, Bonaa KH, Efthimiou O et al. Drug-eluting or bare-metal stents for percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials. Lancet 2019 May 2; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31056295 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)30474-X/fulltext
Jensen LO, Christiansen EH. Are drug-eluting stents safer than bare-metal stents? Lancet 2019 May 2; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31056294 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(19)31000-1/fulltext - ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Watanabe H, Domei R, Morimoto T et al Effect of 1-Month Dual Antiplatelet Therapy Followed by Clopidogrel vs 12-Month Dual Antiplatelet Therapy on Cardiovascular and Bleeding Events in Patients Receiving PCI: The STOPDAPT-2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(24):2414-2427. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31237644 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2736563
Hahn JY, Song YB, Oh JH et al Effect of P2Y12 Inhibitor Monotherapy vs Dual Antiplatelet Therapy on Cardiovascular Events in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention. The SMART-CHOICE Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2019;321(24):2428-2437 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31237645 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2736564
Ziada KM, Moliterno DJ. Dual Antiplatelet TherapyIs It Time to Cut the Cord With Aspirin? JAMA. 2019;321(24):2409-2411 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31237621 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2736537 - ↑ 80.0 80.1 80.2 Yin SHL, Xu P, Wang B et al Duration of dual antiplatelet therapy after percutaneous coronary intervention with drug-eluting stent: systematic review and network meta-analysis. BMJ 2019;365:l2222 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31253632 Free Article https://www.bmj.com/content/365/bmj.l2222
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 Mehran R, Baber U, Sharma SK et al Ticagrelor with or without Aspirin in High-Risk Patients after PCI. N Engl J Med. Sept 26, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31556978 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1908419
- ↑ 82.0 82.1 82.2 Windecker S, Latib A, Kedhi E et al. Polymer-based or polymer-free stents in patients at high bleeding risk. N Engl J Med 2020 Feb 12; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32050061 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa1910021
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 Turgeon RD, Koshman SL, Youngson E et al. Association of ticagrelor vs clopidogrel with major adverse coronary events in patients with acute coronary syndrome undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention. JAMA Intern Med 2020 Mar; 180:420. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31930361 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2758798
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 Khan SU, Osman M, Khan MU et al Dual versus triple therapy for atrial fibrillation after percutaneous coronary intervention: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med 2020 Mar 17; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32176890 https://annals.org/aim/article-abstract/2763089/dual-versus-triple-therapy-atrial-fibrillation-after-percutaneous-coronary-interventio
Doherty JU. Combined antiplatelet and anticoagulant therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: Navigating between Scylla and Charybdis. Ann Intern Med 2020 Mar 17; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32176888 - ↑ 85.0 85.1 Hughes S One-Month DAPT Enough for Complex PCI if Bleeding Risk High. Medscape. May 18, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/974224
Valgimigli M et al Duration of Antiplatelet Therapy After Complex Percutaneous Coronary Intervention In Patients at High Bleeding Risk: a MASTER DAPT trial sub-analysis. European Heart Journal. 2022. May 17. ehac284 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35580836 https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehac284/6587125 - ↑ 86.0 86.1 van Werkum JW, Heestermans AA, Zomer AC et al Predictors of coronary stent thrombosis: the Dutch Stent Thrombosis Registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009 Apr 21;53(16):1399-409 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19371823 Free article. Clinical Trial.
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 Lou N Bioresorbable Scaffold Concept Evolves Into 'Revolutionary' Hybrid. Early results promising with DynamX bioadaptor, though traditional BRS hasn't been abandoned. MedPage Today May 19, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/europcr/104583
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 NEJM Knowledge+
- ↑ 89.0 89.1 89.2 Park DY, Hu JR, Jamil Y et al. Shorter Dual Antiplatelet Therapy for Older Adults After Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: A Systematic Review and Network Meta-Analysis. JAMA Netw Open. 2024 Mar 4;7(3):e244000. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38546647 PMCID: PMC10979312 Free PMC article
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Ge Z, Kan J, Gao X et al. Ticagrelor alone versus ticagrelor plus aspirin from month 1 to month 12 after percutaneous coronary intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes (ULTIMATE-DAPT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial. Lancet. 2024 Apr 5:S0140-6736(24)00473-2 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38599220