heat injury; heat stress; heat illness
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Introduction
Occurs when the body is unable to maintain cooling due to environmental temperature & humidity.
Etiology
- environmental factors
- heat shock is an extreme form of heat injury
- anticholinergics can increase risk of heat injury by inhibiting perspiration
- antihypertensives can exacerbate hypotension in heat injury
Epidemiology
- cold weather is associated with more deaths than hot weather[3]
- 8% of deaths attributable to cold or hot weather
- hottest days on record over the last decade were associated with an increase in mental health-related emergency department visits among U.S. adults[8]
Clinical manifestations
- manifestations common to all forms of heat injury
Management
- planning for periods of extreme heat & targeting interventions to vulnerable populations may reduce heat-related deaths[2]
- electric fans of little to no benefit for the elderly in hot environment (42 C, 108 F) & may be harmful[5]
- electric fans & wetting the skin wetting both worked better than no cooling in a hot & humid environment
- see heat shock for treatment of severe heat injury
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ Saunders Manual of Medical Practice, Rakel (ed), WB Saunders, Philadelphia, 1996, pg 1178-80
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Heat-Related Deaths After an Extreme Heat Event -- Four States, 2012, and United States, 1999-2009. MMWR. June 7, 2013 / 62(22);433-436 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm6222a1.htm
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Gasparrini A et al Mortality risk attributable to high and low ambient temperature: a multicountry observational study. Lancet. May 20, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26003380 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2962114-0/abstract
Dear K, Wang Z Climate and health: mortality attributable to heat and cold. Lancet. May 20, 2015 <PubMed> PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26003381 <Internet> http://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736%2815%2960897-2/abstract - ↑ Atha WF Heat-related illness. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 2013 Nov;31(4):1097-108. Review. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24176481
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Gagnon D et al Cardiac and Thermal Strain of Elderly Adults Exposed to Extreme Heat and Humidity With and Without Electric Fan Use. JAMA. 2016;316(9):989-991 <PubMed> PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27599335 <Internet> http://jama.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?articleid=2547743
- ↑ Semenovskaya Z, Wiener S Burning Up? A Guide to Treating Heat Illness. Medscape. Aug 18, 2020 https://reference.medscape.com/slideshow/heat-illness-6004448
- ↑ Gauer R, Meyers BK. Heat-related illnesses. Am Fam Physician. 2019 99(8):482-489 PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30990296 Free article. Review.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Grant K Does Extreme Heat Prompt More Mental Health-Related ED Visits? Sky-high temps were an external stressor across a variety of mental health conditions. MedPage Today February 23, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/psychiatry/anxietystress/97328
Nori-Sarma A, Sun S, Sun Y et al Association Between Ambient Heat and Risk of Emergency Department Visits for Mental Health Among US Adults, 2010 to 2019. JAMA Psychiatry. Published online February 23, 2022 PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35195664 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapsychiatry/fullarticle/2789481 - ↑ Chaseling GK, Vargas NT, Hospers L et al Simple Strategies to Reduce Cardiac Strain in Older Adults in Extreme Heat. N Engl J Med. 2024 Nov 7;391(18):1754-1756. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39504526 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2407812
- ↑ Roberts WO, Armstrong LE, Sawka MN, et al. ACSM expert consensus statement on exertional heat illness: recognition, management, and return to activity. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2023;22:134-49. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37036463
- ↑ Hospers L, Dillon GA, McLachlan AJ et al The effect of prescription and over-the-counter medications on core temperature in adults during heat stress: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine. 2024 Oct 24;77:102886. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39513185 PMCID: PMC11541675 Free PMC article. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11541675/
- ↑ Millyard A, Layden JD, Pyne DB, Edwards AM, Bloxham SR. Impairments to Thermoregulation in the Elderly During Heat Exposure Events. Gerontol Geriatr Med. 2020 Jun 15;6:2333721420932432. PMID: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32596421 PMCID: PMC7297481 Free PMC article. Review. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7297481/