antioxidant
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Introduction
An agent that inhibits oxidation, especially peroxidative chain reactions, i.e. lipid peroxidation (see oxidative stress) Endogenous antioxidants include vitamin E, vitamin C, vitamin A, glutathione, uric acid, ubiquinone, & bilirubin.
Glutathione & bilirubin may be the major endogenous cellular antioxidants, glutathione in the cytoplasm, bilirubin in cellular membranes.[4]
Dietary supplementation with antioxidants is widely promoted, but proven benefits lag substantially behind the hype.
Indications
- AREDS of benefit for prophylaxis/slowing progression of macular degeneration
- also ee vitamin A, vitamin C, vitamin E for indications.
Contraindications
- no benefit in primary prevention of cardiovascular disease[9]
Laboratory
Clinical trials
- SU.VLMAX study (may be some benefit for men)
- meta-analysis of 47 randomized clinical trials[5] 230,000 participants results: beta-carotene, vitamin A, & vitamin E, given either singly or in combination with other supplements increased mortality (RR, 1.05, 1.16, & 1.04, respectively) vitamin C & selenium had no effect on mortality
- no benefit of benefit from vitamin C, vitamin E, or beta carotene for prevention of cardiovascular events in high-risk women (mean age = 60)[6]
- vitamin E & vitamin C supplements may blunt exercise-induced increase in insulin-sensitivity[7]
- daily antioxidant cocktail diminished abdominal pain of chronic pancreatitis[8]
- selenium 600 ug
- ascorbic acid 540 mg
- beta carotene 9000 IU
- tocopherol 270 IU
- methionine 2 g daily
More general terms
More specific terms
- ascorbate; ascorbic acid; vitamin C
- bilirubin
- carbocysteine (Availnex, Broncodeterge)
- cepharanthine
- curcumin (Theracurmin)
- ebselen
- edaravone (Radicava)
- Fructus Momordicae
- glutathione; gamma-glutamylcysteinylglycine (GSH)
- phenolic antioxidant
- tartaric acid
- ubiquinone; coenzyme Q (CoQ, CoQ10, MitoQ, ubidecarenone)
- urate; uric acid
- vitamin A
- vitamin E
Additional terms
References
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 10(6):33 2003
- ↑ Zandi PP et al Reduced risk of Alzheimer disease in users of antioxidant vitamin supplements: the Cache County Study. Arch Neurol 6:18, 2004 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14732624 <Internet> http://archneur.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/61/1/82
- ↑ Journal Watch 25(1):1, 2005
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sedlak TW, Snyder SH. Messenger molecules and cell death: therapeutic implications. JAMA. 2006 Jan 4;295(1):81-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16391220
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Bjelakovic G, Nikolova D, Gluud LL, Simonetti RG, Gluud C. Mortality in randomized trials of antioxidant supplements for primary and secondary prevention: systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2007 Feb 28;297(8):842-57. Review. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17327526
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Cook NR et al. A randomized factorial trial of vitamins C and E and beta carotene in the secondary prevention of cardiovascular events in women: Results from the Women's Antioxidant Cardiovascular Study. Arch Intern Med 2007 Aug 13/27; 167:1610. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17698683
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Ristow M et al Antioxidants prevent health-promoting effects of physical exercise in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2009 May 26; 106:8665 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19433800 <Internet> http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0903485106
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Bhardwaj P et al A randomized controlled trial of antioxidant supplementation for pain relief in patients with chronic pancreatitis. Gastroenterology 2009 Jan; 136:149. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18952082
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 The NNT: Vitamin and Antioxidant Supplements for Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease. http://www.thennt.com/nnt/vitamins-and-antioxidants-for-primary-prevention-of-cardiovascular-disease/
- ↑ National Center for Complementary and Inegrative Health Antioxidants: : In Depth https://www.nccih.nih.gov/health/antioxidants-in-depth