climate change (includes global warming)

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[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]

Epidemiology

  • a rise in global temperature > 1.5 degrees C increases the chance of a point of no return, locking the world into an acutely unstable state[8]
    • catastrophic, runaway environmental change may ensue
    • exponential increase of extreme wildfires across Canada, western U.S. & Russia[14] driven by hydroclimate whiplash
    • extreme hurricanes, typhoons, tornados & other natural disasters will ensue
    • the past ten years 2015-2024 are the ten warmest years on record[20]
    • global temperature is currently exceeding 1.5 degrees C above pre-industrial levels, the first time this threshold has been crossed on a yearly basis, with 2024 identified as the year of this increase[20]
  • insufficient global action will likely result in global temperature increases > 2 degrees C[8]
  • greenhouse gases play a major role in global warming
  • from 2013-2022, 17 more heat-related deaths per 100,000/year than during the previous 9 years in Europe[13]
  • heat-related deaths in the US increased from 1069 in 1999 to 2325 in 2013[15]
  • warmer temperatures favors pathogen-carrying parasites including ticks & sandflies & their spread into more northern latitude[13]
  • although mean temperatures are increasing in the US, climate change has been linked with more frequent episodes of severe winter weather in the US[17]
  • climate change made 2024 the deadliest year of dengue[16]
  • hydroclimate volatility, sudden transitions between very dry & very wet conditions[19]

Pathology

Notes

  • some medical schools offer coursework in climate change & health, it is not a standard requirement[4]

More general terms

More specific terms

References

  1. ↑ Patz JA et al Climate Change. Challenges and Opportunities for Global Health. JAMA. Published online September 22, 2014. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244362 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1909928
    Bauchner H, Fontanarosa PB Climate Change. A Continuing Threat to the Health of the World's Population. JAMA. Published online September 22, 2014. <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25244258 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=1909927
  2. ↑ UN Climate Summit 2014 http://www.un.org/climatechange/summit/
  3. ↑ MEDICAL ALERT! Climate Change Is Harming Our Health. The Medical Consortium on Climate and Health. Feb-March 2017. http://medsocietiesforclimatehealth.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/03/medical_alert.pdf
  4. ↑ Jump up to: 4.0 4.1 Friedrich MJ. Medical Community Gathers Steam to Tackle Climate's Health Effects. JAMA. Published online March 22, 2017 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28329040 <Internet> http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2613638
  5. ↑ McCarthy G, Bernstein A. Perspective. Combating EPA Rollbacks - Health Care's Response to a Retreat on Climates Response to a Retreat on Climate. N Engl J Med. July 24, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31340115 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp1909643
  6. ↑ Climate Crisis and Health N Engl J Med. Aug 22, 2019 https://www.nejm.org/climate-crisis
  7. ↑ Salas RN Prespective: The Climate Crisis and Clinical Practice N Engl J Med 2020; 382:589-591. Feb 13. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32053295 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2000331
  8. ↑ Jump up to: 8.0 8.1 8.2 Atwoli L, Baqui AH, Benfield T et al Call for emergency action to limit global temperature increases, restore biodiversity, and protect health. Lancet. 2021. September 4. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34496267 PMCID: PMC8428481 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)01915-2/fulltext
    N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 5 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34491006
  9. ↑ Kuehn BM New Pledges to Create More Climate-Resilient Health Systems. JAMA. 2021;326(23):2353 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34932072 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2787308
  10. ↑ Jump up to: 10.0 10.1 10.2 Louis S, Carlson AK, Suresh A et al Impacts of Climate Change and Air Pollution on Neurologic Health, Disease, and Practice: A Scoping Review. Neurology. 2022. Nov 16. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36384657 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2022/11/16/WNL.0000000000201630
  11. ↑ Wheat S, Kuczmarski T. There's a New Fungus in Town and It Won't Be the Last. The arrival of C. auris in Washington is a harbinger of health systems addled by climate change. MedPage Today. March 22, 2024 https://www.medpagetoday.com/opinion/second-opinions/109323
  12. ↑ JN Learning. AMA Ed Hub Climate Change and Health (Video) https://edhub.ama-assn.org/jn-learning/video-player/18812736
  13. ↑ Jump up to: 13.0 13.1 13.2 Wong C How climate change is hitting Europe: three graphics reveal health impacts. A growing body of research reveals the deaths and diseases linked to rising temperatures across the continent. Nature News. 2024, June 18. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02006-3
    van Daalen KR, Tonne C, Semenza JC et al The 2024 Europe report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: unprecedented warming demands unprecedented action. Lancet Public Health. 2024. May 10:S2468-2667(24)00055-0 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38749451 Free article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(24)00055-0/fulltext
  14. ↑ Jump up to: 14.0 14.1 Tollefson J You're not imagining it: extreme wildfires are now more common. For the first time, data show that cataclysmic infernos are increasing in frequency and intensity globally. Nature News. June 24, 2024 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-024-02071-8
    Cunningham CX, Williamson GJ, Bowman DMJS. Increasing frequency and intensity of the most extreme wildfires on Earth. Nat Ecol Evol. 2024 Jun 24. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38914710
  15. ↑ Jump up to: 15.0 15.1 Howard JT, Androne N, Alcover KC, Santos-Lozada AR. Trends of Heat-Related Deaths in the US, 1999-2023. JAMA. 2024 Aug 26. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39186311 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2822854
  16. ↑ Jump up to: 16.0 16.1 Thiagarajan K. How climate change made 2024 the deadliest year of dengue. BMJ. 2024 Nov 6;387:q2391. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39505398
  17. ↑ Jump up to: 17.0 17.1 Liu M, Patel VR, Wadhera RK. Cold-Related Deaths in the US. JAMA. 2024 Dec PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39699911 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2828342
  18. ↑ Tollefson J Earth breaches 1.5 degrees C climate limit for the first time: what does it mean? Nature News. 2025. Jan 10. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-025-00010-9
  19. ↑ Jump up to: 19.0 19.1 Swain DL et al Hydroclimate volatility on a warming Earth. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment. 2025 6:35-50. Jan 9 https://www.nature.com/articles/s43017-024-00624-z
  20. ↑ Jump up to: 20.0 20.1 20.2 World Meteorological Organization (WMO) WMO confirms 2024 as warmest year on record at about 1.55C above pre-industrial level. WMO Press Release. Jan 10, 2025 https://wmo.int/news/media-centre/wmo-confirms-2024-warmest-year-record-about-155degc-above-pre-industrial-level
  21. ↑ Katz GM, Arigoni D, Rice MB, Stall NM. Addressing the Health Impacts of Climate Change in Older Adults. JAMA Intern Med. 2025 Feb 3. doi:http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1001/jamainternmed.2024.7727. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/39899284
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