healthy (successful) aging; sustained independence
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Introduction
- The World Health Organization (WHO) has defined healthy aging as 'a process of maintaining functional ability to enable well-being in older age'
- Components of the concept of healthy (successful) aging[13][14] include:
- low probability of disease & disability
- high physical & cognitive functional capacity
- active engagement in life
- sustained independence of older adults in general is facilitated by the strategy of optimization (more frequent practice) with compensation (choosing easier tasks)[1][11][12]
Pathology
- cerebral cortical atrophy occurs slower in elderly >= 80 years of age with preserved episodic memory[8]
- longevity with unimpaired cognition into old age is associated with resistance to development of neurofibrillary tangles & senile plaques
- normal aging is associated with isolated neurofibrillary tangles[9]
- resistance to age-related neurofibrillary degeneration in the entorhinal cortex may contribute to preserved memory in SuperAgers[10]
Genetics
Laboratory
- proteomic aging clock may be useful for predicting
- incidence of chronic disease
- age-related measures of biological, physical & cognitive function
- telomere length, frailty index, reaction time
- multimorbidity
- all-cause mortality[24]
Management
- exercise is an important component of healthy aging
- midlife cardiovascular fitness associated with lower risk of chronic disease in old age[2]
- exercise for seniors continues benefits for healthy aging
- a healthy diet is an important component of healthy aging
- a Mediterranean diet in middle age linked to healthy aging[3]
- nutrients with favorable effects on cognitive function & brain health from the Mediterranean diet include fatty acids, antioxidants, carotenoids & vitamins[23]
- consuming more whole grains, fruits, vegetables, nuts & legumes can reduce death from cancer, cardiovascular illness, respiratory disease & neurodegenerative disease[16]
- dietary diversity is a component of a healthy diet[19]
- flavonoids in green leafy vegetables & berries appear to have health benefits
- high flavonoid cocoa supplement ameliorates plasma oxidative stress & inflammation & improves mobility & quality of life in elders[6]
- improvements in glycemic index, dyslipidemia, plasma markers of oxidative stress
- improvement in get-up-&-go test, frailty & quality of life[6]
- high flavonoid cocoa supplement ameliorates plasma oxidative stress & inflammation & improves mobility & quality of life in elders[6]
- prevention of cognitive impairment is an important component of healthy aging[23]
- adequate sleep & good sleep hygiene may improve cognition in the elderly
- normal sleep duration (7-9 hr) associated with higher cognitive scores[21]
- earlier sleep patterns linked to superior cognitive function[21]
- strong social network helps maintain cognitive function
- purpose in life, social engagement & life satisfaction are neuroprotective
- late-life participation in intellectual activities
- a healthy diet is an important component of prevention of cognitive impairment
- prevention of hospitalization in the elderly may diminish cognitive impairment
- prevention & treatment of sensory impairment
- cataract extraction associated with reduced risk of dementia
- hearing aids & cochlear implants may attenuate cognitive decline
- stress management including meditation, stretching, breathing, & imagery[18]
- adequate sleep & good sleep hygiene may improve cognition in the elderly
- maintaining a healthy living enviroment is an important component of healthy aging
- breathing clean air
- not smoking
- minimizing effects of air pollution
- spending >= 2 hours/week in natural environments can benefit health & well-being[7]
- navigating the uncertainties of climate change
- breathing clean air
- adherence to a healthy lifestyle appears to be important even at late ages plays a role in promoting healthy aging & longevity[19]
- follow life's essential 8
* also see aging, longevity, & health maintenance in the elderly
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
- exercise for seniors
- health maintenance (preventive medicine) in the elderly
- health span
- healthy diet
- lifestyle & health
- longevity
- prevention of cognitive impairment
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Geriatrics Review Syllabus, American Geriatrics Society, 5th edition, 2002-2004
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 8th edition (GRS8) Durso SC and Sullivan GN (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2013
Geriatric Review Syllabus, 11th edition (GRS11) Harper GM, Lyons WL, Potter JF (eds) American Geriatrics Society, 2022 - ↑ 2.0 2.1 Willis BL et al. Midlife fitness and the development of chronic conditions in later life. Arch Intern Med 2012 Sep 24; 172:1333. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22928178 <Internet> http://archinte.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1352789
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Samieri C et al The Association Between Dietary Patterns at Midlife and Health in Aging: An Observational Study. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(9):584-591 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24189593 <Internet> http://annals.org/article.aspx?articleid=1763229
- ↑ Woo J. Nutritional strategies for successful aging. Med Clin North Am. 2011 May;95(3):477-93, ix-x PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21549873
- ↑ Jagger C et al. A comparison of health expectancies over two decades in England: Results of the Cognitive Function and Ageing Study I and II. Lancet 2015 Dec 8; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26680218
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Munguia L, Rubio-Gayosso I, Ramirez-Sanchez I et al High flavonoid cocoa supplement ameliorates plasma oxidative stress and inflammation levels while improving mobility and quality of life in older subjects: a double blind randomized clinical trial. The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, glz107. May 6, 2018 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31056655 https://academic.oup.com/biomedgerontology/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/gerona/glz107/5485921
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 White MP, Alcock I, Grellier J et al Spending at least 120 minutes a week in nature is associated with good health and wellbeing. Scientific Reports 9, Article number: 7730 (2019) https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-44097-3
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Samuelson K Next step in Alzheimer's research: Brain shrinkage rates. SuperAger brains shrink more slowly than peers' brains. Northwestern Now. April 04, 2017 https://news.northwestern.edu/stories/2017/april/alzheimers-research-superagers-brain-shrinkage/
Cook AH, Sridhar J, Ohm D et al Rates of Cortical Atrophy in Adults 80 Years and Older With Superior vs Average Episodic Memory JAMA. 2017;317(13):1373-1375 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28384819 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/article-abstract/2614177 - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hoenig MC, Willscheid N, Bischof GN et al Assessment of Tau Tangles and Amyloid-beta Plaques Among Super Agers Using PET Imaging. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(12):e2028337. Dec 11 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33306113 Free article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2774071
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Gefen T, Kawles A, Makowski-Woidan B et al Paucity of Entorhinal Cortex Pathology of the Alzheimer's Type in SuperAgers with Superior Memory Performance. Cerebral Cortex. 2021. Feb 17 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33592091 https://academic.oup.com/cercor/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cercor/bhaa409/6137893
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Nimrod GJ. Aging well in the digital age: technology in processes of selective optimization with compensation. J Gerontol B Psychol Sci Soc Sci. 2020 Oct 16;75(9):2008-2017. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31504873 https://academic.oup.com/psychsocgerontology/article/75/9/2008/5555356
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Zhang W, Radhakrishnan K. Evidence on selection, optimization, and compensation strategies to optimize aging with multiple chronic conditions: a literature review. Geriatr Nurs. 2018;39(5):534-542 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29609993 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0197457218300806
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Rowe JW, Kahn RL. Successful aging. Gerontologist. 1997;37(4):433-440 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9279031 https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/37/4/433/611033
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 Stowe JD, Cooney TM. Examining Rowe and Kahn's concept of successful aging: importance of taking a life course perspective. Gerontologist. 2015;55(1):43-50 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24906516 PMCID: PMC4986588 Free PMC article https://academic.oup.com/gerontologist/article/55/1/43/573784
- ↑ Rudnicka E, Napierala, Podfigurna A et al The World Health Organization (WHO) approach to healthy ageing. Maturitas. 2020 Sep;139:6-11. Epub 2020 May 26. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32747042 Free PMC article
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Shan Z, Wang F, Li Y et al Healthy Eating Patterns and Risk of Total and Cause-Specific Mortality. JAMA Intern Med. Published online January 9, 2023 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36622660 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2800411
- ↑ Friedman SM, Mulhausen P, Cleveland ML Healthy Aging: American Geriatrics Society White Paper Executive Summary. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2019 Jan;67(1):17-20. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30382585 https://agsjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jgs.15644
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 George J Alzheimer's Slowed by Intensive Lifestyle Changes Small trial led by Dean Ornish, MD, shows cognitive improvement. MedPage Today June 11, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/neurology/alzheimersdisease/110596
Ornish D, Madison C, Kivipelto M et al. Effects of intensive lifestyle changes on the progression of mild cognitive impairment or early dementia due to Alzheimer's disease: a randomized, controlled clinical trial. Alzheimers Res Ther. 2024. Jun 7;16(1):122. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38849944 PMCID: PMC11157928 Free PMC article. Clinical Trial. - ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Li Y, Wang L, Jigeer G et al Healthy Lifestyle and the Likelihood of Becoming a Centenarian. JAMA Netw Open. 2024;7(6):e2417931. June 20 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38900423 Free article. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2820220
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 Brooks-Wilson AR. Genetics of healthy aging and longevity. Hum Genet. 2013 Dec;132(12):1323-38. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23925498 PMCID: PMC3898394 Free PMC article. Review.
- ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 West R et al Sleep duration, chronotype, health and lifestyle factors affect cognition: a UK Biobank cross-sectional study. BMJ Public Health. 2024. July 10 Nor yet indexed in PubMed https://bmjpublichealth.bmj.com/content/2/1/e001000
- ↑ Carmona JJ, Michan S. Biology of Healthy Aging and Longevity. Rev Invest Clin. 2016 Jan-Feb;68(1):7-16. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27028172 Free article. Review.
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Zwilling CE, Wu J, Barbey AK. Investigating nutrient biomarkers of healthy brain aging: a multimodal brain imaging study. NPJ Aging. 2024 May 21;10(1):27. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38773079 PMCID: PMC11109270 Free PMC article. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41514-024-00150-8
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 Argentieri MA et al. Proteomic aging clock predicts mortality and risk of common age-related diseases in diverse populations. Nat Med 2024 Sep; 30:2450 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-024-03164-7