SARS Cov2 epidemiology
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Epidemiology
- virus is not spread by mosquitoes[81]
- virus does not seem seasonal[86]
- among blood donors, infection-induced SARS-CoV2 seroprevalence increased from 3.5% in July 2020 to 20% in May 2021[146]
- combined infection- & vaccination-induced seroprevalence in May 2021 was 83%[146]
- in Nov 2022, 94% of Americans estimated to be infected with Covid-10 at least once[170]
- COVID-19 public health emergency will continue through Jan. 11, 2023[167]
- 2022 outbreak of Covid-19 in China produces no new novel variants[171]
- WHO declares end of global health emergency May 2023[176]
Transmission of SARS-CoV2
- virus can be spread person to person[6]
- not transmitted from mother to fetus[115]
- spread from person to person through airborne particles
- SARS-CoV-2 is typically transmitted through respiratory droplets (from an infected person sneezing or coughing) rather than through contaminated objects &/or materials[17]
- infectious droplets from a cough may travel > 6 feet[95]
- SARS-CoV-2 may be transmitted through simply talking or breathing[26][31]
- CDC emphasizes airborne transmission of SARS Cov2[139]
- spending <A186>>=</A186> 15 minutes cumulative within 6 feet of an infected person in a 24 hour period defines "close contact" & risk for COVID-19[88]
- > 1/2 of SARS CoV2 transmission occurs from asymptomatic individuals[114]
- 60% of transmission via asymptomatic individuals Jan 2021
- transmission from asymptomatic or presymptomatic individuals may occur with exposure > 5 minutes at distances up to 15 meters[164]
- someone is likely most contagious from 48 hours before developing symptoms to 3 days after the last symptoms end (8-10 days after symptoms begin)[179]
- persons who develop COVID-19 despite being fully vaccinated are less infectious for contacts, who in turn are protected from infection if vaccinated[150][162]
- transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by age
- young adults are the main drivers of transmission in the U.S.[112]
- 72% of infections Aug-Oct 2020 originated with adults age 20-50 years[112]
- insufficient evidence to conclude whether transmission of SARS-CoV-2 by children is lower than by adults[79]
- transmission similar in children & adults, but disease less-severe in children[107]
- SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels higher in symptomatic individuals than in asymptomatic individuals without age-related differences[142]
- seropositivity increased in Mississippi children from 2.5% in May to 16.3% in September 2020[128]
- asymptomatic children transmit COVID-19 in the community[77]
- contact-tracing suggests children & adolescents 10-19 years may transmit SARS CoV2 more often than children < 9 years of age[67]
- school-aged children, are far less important drivers of SARS-CoV-2 transmission than adults[61]
- teachers may be index cases more often than children[123]
- children likely to be major source of transmission of SARS-CoV2 variants[132]
- reopening of schools in England was associated with increasing prevalence of SARS-CoV2 among children of all ages, with an increased risk of ICU admission & death for older adults > 65 years living with children[130]
- children < 5 years of age carry higher levels of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their nasopharynx than adults[62]
- children < 10 years transmit SARS CoV-2 to others much less often than adults do, but the risk is not zero[62]
- children & adolescents 10-19 years can spread SARS CoV-2 at least as well as adults do[62]
- among children & adolescents, gatherings with persons outside the household & lack of consistent mask use in school associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection[111]
- children & adolescents with 44% lower odds of secondary infection with SARS-CoV-2 compared with adults[79]
- children may carry coronavirus in noses, throats for weeks[77]
- children account for 22% of new cases of Covid-19 in May 2021[138]
- younger children may be more likely to transmit SARS-CoV-2 infection compared with older children[144]
- the highest odds of transmission observed for children age 0-3 years[144]
- young adults are the main drivers of transmission in the U.S.[112]
- restaurants, gyms & coffee shops among most likely locations for spread of SARS CoV2 outside the home[99]
- indoor exercise without masks (gyms) associated with high transmission rate[125]
- high transmission rate associated with choir practice[41]
- loud speech can emit thousands of 12-21 micron oral fluid droplets per second
- in a closed, stagnant air environment, these droplets remain airborn for 8-14 minutes[43]
- airborne particles < 5 microns containing SARS CoV2 RNA remain infectious & may travel tens of meters[59] but is not the dominant mode of transmission[17][43]
- CDC estimates 35% of COVID-19 cases are asymptomatic[46]
- 40-45% of positive cases are asymptomatic at the time of testing[51]
- 33% of SARS-CoV-2 infections could be asymptomatic (never symptomatic)[51]
- 40% of skilled nursing facility SARS-CoV-2 infections were asymptomatic[94]
- 11% of asymtomatic positive tests are presymptomatic;
- symptoms occur within 4 days of testing[52]
- asymptomatic patients with COVID-19 do contaminate the environment & confer risks for those close in contact[55]
- > 1/2 of adults with COVID-19 report no known close contact with an infected person in the 2 weeks of symptom onset[58]
- 90% of asymptomatic patients test negative within 15 days[52]
- prevalence in asymptomatic children 0-2.2%; (< 1% overall)[73]
- 40-45% of positive cases are asymptomatic at the time of testing[51]
- presymptomatic infections may facilitate spread of SARS-CoV-2 1-3 days prior to appearance of symptoms[13][24][36]
- infectivity begins 2-3 days before symptom onset & peaks 0.7 days prior to onset of symptoms[30]
- conflicting data regarding shedding of virus by asymptomatic individuals
- asymptomatic persons more likely to be women, 20-50 years of age & shed virus for ~8 days vs ~19 days for symptomatic persions[49]
- asymptomatic cases shed SARS CoV-2 (positive nasopharyngeal swab) for a median of 19 days, significantly longer than symptomatic cases[54]
- viral loads & clearance similar between asymptomatic & symptomatic (including presymptomatic) patients[69]
- viral loads tend to decrease more slowly in asymptomatic patients[69]
- secondary transmission may not occur among close contacts with exposure beginning > 5 days after onset of symptoms[48]
- in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 median time from symptom onset to
- negative viral culture is 7 days & negative RT-PCR is 34 days[116]
- most SARS-CoV2 infections are not persistently asymptomatic, & asymptomatic infections were less infectious than presymptomatic or symptomatic infection[161]
- transmission can occur from asymptomatic younger persons to older persons
- also see screening for COVID-19
- elderly > 70 years living with younger people, including those of working age, are at increased risk for COVID-19 mortality[90]
- 20% of grocery store workers in May 2020 tested positive for SARS CoV2; 75% were asymptomatic; contact with customers increased risk 5-fold[91]
- 40% of COVID-19 deaths occur in skilled facility (SNF) residents[92]
- symptom-based screening in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs) could miss ~1/2 of residents with COVID-19[19][35]
- skilled nursing facility staff members are a primary source of exposure to SARS-CoV2 for residents[174]
- higher SARS-CoV2 testing rates prior to Covid-19 vaccine availability was associated with fewer resident infections & deaths[174]
- testing with <24-hour turnaround essential to prevent COVID-19 outbreaks in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs); few SNFs meet this goal[92]
- SARS CoV-2 seems to be shed most readily in the upper respiratory tract early in the disease course, when symptoms are mild[23][24]
- pharyngeal virus shedding very high during the 1st week of symptoms[23]
- viral shedding continues up to 6 weeks after symptom onset[38]
- SARS-CoV-2 can invade conjunctiva, thus potentially spread through eyes[22]
- contact with fecal matter from an infected person can transmit COVID-19
- flushing a toilet may aerosolize COVID-19 in feces[47]
- toilet exhaust fans may disperse aerosolized COVID-19[47]
- among patients with moderate to severe COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2 RNA is found in 40-85% of fecal samples[160]
- 49% of fecal specimens collected 1 week after diagnosis contained SARS-CoV-2 RNA[160]
- 4% of patients continue to shed SARS-CoV-2 RNA in feces for <A186>>=</A186> 7 months[160]
- touching a surface or object contaminated with the virus then touching one's own mouth, nose or eyes may be able to transmit COVID-19[11]
- COVID-19 is not transmitted by food or packaging[122]
- coronaviruses can remain infectious in air for up to 3 hours
- SARS-CoV-2 persists & remains infectious suspended in aerosols for up to 16 hours[39] thus surgical masks inadequate but seemed to be adequate in at least some documented circumstances
- risk of becoming infected with COVID-19 during air travel is low[98]
- modern aircraft maintain cabin air through a mix of fresh air with recycling through HEPA filters[98]
- there is little airflow forward or backward between rows
- face masks recommended if not required
- hospitals maintain 4-6 air exchanges per hour for infection control[137]
- application of modern aircraft or hospital strategy in restaurants, gyms, schools, buses etc may reduce aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV2[137]
- vertical transmission not seen[9]
Transmission during surgery
- transmission from plume (aerosol) of electrocautery during surgery does not occur because the plume contains no virus[140]
Transmission from vaccinated persons
- reports of fully immunized people with breakthrough infections of the Delta variant transmitting the virus to others[143]
- vaccinated individuals allegedly carry as much virus in their noses as unvaccinated individuals[143]
Transmission of SARS-CoV2 to & from animals
- humans can transmit SARS CoV2 to cats & dogs, but probably not visa versa[84]
- pets are not at a substantial risk from humans with COVID-19[84]
- dogs do not shed virus or develop respiratory symptoms
- cats shed virus for 5 days & sometimes develop mild respiratory symptoms
- Denmark will cull all farmed mink due to mutation in SARS CoV2 infecting mink that could possibly interfere with effectiveness of a vaccine for humans[96]
- pet hamsters implicate in a human COVID-19 outbreak in Hong-Kong late 2021-2022[152]
- SARS-Cov2 delta variant traced to Syrian (golden) hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus)
- potential white-tailed deer to human transmission of SARS-CoV2 in Canada reported[155]
Contamination & Decontamination of environment
SARS-CoV2 contamination of environment
- coronavirus may contaminate environment[12][17]
- public areas with a lot of foot traffic, entrance to a department store & a site next to one of the hospitals in Wuhan China with high virus levels[37]
- finding SARS CoV2 RNA on floors of long-term care facilities predicts Covid-19 outbreaks[172]
- coronavirus survival on surfaces[17]
- risk of COVID-19 infection from contaminated surfaces is very low (CDC)[133]
- metal: stainless steel 2-3 days, copper 4 hours, aluminum 2-8 hours
- other metals (door knobs, silverware, jewelry): 5 days
- glass: up to 5 days, up to 28 says[83]. ceramics: 5 days, paper: up to 5 days, wood: 4 days, back notes 28 days[83]
- plastic: 2-3 days. cardboard: 1 day
- on plastic, Omicron survived an average of 194 hours (> 8 days); Wuhan strain 56 hours, Alpha 191 hours, Beta 157 hours, Gamma 59 hours, Delta 114 hours[151]
- on skin, Omicron survived an average of 21 hours; Wuhan strain 8.6 hours, Alpha 20 hours, Beta 19 hours, Gamma 11 hours, Delta 17 hours[151]
- no information about how long virus can survive on fabrics[17]
- does not spread easily by touching surfaces or objects[45]
- does not seem to be transmitted through food or water[17]
- Japanese investigators found traces of the COVID-19 coronavirus in some Diamond Princess cabins up to 17 days after they were vacated[15]
- rendered inactive using common disinfectants
- alcohol-containing hand sanitizers kill SARS CoV-2
- may also become inactive at higher temperatures[12]
- SARS CoV-2 inactivated by UV light[83]
- environment of isolation room of asymptomatic infant contaminated with COVID-19
- infant's bedding, bed rail & a table located 1 meter away from the bed all tested positive[27]
- protective equipment worn into rooms of COVID-19 patients tested negative for viral contamination[25]
- SARS CoV2 RNA found on ophthalmology examination room surfaces (2 of 7 postexamination samples)[66]
- CDC recommendations for cleaning & disinfecting potential contamination[134]
- high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filters & ultraviolet (UV) light sterilization effectively remove SARS-CoV2 particles from the air[148]
Appearance & resolution of symptoms
Appearance & resolution of symptoms
- median incubation period is 5 days[14], 4 days[21]; 8 days[71]; 4-5 days from exposure in adults & 6-7 days from exposure in children[121]; range: 2-12 days[14]; 2-7 days[21]; 90th percentile is 14 days[71]
- SARS CoV-2 is most infectious about 2 days before symptoms begin & for 5 days afterward[103]
- virus may be detectable for as long as 8 days after resolution of symptoms[18]
- in patients with confirmed COVID-19, sputum samples remain positive up to 39 days
- medium time to nasopharyngeal swab SARS CoV2 clearance is 30 days[20] after pharyngeal swabs become negative, & feces specimens are positive up to 13 days afterward[20]
- man in England with Covid-19 finally tests negative after 411 days[168]
- he was treated with a mixture of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies
- viral loads & clearance similar between asymptomatic & symptomatic (including presymptomatic) patients[69]
- unclear whether positive tests after resolution of symptoms mean the virus is capable of transmission[18]
Immunity to SARS-CoV2
- limited data suggest recovery from COVID-19 might confer immunity against reinfection[42]; reinfection uncommonly occurs (see below)
- immunity against reinfection wanes with time[163]; protection conferred by recovery from infection higher than that of 2 doses of vaccine[163]
- vaccination reinforces protection against reinfection[163]
- adaptive immune response to COVID-19 is durable & continues to be driven by viral remnants[109]
- CDC suggests recovered COVID-19 patients have immunity for 3 months[72]
- resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil after 7 months, despite high seroprevalence (76%)[119]
- seropositive young adults had ~20% risk of subsequent infection compared with seronegative individuals
- antibodies induced by initial infection are largely protective, but do not guarantee effective SARS-CoV-2 neutralization activity or immunity against subsequent infection[118]
- SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques[63]
- most patients with asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 have detectable SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 8 months after infection[109]
- spike-specific memory B cells more abundant at 6 months than at 1 month after symptom onset[113]
- SARS-CoV2-specific CD4+ T cells & CD8+ T cells decline with a 1/2 life of 3-5 months[113]
- pre-existimg immunity probably doesn't exist[75]
- children's nasopharyngeal epithelial cells & immune cells are pre-activated & primed to detect viral infection, contributing to stronger early immune responses to SARS-CoV2 infection than adults[145]
- SARS CoV2 transmission not likely to diminish over summer[44]
Origins & Spread of SARS-CoV2
The origins & spread of SARS-Cov2 to & within U.S.
- cluster connected to a large wholesale fish & animal market (the Huanan Market in Wuhan China)[1][2][153][180]
- swabs from the Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market contained genetic material from wild animals & tested positive for SARS-CoV2[175]
- genetic analysis confirms presence of susceptible animals & the virus at the Wuhan Market but does not confirm whether animals themselves were infected with the virus[180]
- likely originated in horseshoe bats before transmission to intermediate hosts[165]
- likely that 2 different lineages of SARS-CoV-2 in susceptible animals such as raccoon dogs & mink spilled over to humans on different occasions at different locations in Wuhan China 2019.[147][154][180]
- genetic sequences collected from the Wuhan market shows that raccoon dogs may have been carrying & shedding the virus at the end of 2019[173]
- pangolins are a possible source of SARS-CoV-2 transmission to humans[16]
- other intermediary animal hosts also possible[131]
- striped skunks, deer mice, bushy-tailed woodrats, mink, white-tailed deer, cats, gorillas, hamsters, otters, anteaters, manatees, hippopotamuses[165]
- report that 3 researchers from China's Wuhan Institute of Virology became sick in November 2019 & sought hospital care has revived calls for an investigation into whether SARS-CoV2 may have escaped from a laboratory[141]
- 1st cases reported in U.S. Washington state, Chicago, Calif, AZ, Mass January 2020[3][4][5][8]; 1st cases of endogenous origin reported from Santa Clara County Calif on Feb 6 & Feb 17, 2020
- HHS declares coronavirus emergency, orders quarantine Jan 31, 2020[7]
- WHO declares coronavirus a pandemic March 11, 2020[64]
- 58% of U.S. population has been infected with COVID-19, including 75% of children & adolescents (Feb 2022)[158]
- case counts global & U.S.
- global case count 676,609,955 as of March 11, 2023 with 6,881,955 deaths[60]
- 104,618,931 cases in U.S. as of May 7, 2023
- 1,190,122 deaths in U.S. as of May 4, 2024[181]
- in the week ending Nov 9, 2024, emergency department vists due to Covid-19 0.5% of all visits in U.S.[181]
- previous week, emergency department vists due to Covid-19 0.5% of visits.[181]
- as of May 11, 2023, COVID Data Tracker is no longer reporting aggregate cases & deaths[181]
- deaths largely in the unvaccinated prior to the Omicron period
- burden of deaths related to COVID-19 worldwide may be 3-fold higher than that reported[156]
- burden of deaths related to COVID-19 in the U.S is an underestimate[56][57]
- US reported 370,298 deaths due to Covid-19 (112/100,000) during the Delta & Omicron waves (61/100,000 Delta wave) & (51/100,000 Omicron wave) exceeding death rates in 20 peer countries[169]
- the 10 states with most-vaccinated persons had excess all-cause mortality <= to Denmark, Germany, the Netherlands, Austria, Italy, & Finland[169]
- in October 2020 COVID-19 had become the 3rd leading cause of death for persons 45-84 years of age & the 2nd leading cause of death for those > 85 years[106]
- Covid-19 was the 3rd leading cause of death in the U.S, in 2021[157]
- ~9300 U.S. healthcare workers with COVID-19 as of April 9, 2020[29]
- U.S. healthcare workers & their families account for 1/6 of hospitalized COVID-19 patients[93]
- > 1 million cases of COVID-19 in U.S. infants, children, & adolescents as of Nov 12, 2020[100]
- CDC model suggests actual number of U.S. COVID-19 infections may be 8 times the reported number[102]
- 30 day mortality for hospitalized veterans with COVID-19 vs influenza: RR=6.6[159]
- MMR vaccine associated with less severe COVID-19[101]
Risk of SARS CoV2
Risk of SARS-CoV2 (also see COVID-19 Complications: subsection)
- frontline health care workers have 3.4 times risk of COVID-19 vs the general population despite adequate personal protective equipment[65]
- infection rates lower among healthcare workers than among public[76]
- hospital workers who pick their nose have 4-fold increased risk of SARS-CoV2[177]
- nosocomial COVID-19 is a rare event with rigorous infection control measures[80]
- low risk of acquiring COVID-19 from hospital air provided surgical mask or N95 mask worn in hospital[110]
- outbreaks have occurred in crowded conditions including meat-packing facilities & prisons[70]
- men (70%) > women (30%), mean age 49 years, 1/3 with underlying disease[4]
- men are more likely than women to be admitted to intensive care (RR-2.8) & to die from COVID-19 (RR=1.4)[105]
- LGBTQ & ethnic/racial minorities have a higher prevalence of comorbidities than heterosexual whites & a higher risk for poor outcomes from COVID-19[124]
- African American disproportionately affected[28]
- 77% of Covid-19 hospitalizations & 71% of mortality occur in blacks, where blacks comprise only 31% of population[50] (Louisiania)
- blacks with higher prevalences of obesity, diabetes, hypertension, & chronic kidney disease than whites (risk factors for COVID-19}[50]
- Navajo particularly susceptible[32]
- prevalence in symptomatic & high risk patients Latinos >> blacks >> whites[53]
- family clusters reported[4]
- children with COVID-19 generally have mild disease[34] excepting multisystem inflammatory syndrome[40]
- excess mortality observed in adults 25-44 years of age[108]
- prevalence variable but high 16-66% among staff members & residents at homeless shelters, but lower when cases had not been previously identified[33]
- prevalence in Indiana 9.6 fold higher than reported cases[68]
- in Africa, Egypt, Algeria, & South Africa with highest risk for importing COVID-19 from China[10]
- 16-19% of deceased in Zambia in 2020 tested positive for SARS-CoV-2; 10% children[120]
- South African variant detected in Zambia[120]
- people in their 20s account for more SARS-CoV2 cases than any other age group[78]
- persons with Down's syndrome have ~5-fold risk for COVID-19 hospitalization & ~10-fold risk for COVID-19 mortality[19]
- telework associated with lower likelihood of testing positive for SARS CoV2[97]
Reinfection
Reinfection with SARS-CoV2
- 33-year-old man in Hong Kong represent 1st confirmed case of reinfection[74]
- 89 year-old Dutch woman is the first COVID-19 reinfection death[85]
- the woman was suffering from Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia[85]
- 5 residents of a Kentucky skilled nursing facility who tested positive for SARS-CoV2 during an outbreak in July 2020 tested positive again during a 2nd outbreak more than 3 months later[126]
- reinfection risk within 7 months is < 10%[127]
- reinfection rate is 8 per 100,000 person-days of follow-up among people >=65 years, versus 4-6 per 100,000 person-days among younger age groups[129]
- 5800 fully vaccinated people have been re-infected with SARS-CoV2 in the U.S. as of April 2021 (0.008% of fully vaccinated people)[135]
- re-infection in 10% of unvaccinated Marines within 6 weeks[136]
- 50% risk of re-infection 17 months after a 1st infection without measures such as masking & vaccination[149]
Miscellaneous
Additional terms
- screening for COVID-19; screening for SARS-CoV2
- severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV2; Wuhan coronavirus
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) CDC Health Alert Network January 8, 2020, 16 Outbreak of Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology (PUE) in Wuhan, China. https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00424.asp
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 World Health Organization (WHO) Pneumonia of unknown cause - China Disease outbreak news. January 5, 2020 https://www.who.int/csr/don/05-january-2020-pneumonia-of-unkown-cause-china/en/
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Walker M First Case of Coronavirus Lands in U.S.
Novel virus detected in man from Washington state. MedPage Today. January 21, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/publichealth/84458
Johnson CK, Stobbe M US Gets First Case of Mysterious Chinese Coronavirus Medscape - Jan 21, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/924020
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) First Travel-related Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Detected in United States. CDC News Release. January 21, 2020 https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0121-novel-coronavirus-travel-case.html - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W et al A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. January 24, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31978945 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001017
Munster VJ, Koopmans M, van Doremalen N et al A Novel Coronavirus Emerging in China - Key Questions for Impact Assessment. N Engl J Med. January 24, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31978293 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMp2000929
Perlman S Another Decade, Another Coronavirus N Engl J Med. January 24, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31978944 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe2001126
Huang C, Wang Y, Li X et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet 2020 Jan 24; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31986264 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30183-5/fulltext
Chan JF, Yuan S, Kok KH et al. A familial cluster of pneumonia associated with the 2019 novel coronavirus indicating person-to-person transmission: A study of a family cluster. Lancet 2020 Jan 24; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31986261 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30154-9/fulltext - ↑ 5.0 5.1 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) CDC Situation Summary, Jan 26, 2020 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV), Wuhan, China https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/summary.html
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Li Q, Guan X, Wu P et al Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus - Infected Pneumonia N Engl J Med 2020. Jan 29 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31995857 https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Brunk D HHS Declares Coronavirus Emergency,Orders Quarantine - Medscape - Jan 31, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/924640
Walker M U.S. Declares Public Health Emergency for Coronavirus Dramatic steps taken for quarantining travelers, based on "unknown" nature of virus. MedPage Today. Jan 31, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/publichealth/84662 - ↑ 8.0 8.1 Center for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in the U.S. Situation Simmary. Feb 3, 2020 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Chen H, Guo J, Wang C, Luo F, Yu X, Zhang W et al Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women: a retrospective review of medical records. Lancet. Feb 12, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32151335 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30360-3/fulltext
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Gilbert M, Pullano G, Pinotti F et al Preparedness and vulnerability of African countries against importations of COVID-19: a modelling study. Lancet. Feb 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32087820
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Beasley D How long can coronavirus survive on surfaces? Reuters via MSN Feb 28. 2020 https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/wellness/how-long-can-coronavirus-survive-on-surfaces/ar-BB10xkvI
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Walker M FAQs About COVID-19 - Answers to frequently asked questions based on the latest medical research and public health data. MedPage Today. February 29, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/85165
van Doremalen N, Bushmaker T, Morris DH et al Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1. N Engl J Med. March 17, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32182409 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2004973 - ↑ 13.0 13.1 Wu C, Chen X, Cai Y et al Risk Factors Associated With Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome and Death in Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA Intern Med. Published online March 13, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32167524 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2763184
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q et al The Incubation Period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) From Publicly Reported Confirmed Cases: Estimation and Application. Ann Intern Med. 2020. March 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32150748 https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2762808/incubation-period-coronavirus-disease-2019-covid-19-from-publicly-reported
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 Moriarty LF, Plucinski MM, Marston BJ et al. Public Health Responses to COVID-19 Outbreaks on Cruise Ships - Worldwide, February-March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Mar 27;69(12):347-352. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32214086 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Lam TT. Shum MH, Zhu HC et al. Identifying SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses in Malayan pangolins. Nature. March 26, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32218527 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2169-0_reference.pdf
Kuznia R, Griffin D How did coronavirus break out? Theories abound as researchers race to solve genetic detective story. CNN. Mon April 6, 2020 https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/06/us/coronavirus-scientists-debate-origin-theories-invs/index.html - ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 17.7 Gillespie C How Long Does the Coronavirus Live on Clothes-and Will Laundry Detergent Kill the Virus? Health. March 24, 2020 https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/wellness/how-long-does-the-coronavirus-live-on-clothes%e2%80%94and-will-laundry-detergent-kill-the-virus/ar-BB11ELZl
Koenig D Coronavirus on Fabric: What You Should Know. Medscape - Apr 02, 2020 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/927973 - ↑ 18.0 18.1 18.2 Chang D, Mo G, Yuan X et al Time Kinetics of Viral Clearance and Resolution of Symptoms in Novel Coronavirus Infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020 Mar 23. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32200654
- ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Kimball A, Hatfield KM, Arons M, et al. Asymptomatic and Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections in Residents of a Long-Term Care Skilled Nursing Facility - King County, Washington, March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 27 March 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32240128 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6913e1.htm
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Orciari Herman A COVID-19 Update: Viral Persistence in Sputum & Feces / ACE Inhibitors & ARBs / Malaria Drug Emergency Authorization Physician's First Watch, March 39, 2020 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2764036/sars-cov-2-positive-sputum-feces-after-conversion-pharyngeal-samples
Mancuso P, Venturelli F, Vicentini M et al Temporal profile and determinants of viral shedding and of viral clearance confirmation on nasopharyngeal swabs from SARS-CoV-2 positive subjects: a population-based prospective cohort study in Reggio Emilia, Italy. BMJ Open. 2020 Sep 2;10(8):e040380. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32878768 https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/8/e040380.abstract - ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Chen J, Qi T, Liu L et al Clinical progression of patients with COVID-19 in Shanghai, China. J Infect. 2020 Mar 19. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32171869
- ↑ 22.0 22.1 Wu P, Duan F, Luo C et al Characteristics of Ocular Findings of Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in Hubei Province, China. JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online March 31, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32232433 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2764083
- ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 Wolfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W et al Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature. April 1, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32235945 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2196-x_reference.pdf
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 Wei WE, Li Z, Chiew CJ, Yong SE, Toh MP, Lee VJ. Presymptomatic Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 - Singapore, January 23-March 16, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 1 April 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32271722 Free Article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6914e1.htm
- ↑ 25.0 25.1 Ong SWX, Tan YK, Sutjipto S et al. Absence of contamination of personal protective equipment (PPE) by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020 Mar 26 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32213231
- ↑ 26.0 26.1 Cohen E Experts tell White House coronavirus can spread through talking or even just breathing. CNN Health. April 2, 2020 https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/02/health/aerosol-coronavirus-spread-white-house-letter/index.html
Ault A Coronavirus Is Aerosolized Through Talking, Exhalation, New Report Says. Medscape - Apr 04, 2020 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/928149
Leung NHL, Chu DKW, Shiu EYC et al Respiratory virus shedding in exhaled breath and efficacy of face masks. Nature Medicine. April 3, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32371934 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0843-2
Meselson M Droplets and Aerosols in the Transmission of SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med. April 15, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32294374 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2009324 - ↑ 27.0 27.1 Yung CF, Kam K, Wong MSY et al Environment and Personal Protective Equipment Tests for SARS-CoV-2 in the Isolation Room of an Infant With Infection. Ann Intern Med. 2020. April 1 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32236490 https://annals.org/aim/fullarticle/2764249/environment-personal-protective-equipment-tests-sars-cov-2-isolation-room
- ↑ 28.0 28.1 Kincaid E COVID-19 Daily: Noninvasive Ventilation Support, 'Terrified' in ICU Medscape - Apr 07, 2020 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/928328
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Characteristics of Health Care Personnel with COVID-19 - United States, February 12 0 April 9, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 Apr 17;69(15):477-481. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32298247 Free Article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6915e6.htm
- ↑ 30.0 30.1 He X, Lau EH, Wu P et al Temporal dynamics in viral shedding and transmissibility of COVID-19. Nature Medicine. 2020 April 15. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32296168 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0869-5
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Young K, Sofair A, Chavey WE COVID-19: Smoking / Convalescent Plasma / Asthma / Poison Control Center Calls. Physician's First Watch, April 16, 2020 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Hakim D Asthma Is Absent Among Top Covid-19 Risk Factors, Early Data Shows. New York Times. April 16, 2020 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/16/health/coronavirus-asthma-risk.html - ↑ 32.0 32.1 Truchman G Navajo Nation has lost more to coronavirus than 13 states. CNN. April 18, 20202 https://www.cnn.com/videos/us/2020/04/17/navajo-native-american-coronavirus-pkg-tuchman-ac360-vpx.cnn
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 Mosites E, Parker EM, Clarke KE, et al. Assessment of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Prevalence in Homeless Shelters - Four U.S. Cities, March 27-April 15 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 May 1;69(17):521-522 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32352957 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6917e1.htm
Tobolowsky FA, Gonzales E, Self JL, et al. COVID-19 Outbreak Among Three Affiliated Homeless Service Sites - King County, Washington, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020 May 1;69(17):523-526. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32352954 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6917e2.htm
Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Interim Guidance for Homeless Service Providers to Plan and Respond to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/homeless-shelters/plan-prepare-respond.html - ↑ 34.0 34.1 Castagnoli R, Votto M, Licari A et al Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection in Children and AdolescentsA Systematic Review. JAMA Pediatr. Published online April 22, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32320004 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2765169
- ↑ 35.0 35.1 Arons MM, Hatfield KM, Reddy SC et al Presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infections and Transmission in a Skilled Nursing Facility. N Engl J Med. April 24, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32329971 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2008457
- ↑ 36.0 36.1 Gandhi M, Yokoe DS, Havlir DV Asymptomatic Transmission, the Achilles' Heel of Current Strategies to Control Covid-19. N Engl J Med. April 24, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32329972 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMe2009758
- ↑ 37.0 37.1 Liu Y, Ning Z, Che Y et al Aerodynamic analysis of SARS-CoV-2 in two Wuhan hospitals. Nature. April 27, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32340022 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2271-3_reference.pdf
- ↑ 38.0 38.1 Larkin M Viral Shedding Continues Up to 6 Weeks After Coronavirus Symptom Onset. Medscape - Apr 27, 2020 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/929519
- ↑ 39.0 39.1 Fears AC, Klimstra WB, Duprex B et al Comparative dynamic aerosol efficiencies of three emergent coronaviruses and the unusual persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in aerosol suspensions. MedRxiv. Posted April 18, 2020. Not indexed in PubMed https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.13.20063784v1
- ↑ 40.0 40.1 Orciari Herman A, Sadoughi S, Saitz R COVID-19: Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome, Physician's First Watch, May 6, 2020 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
Belluck P A New Coronavirus Threat to Children. New York Times. May 6, 2020 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/06/health/kawasaki-disease-covid-coronavirus-children.html
Riphagen S, Gomez X, Gonzalez-Martinez C et al Hyperinflammatory shock in children during COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet May 7, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32386565 Free PMC Article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31094-1/fulltext
Shekerdemian LS, Mahmood NR, Wolfe KK et al Characteristics and Outcomes of Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection Admitted to US and Canadian Pediatric Intensive Care Units. JAMA Pediatr. Published online May 11, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32392288 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2766037 - ↑ 41.0 41.1 Hamner L, Dubbel P, Capron I, et al. High SARS-CoV-2 Attack Rate Following Exposure at a Choir Practice
Skagit County, Washington, March 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 12 May 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32407303 Free Article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6919e6.htm - ↑ 42.0 42.1 Basu A, Zinger T, Inglima K et al Performance of the rapid Nucleic Acid Amplification by Abbott ID NOW COVID-19 in nasopharyngeal swabs transported in viral media and dry nasal swabs, in a New York City academic institution. bioRxiv. May 12, 2020 Not indexed in PubMed https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.11.089896v1
- ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 Stadnytskyi V, Bax CE, Bax A, Anfinrud P. The airborne lifetime of small speech droplets and their potential importance in SARS-CoV-2 transmission. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2020 May 13 MID: 32404416 https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/05/12/2006874117
- ↑ 44.0 44.1 Baker RE, Yang W, Vecchi1 GA et al Susceptible supply limits the role of climate in the early SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. Science 18 May 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32423996 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/05/15/science.abc2535
- ↑ 45.0 45.1 Amercian Medical Association Morning Rouunds. May 21, 2020 cites Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) &
Flores J Coronavirus 'does not spread easily' by touching surfaces or objects, CDC now says. But it still 'may be possible. USA Today. May 20, 2020 https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2020/05/20/coronavirus-does-not-spread-easily-surfaces-objects-cdc/5232748002/ - ↑ 46.0 46.1 Azad A CDC estimates that 35% of coronavirus patients don't have symptoms. CNN Helath. May 22, 2020 https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/22/health/cdc-coronavirus-estimates-symptoms-deaths/index.html
- ↑ 47.0 47.1 47.2 Johnson DA. Toilets May Pose Risk for Spreading COVID-19. Medscape - Apr 09, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/928234
- ↑ 48.0 48.1 Cheng HY, Jian SW, Liu DP et al. Contact tracing assessment of COVID-19 transmission dynamics in Taiwan and risk at different exposure periods before and after symptom onset. JAMA Intern Med 2020 May 1; PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32356867 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2765641
- ↑ 49.0 49.1 JAMA Morning Rounds. May 28, 2020 American Medical Association
Yang R, Gui X, Xiong Y. Comparison of Clinical Characteristics of Patients with Asymptomatic vs Symptomatic Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Netw Open. 2020;3(5):e2010182. May 27. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32459353 Free article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2766237 - ↑ 50.0 50.1 50.2 Price-Haywood EG, Burton J, Fort D, Seoane L Hospitalization and Mortality among Black Patients and White Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. May 27, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32459916 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMsa2011686
- ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Oran DP, Topol EJ. Prevalence of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Annals of Internal Medicine. June 3, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32491919 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-3012
Oran DP, Topol EJ The Proportion of SARS-CoV-2 Infections That Are Asymptomatic. Ann Intern Med 2021. Jan 22 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33481642 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-6976 - ↑ 52.0 52.1 52.2 Sakurai A et a Natural History of Asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 Infection. N Engl J Med June 12, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32530584 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2013020
- ↑ 53.0 53.1 Martinez DA, Hinson JS, Klein EY et al SARS-CoV-2 Positivity Rate for Latinos in the Baltimore-Washington, DC Region. JAMA. Published online June 18, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32556212 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2767632
- ↑ 54.0 54.1 Long QX, Tang XJ, Shi QL et al Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections. Nature Medicine, Published Online June 18, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32555424 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41591-020-0965-6.pdf
- ↑ 55.0 55.1 Wei L, Lin J, Duan X et al Asymptomatic COVID-19 Patients Can Contaminate Their Surroundings: an Environment Sampling Study. mSphere. June 2020 5 (3) e00442-20 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32581071 https://msphere.asm.org/content/5/3/e00442-20
- ↑ 56.0 56.1 Holland S Coronavirus May Have Infected 10 Times More Americans Than Reported, CDC Says. Medscape - Jun 25, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/932980
- ↑ 57.0 57.1 Weinberger DM, Chen J, Cohen T et al Estimation of Excess Deaths Associated With the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States, March to May 2020. JAMA Intern Med. Published online July 1, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32609310 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2767980
- ↑ 58.0 58.1 Tenforde MW, Rose EB, Lindsell CJ, et al. Characteristics of Adult Outpatients and Inpatients with COVID-19 - 11 Academic Medical Centers, United States, March-May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:841-846 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32614810 Free article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6926e3.htm
- ↑ 59.0 59.1 Mandavilli A 239 Experts With One Big Claim: The Coronavirus Is Airborne New York Times. July 4, 2020, Updated July 6, 2020 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/04/health/239-experts-with-one-big-claim-the-coronavirus-is-airborne.html
Reuters Staff Hundreds of Scientists Say Coronavirus Is Airborne, Ask WHO to Revise Recommendations: NYT NYT - Medscape - Jul 06, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/933420
Morawska L, Milton DK It is Time to Address Airborne Transmission of COVID-19. Clinical Infectious Diseases, July 6, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32628269 https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa939/5867798
Klompas M, Baker MA, Rhee C Airborne Transmission of SARS-CoV-2T. Theoretical Considerations and Available Evidence. JAMA. Published online July 13, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32658248 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2768396
Walket M The Shifting Paradigm of COVID-19 Airborne Transmission - Expert panel points to "circumstantial evidence," though research is evolving MedPage Today August 27, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/88301 - ↑ 60.0 60.1 Coronavirus COVID-19 Global Cases by Johns Hopkins CSSE https://gisanddata.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6
Coronavirus COVID-19 USA cases (Johns Hopkins) https://medpage.maps.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/c7dafaae988f4c07a13a9ede90e43a47
MedPage Today. United States COVID-19 Coronavirus Case Tracker https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/85354 - ↑ 61.0 61.1 Posfay-Barbe KM et al COVID-19 in Children and the Dynamics of Infection in Families. Pediatrics July 2020, e20201576 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32457213 https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2020/07/08/peds.2020-1576#T1
Lee B, Raszka WV COVID-19 Transmission and Children: The Child Is Not to Blame. Pediatrics July 2020, e2020004879 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32457212 https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2020/07/08/peds.2020-004879 - ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 Park YJ, Choe YJ, Park O, Park SY, Kim YM, Kim J, et al. Contact tracing during coronavirus disease outbreak, South Korea, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis. ePub July 16, 2020. 26:10 Oct 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32673193 https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/10/20-1315_article
Heald-Sargent T, Muller WJ, Zheng X et al Age-Related Differences in Nasopharyngeal Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Levels in Patients With Mild to Moderate Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Pediatr. Published online July 30, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32745201 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2768952 - ↑ 63.0 63.1 Chandrashekar A, Liu J, Martinot AJ et al SARS-CoV-2 infection protects against rechallenge in rhesus macaques. Science 20 May 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32434946 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/05/19/science.abc4776
- ↑ 64.0 64.1 Orciari Herman A, Sadoughi S, Saitz R WHO Declares COVID-19 a Pandemic Physician's First Watch, March 11, 2020 David G. Fairchild, MD, MPH, Editor-in-Chief Massachusetts Medical Society http://www.jwatch.org
World Health Organization (WHO) WHO News Briefing March 11, 2020 https://twitter.com/WHO/status/1237774421307228160 Critical preparedness, readiness and response actions for COVID-19 https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/critical-preparedness-readiness-and-response-actions-for-covid-19 - ↑ 65.0 65.1 Nguyen LH, DrewDA, Graham MS et al Risk of COVID-19 among front-line health-care workers and the general community: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Public Health, July 31, 2020 <PubMed> PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511531 PMCID: PMC7273299 Free PMC article <Internet> http://www.thelancet-press.com/embargo/hcwcovid.pdf
- ↑ 66.0 66.1 Aytogan H et al Detection of Coronavirus Disease 2019 Viral Material on Environmental Surfaces of an Ophthalmology Examination Room. JAMA Ophthalmol. Published online August 3, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32761201 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamaophthalmology/fullarticle/2769121
- ↑ 67.0 67.1 Park YJ et al. Contact tracing during coronavirus disease outbreak, South Korea, 2020. Emerg Infect Dis 2020 Jul 16; 26: [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32673193 https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/26/10/20-1315_article
- ↑ 68.0 68.1 Menachemi N, Yiannoutsos CT, Dixon BE et al. Population point prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection based on a statewide random sample -0 Indiana, April 25-9, 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020 Jul 24; 69:960 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32701938 PMCID: PMC7377824 Free PMC article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6929e1.htm
- ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 Lee S, Kim T, Lee E et al Clinical Course and Molecular Viral Shedding Among Asymptomatic and Symptomatic Patients With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in a Community Treatment Center in the Republic of Korea. JAMA Intern Med. Published online August 6, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32780793 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2769235
Rs SH, Lim JS, Kim G et al Upper respiratory viral load in asymptomatic individuals and mildly symptomatic patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Thorax (BMJ Journal) online Sept 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32963115 https://thorax.bmj.com/content/early/2020/08/28/thoraxjnl-2020-215042 - ↑ 70.0 70.1 Steinberg J, Kennedy ED, Basler C, et al. COVID-19 Outbreak Among Employees at a Meat Processing Facility - South Dakota, March-April 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1015-1019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32759914 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6931a2.htm
Donahue M, Sreenivasan N, Stover D, et al. Notes from the Field: Characteristics of Meat Processing Facility Workers with Confirmed SARS-CoV-2 Infection - Nebraska, April-May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1020-1022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32759920 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6931a3.htm
Clayton A San Quentin faces California's deadliest prison outbreak after latest Covid fatalities The Guardian. Aug 4, 2020 https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/aug/04/san-quentin-covid-19-deaths-prison-outbreak
Maxmen A California's San Quentin prison declined free coronavirus tests and urgent advice - now it has a massive outbreak. The storied prison is dealing with the third-largest coronavirus outbreak in the United States. Researchers fear that other institutions are at risk. Nature News. July 7, 2020 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-02042-9 - ↑ 71.0 71.1 71.2 Qin J, You C, Lin Q et al Estimation of incubation period distribution of COVID-19 using disease onset forward time: a novel cross-sectional and forward follow-up study. Science Advances 07 Aug 2020: PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32851189 PMCID: PMC7428324 Free PMC articl https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/early/2020/08/07/sciadv.abc1202 medRxiv. 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32511426 Free PMC article
- ↑ 72.0 72.1 Miller SG, Syal A CDC suggests recovered COVID-19 patients have protection for 3 months New York Times. Aug 16, 2018 https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/cdc-suggests-recovered-covid-19-patients-have-protection-for-3-months/ar-BB17YiGm
- ↑ 73.0 73.1 Sola AM, David AP, Rosbe KW et al Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infection in Children Without Symptoms of Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Pediatr. Published online August 25, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32840605 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2769878
- ↑ 74.0 74.1 Walker M First Case of COVID-19 Reinfection Confirmed - Viral sequence disparity indicates Hong Kong case not simply prolonged infection. MedPage Today August 24, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/88234
To KKW, Hung IFN, Ip JD et al. COVID-19 re-infection by a phylogenetically distinct SARS-coronavirus-2 strain confirmed by whole genome sequencing. Clin Infect Dis 2020 Aug 25 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32840608 https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciaa1275/5897019 - ↑ 75.0 75.1 Kucharski A COVID-19 Data Dives: Preexisting Immunity to SARS-CoV-2 Is a Thing. Medscape - Aug 26, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/936250
- ↑ 76.0 76.1 Jeremias A et al. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among health care workers in a tertiary community hospital. JAMA Intern Med 2020 Aug 11; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32780100 PMCID: PMC7420823 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2769442
- ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Han MS, Choi EH, Chang SH et al Clinical Characteristics and Viral RNA Detection in Children With Coronavirus Disease 2019 in the Republic of Korea. JAMA Pediatr. Published online August 28, 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32857112 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2770150
- ↑ 78.0 78.1 78.2 American Medical Association (AMA) Morning Rounds. Sept 25, 2020
Boehmer TK, DeVies J, Caruso E, et al. Changing age distribution of the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, May-August 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1404-1409 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33001872 Free article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6939e1.htm - ↑ 79.0 79.1 79.2 Viner RM, Mytton OT, Bonell C et al Susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Children and Adolescents Compared With Adults. A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Pediatr. Published online September 25, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32975552 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2771181
- ↑ 80.0 80.1 Rhee C, Baker M, Vaidya V et al. Incidence of nosocomial COVID-19 in patients hospitalized at a large US academic medical center. JAMA Netw Open 2020 Sep 9; 3:e2020498 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32902653 Free article. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2770287
- ↑ 81.0 81.1 Phend C Mosquitoes Don't Help Spread Coronavirus - If there's one thing to be grateful for in 2020... MedPage Today October 1, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/88899
Balaraman V et al Susceptibility of midge and mosquito vectors to SARS-CoV-2 by natural route of infection. bioRxiv 2020 Not indexed in PubMed https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.09.29.317289v1 - ↑ deprecated reference
- ↑ 83.0 83.1 83.2 83.3 AMA News. Oct 13, 2020 American Medican Society Ridell S et a; The effect of temperature on persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on common surfaces. Virology Journal 2020 October. 17 #145 Open Access https://virologyj.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12985-020-01418-7
- ↑ 84.0 84.1 84.2 Bosco-Lauth AM et al. Experimental infection of domestic dogs and cats with SARS-CoV-2: Pathogenesis, transmission, and response to reexposure in cats. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020 Sep 29 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32994343 https://www.pnas.org/content/early/2020/09/28/2013102117
- ↑ 85.0 85.1 85.2 Cassidy A Dutch woman dies after catching Covid-19 twice, the first reported reinfection death. CNN. Oct 13, 2020 https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/13/europe/covid-19-dutch-woman-reinfection-death-intl/index.html
- ↑ 86.0 86.1 Crsit C COVID-19 Doesn't Seem Seasonal, Study Says Medscape - Oct 14, 2020 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/939137
- ↑ 87.0 87.1 Pollard MS et al. Changes in adult alcohol use and consequences during the COVID-19 pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw Open 2020 Sep 29; 3:e2022942. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32990735 PMCID: PMC7525354 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2770975
- ↑ 88.0 88.1 American Medical Association CDC issues new guidance that expands definition of "close contact" for purposes of determining who is at risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. AMA Morning Rounds. Oct 22, 2020
Lou N 'Close Contact' Redefined; Vax Theft Worries; Docs Sans Masks - A daily roundup of news on COVID-19 and the rest of medicine. MedPage Today October 22, 2020 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/89260
Pringle JC, Leikauskas J, Ransom-Kelley S, et al. COVID-19 in a Correctional Facility Employee Following Multiple Brief Exposures to Persons with COVID-19 - ermont, July - August 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 21 October 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33119564 Free article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6943e1.htm - ↑ Clift AK et al COVID-19 Mortality Risk in Down Syndrome: Results From a Cohort Study Of 8 Million Adults. Ann Intern Med 2020. Oct 21 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33085509 https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/10.7326/M20-4986
- ↑ 90.0 90.1 Branden M et al Residential context and COVID-19 mortality among adults aged 70 years and older in Stockholm: a population-based, observational study using individual-level data. The Lancet Healthy Longevity. Oct 27, 2020 Not indexed in PubMed https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhl/article/PIIS2666-7568(20)30016-7/fulltext
Roxby AC, Gure TR Lessons from Sweden: where can older adults shelter from COVID-19? The Lancet Healthy Longevity. Oct 27, 2020 Not indexed in PubMed https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanhl/article/PIIS2666-7568(20)30035-0/fulltext - ↑ 91.0 91.1 Lan F, Suharlim C, Kales SN, et al Association between SARS-CoV-2 infection, exposure risk and mental health among a cohort of essential retail workers in the USA Occupational and Environmental Medicine Published Online First: 30 October 2020. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33127659 https://oem.bmj.com/content/early/2020/10/11/oemed-2020-106774
- ↑ 92.0 92.1 92.2 McGarry PE, SteelFisher GK, Grabowski DC et al COVID-19 Test Result Turnaround Time for Residents and Staff in US Nursing Homes. JAMA Intern Med. Published online October 30, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33125044 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2772656
- ↑ 93.0 93.1 O'Shea D Health Workers and Their Families Account for1 in 6 Hospital COVID-19 Cases. Medscape - Oct 30, 2020 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/940081
Shah ASV, Wood R, Gribben C et al Risk of hospital admission with coronavirus disease 2019 in healthcare workers and their households: nationwide linkage cohort study. BMJ. 2020 Oct 28 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33115726 PMCID: PMC7591828 Free PMC article - ↑ 94.0 94.1 White EM et al. Asymptomatic and presymptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection rates in a multistate sample of skilled nursing facilities. JAMA Intern Med 2020 Oct 19; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33074318 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/fullarticle/2771816
- ↑ 95.0 95.1 Goodman B Coughs Can Send Coronavirus Virus Farther Than 6 Feet. Medscape - Nov 05, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/940473
Russell P Coughing 'Can Spread SARS-CoV-2 Virus Beyond Two Metres'. Medscape UK. November 24, 2021 https://www.medscape.co.uk/viewarticle/coughing-can-spread-sars-cov-2-virus-beyond-two-metres-2021a1002f51 - ↑ 96.0 96.1 Gorman J Denmark Will Kill All Farmed Mink, Citing Coronavirus Infections New York Times. Nov. 4, 2020, Updated Nov. 4, 2020 https://www.nytimes.com/2020/11/04/health/covid-mink-mutation.html
- ↑ 97.0 97.1 Fisher KA, Olson SM, Tenforde MW, et al. Telework Before Illness Onset Among Symptomatic Adults Aged >= 18 Years With and Without COVID-19 in 11 Outpatient Health Care Facilities - United States, July 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1648-1653 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33151918 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6944a4.htm
- ↑ 98.0 98.1 98.2 Pombal R,Hosegood I, Powell D Risk of COVID-19 During Air Travel JAMA. 2020;324(17):1798 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33022035 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2771435
- ↑ 99.0 99.1 AMA News. Nov 11, 2020 American Medical Association
Chang S, Pierson E, Koh PW et al. Mobility network models of COVID-19 explain inequities and inform reopening. Nature. 2020 Nov 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33171481 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2923-3#Abs1 - ↑ 100.0 100.1 American Academy of Pediatrics. Nov 16, 2020 Children and COVID-19: State-Level Data Report. https://services.aap.org/en/pages/2019-novel-coronavirus-covid-19-infections/children-and-covid-19-state-level-data-report/
- ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 Reuters Staff MMR Vaccine Linked With Less Severe COVID-19. Medscape - Nov 20, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/941391
Gold JE, Baumgartl WH, Okyay RA et al Analysis of Measles-Mumps-Rubella (MMR) Titers of Recovered COVID-19 Patients. mBio. 2020 Nov 20;11(6):e02628-20 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33219096 PMCID: PMC7686805 Free PMC article https://mbio.asm.org/content/11/6/e02628-20 - ↑ 102.0 102.1 AMA Morning Rounds. Nov 30, 2020 American Medical Association
- ↑ 103.0 103.1 Cevik M, Tate M, Lloyd O et al SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, and MERS-CoV viral load dynamics, duration of viral shedding, and infectiousness: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The Lancet Microbe. 2020. Nov 19. Not indexed in PubMed https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanmic/article/PIIS2666-5247(20)30172-5/fulltext
- ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Mutambudzi M et al Occupation and risk of severe COVID-19: prospective cohort study of 120,075 UK Biobank participants. BMJ. Occupational & Environmental Medicine. online Dec. 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33298533 https://oem.bmj.com/content/early/2020/12/01/oemed-2020-106731
- ↑ 105.0 105.1 Peckham H, de Gruijter NM, Raine C et al Male sex identified by global COVID-19 meta-analysis as a risk factor for death and ITU admission. Nat Commun 2020 Dec 9;11(1):6317 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33298944 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-19741-6
- ↑ 106.0 106.1 Woolf SH, Chapman DA, Lee JH COVID-19 as the Leading Cause of Death in the United States. JAMA. Published online December 17, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33331845 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2774465
Koh HK, Geller AC, VanderWeele TJ Deaths From COVID-19. JAMA. Published online December 17, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33331884 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2774464 - ↑ 107.0 107.1 Laws RL et al. Symptoms and transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among children - Utah and Wisconsin, March-May 2020. Pediatrics 2020 Dec 3; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33033178 https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/early/2020/12/01/peds.2020-027268
- ↑ 108.0 108.1 Faust JS, Krumholz HM, Du C et al All-Cause Excess Mortality and COVID-19-Related Mortality Among US Adults Aged 25-44 Years, March-July 2020. JAMA. Published online December 16, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33325994 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2774445l
- ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 Choe PG, Kim KH, Kang CK et al Antibody Responses 8 Months after Asymptomatic or Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Emerging Infectious Diseases 2021. 27(3) March (Early release) Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) https://wwwnc.cdc.gov/eid/article/27/3/20-4543_article
Rodda LB et al. Functional SARS-CoV-2-specific immune memory persists after mild COVID-19. Cell. 2021 Jan 7;184(1):169-183.e17 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33296701 PMCID: PMC7682481 Free PMC article https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(20)31565-8
Gaebler C, Wang Z, Lorenzi JCC et al. Evolution of antibody immunity to SARS-CoV-2. Nature 2021 Jan 18; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33461210 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03207-w - ↑ 110.0 110.1 Harrison L Scant Risk for SARS-CoV-2 From Hospital Air. Medscape - Dec 28, 2020. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/943229
- ↑ 111.0 111.1 Hobbs CV, Martin LM, Kim SS, et al. Factors Associated with Positive SARS-CoV-2 Test Results in Outpatient Health Facilities and Emergency Departments Among Children and Adolescents Aged < 18 Years - Mississippi, September-November 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2020;69:1925-1929 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6950e3.htm
- ↑ 112.0 112.1 112.2 Cennimo DJ, Bergman SJ COVID-19 Vaccines. Medscape. Dec 31, 2020 https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/2500139-overview
Monod M, Blenkinsop A, Xi X et al Age groups that sustain resurging COVID-19 epidemics in the United States. Science. Feb 2, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33531384 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/02/01/science.abe8372 - ↑ 113.0 113.1 113.2 Dan JM, Mateus J, Kato Y et al Immunological memory to SARS-CoV-2 assessed for up to 8 months after infection. Science 06 Jan 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33408181 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/01/06/science.abf4063
- ↑ 114.0 114.1 114.2 Henderson J Most COVID Transmission Is Still Asymptomatic. Some 60% of spread starts with those who have no symptoms, and that may be higher with Omicron. MedPage Today May 10, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/98632
Johansson MA, Quandelacy TM, Kada S et al SARS-CoV-2 Transmission From People Without COVID-19 Symptoms. JAMA Netw Open. 2021;4(1):e2035057 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33410879 PMCID: PMC7791354 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/27747 - ↑ 115.0 115.1 Edlow AG, Li JZ, Collier AY et al. Assessment of maternal and neonatal SARS-CoV-2 viral load, transplacental antibody transfer, and placental pathology in pregnancies during the COVID-19 pandemic. JAMA Netw Open 2020 Dec 22; 3:e2030455. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33351086 PMCID: PMC7756241 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2774428
- ↑ 116.0 116.1 Kim MC et al Duration of Culturable SARS-CoV-2 in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med 2021. Jan 27 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33503337 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2027040
- ↑ 117.0 117.1 Wacharapluesadee S, Tan CW, Maneeorn P et al Evidence for SARS-CoV-2 related coronaviruses circulating in bats and pangolins in Southeast Asia. Nature Communications volume 12, Article number: 972 (2021) Feb 9 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33563978 Free article https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21240-1
- ↑ 118.0 118.1 Letizia AG, Ge Y, Vangeti,S et al SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective cohort study. medRxiv Jan 29, 2021 Not indexed in PubMed https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.01.26.21250535v1
- ↑ 119.0 119.1 Sabino EC, Buss LF, Carvalho MPS et al Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence. Lancet. 2021 Feb 6;397(10273):452-455 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33515491
- ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 Mwenda M, Saasa N, Sinyange N et al. Detection of B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 Variant Strain - Zambia, December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 17 February 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33630820 Free article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7008e2.htm
Mwananyanda L, Gill CJ, MacLeod W Covid-19 deaths in Africa: prospective systematic postmortem surveillance study. BMJ 2021;372:n334 Feb 17 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33597166 https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n334 - ↑ 121.0 121.1 Nelson EJ, McKune SL, Ryan KA et al SARS-CoV-2 Positivity on or After 9 Days Among Quarantined Student Contacts of Confirmed Cases. JAMA. 2021;325(15):1561-1562 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33605978 PMCID: PMC7896242 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2776857
- ↑ 122.0 122.1 Ellis R FDA: COVID-19 Not Transmitted by Food or Packaging Medscape - Feb 19, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/946116
- ↑ 123.0 123.1 Gold JA, Gettings JR, Kimball A, et al. Clusters of SARS-CoV-2 Infection Among Elementary School Educators and Students in One School District - Georgia, December 2020-January 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 22 February 2021. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33630823 Free article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7008e4.htm
- ↑ 124.0 124.1 Heslin KC, Hall JE. Sexual Orientation Disparities in Risk Factors for Adverse COVID-19-Related Outcomes, by Race/Ethnicity - Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, United States, 2017-2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:149-154 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33539330 PMCID: PMC7861482 Free PMC article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7005a1.htm
- ↑ 125.0 125.1 Crist C Carolyn Crist. Gym Sessions Without Masks Can Spread COVID-19, CDC Studies Say Medscape - Feb 25, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/946490
- ↑ 126.0 126.1 Cavanaugh AM, Thoroughman D, Miranda H, Spicer K. Suspected Recurrent SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Residents of a Skilled Nursing Facility During a Second COVID-19 Outbreak - Kentucky, July-November 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:273-277 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33630817 Free article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7008a3.htm
- ↑ 127.0 127.1 Pilz S, Chakeri A, Ioannidis JPA et al. SARS-CoV-2 re-infection risk in Austria. Eur J Clin Invest 2021 Feb 13; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33583018 https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/eci.13520
- ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 Hobbs CV, Drobeniuc J, Kittle T, et al. Estimated SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Among Persons Aged < 18 Years - Mississippi, May-September 2020 MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2021;70:312-315 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7009a4.htm
- ↑ 129.0 129.1 Hansen CH, Michlmayr D, Gubbels SM et al Assessment of protection against reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 among 4 million PCR-tested individuals in Denmark in 2020: a population-level observational study. Lancet. 2021. March 17 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33743221 PMCID: PMC7969130 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00575-4/fulltext
- ↑ 130.0 130.1 Forbes H et al Association between living with children and outcomes from covid-19: OpenSAFELY cohort study of 12 million adults in England. BMJ 2021;372:n628 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33737413 PMCID: PMC7970340 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n628
- ↑ 131.0 131.1 World Health Organization (WHO) WHO-convened global study of origins of SARS-CoV-2: China Part. Joint WHO-China study: 14 January - 10 February 2021 https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/who-convened-global-study-of-origins-of-sars-cov-2-china-part
WHO calls for further studies, data on origin of SARS-CoV-2 virus, reiterates that all hypotheses remain open. News release. March 30, 2021 https://www.who.int/news/item/30-03-2021-who-calls-for-further-studies-data-on-origin-of-sars-cov-2-virus-reiterates-that-all-hypotheses-remain-open - ↑ 132.0 132.1 Goodman B Children Likely the 'Leading Edge' in Spread of COVID-19 Variants. Medscape - Apr 01, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/948584
- ↑ 133.0 133.1 American Medical Association (AMA) AMA Morning Rounds. April 6, 2021.
- ↑ 134.0 134.1 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Cleaning and Disinfecting Your Facility Every Day and When Someone is Sick Updated Apr. 5, 2021 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/community/disinfecting-building-facility.html
- ↑ 135.0 135.1 Tinker B, Fox M So far, 5,800 fully vaccinated people have caught Covid anyway in US, CDC says. CNN Health. April 15, 2021 https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/14/health/breakthrough-infections-covid-vaccines-cdc/index.html
American Medical Association (AMA) AMA Morning Report. April 16, 2021 - ↑ 136.0 136.1 Walker M Young Men Not Immune to Getting COVID Twice. Study in U.S. Marines stresses importance of vaccination, author says. MedPage Today April 15, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/92113
Letizia AG, Ge Y, Vangeti S et al SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity and subsequent infection risk in healthy young adults: a prospective cohort study. Lancet Respir Med 2021. April 15. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33865504 PMCID: PMC8049591 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(21)00158-2/fulltext
Velasco M, Guijarro C. SARS-CoV-2 reinfection in a closed setting: lessons for the community. Lancet Respir Med 2021. April 15. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33865505 PMCID: PMC8049587 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanres/article/PIIS2213-2600(21)00187-9/fulltext - ↑ 137.0 137.1 137.2 Allen JG, Ibrahim AM Indoor Air Changes and Potential Implications for SARS-CoV-2 Transmission. JAMA. Published online April 16, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861316 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2779062
- ↑ 138.0 138.1 Chappell B Children Now Account For 22% Of New U.S. COVID Cases. Why Is That? Coronavirus Updates. May 3, 2021 https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2021/05/03/993141036/children-now-account-for-22-of-new-u-s-covid-cases-why-is-that
- ↑ 139.0 139.1 American Medical Association (AMA) AMA Morning News. May 10,, 2021
Centers for Disease Control * Prevention (CED) How COVID-19 Spreads. Update. May 7, 2021 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/how-covid-spreads.html - ↑ 140.0 140.1 Sowerby LJ, Nichols AC, Gibson R et al Assessing the Risk of SARS-CoV-2 Transmission via Surgical Electrocautery Plume. JAMA Surg. Published online May 21, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34019099 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2780434
- ↑ 141.0 141.1 Gordon MR, Strobel WP, Hinshaw D Intelligence on Sick Staff at Wuhan Lab Fuels Debate on Covid-19 Origin. Wall Street Journal. May 23, 2021 https://www.wsj.com/articles/intelligence-on-sick-staff-at-wuhan-lab-fuels-debate-on-covid-19-origin-11621796228
- ↑ 142.0 142.1 Chung E, Chow EJ, Wilcox NC et al Comparison of Symptoms and RNA Levels in Children and Adults With SARS-CoV-2 Infection in the Community Setting. JAMA Pediatr. Published online June 11, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34115094 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2780964
- ↑ 143.0 143.1 143.2 American Medical Association (AMA) AMA Morning Rounds. August 2, 2021 MorningRounds@ama.bulletinhealthcare.com
Brown CM, Vostok J, Johnson H et al. Outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 Infections, Including COVID-19 Vaccine Breakthrough Infections, Associated with Large Public Gatherings - Barnstable County, Massachusetts, July 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 30 July 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34351882 Free article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7031e2.htm - ↑ 144.0 144.1 144.2 Paul LA, Daneman N, Schwartz KL et al Association of Age and Pediatric Household Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Infection. JAMA Pediatr. Published online August 16, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34398179 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/2783022
- ↑ 145.0 145.1 Brooks M Children's Upper Airways Primed to Combat SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Medscape. August 26, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/957350
Loske J, Rohmel J, Lukassen S et al Pre-activated antiviral innate immunity in the upper airways controls early SARS-CoV-2 infection in children. Nat Biotechnol 2021. August 18. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41587-021-01037-9 - ↑ 146.0 146.1 146.2 Jones JM, Stone M, Sulaeman H et al Estimated US Infection- and Vaccine-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence Based on Blood Donations, July 2020-May 2021. JAMA. Published online September 2, 2021. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34473201 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2784013
- ↑ 147.0 147.1 Mallapaty S Did the coronavirus jump from animals to people twice? Nature News. 2021. September 16. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02519-1
- ↑ 148.0 148.1 148.2 Frellick M HEPA Filters May Clean Sars-CoV-2 From the Air: Study Medscape. October 8, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/960569
Conway-Morris A, Sharrocks K, Bousfield R et al The removal of airborne SARS-CoV-2 and other microbial bioaerosols by air filtration on COVID-19 surge units. medRxiv. September 22, 2021 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.09.16.21263684v1.full
Thompson T Real-world data show that filters clean COVID-causing virus from air. Nature News. October 6, 2021 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02669-2 - ↑ 149.0 149.1 Peeples L COVID reinfections likely within one or two years, models propose. Nature News. October 19, 2021 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-021-02825-8
- ↑ 150.0 150.1 Hsu L, Grune B, Buess M et al. COVID-19 breakthrough infections and transmission risk: Real-world data analyses from Germany's largest public health department (Cologne). Vaccines (Basel) 2021 Nov 2; 9:1267. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34835198 PMCID: PMC8624814 Free PMC article https://www.mdpi.com/2076-393X/9/11/1267
- ↑ 151.0 151.1 151.2 Ellis R Omicron Survives Longer on Plastic, Skin Than Other COVID Variants. Medscape. Jan 25, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/967246
Hirose R, Itoh Y, Ikegaya H et al Differences in environmental stability among SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern: Omicron has higher stability. bioRxiv. Jan 19, 2022 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.01.18.476607v1.full - ↑ 152.0 152.1 Mallapaty S How sneezing hamsters sparked a COVID outbreak in Hong Kong. Nature News. Feb 4, 2022 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00322-0
- ↑ 153.0 153.1 Worobey M, Levy JI, Malpica Serrano LM et al The Huanan market was the epicenter of SARS-CoV-2 emergence. Zenodo. Feb 26, 2022 https://zenodo.org/record/6299116#.Yhzrgd-IZB1
Maxmen S Wuhan market was epicentre of pandemic's start, studies suggest. Nature News. Feb 27, 2022 https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-022-00584-8
Crist C Studies Indicate COVID Pandemic Began in Wuhan Market. Medscape. Feb 28, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/969304 - ↑ 154.0 154.1 Pekar JE, Magee A, Parker E et al SARS-CoV-2 emergence very likely resulted from at least two zoonotic events. Zenodo. Feb 26, 2022 https://zenodo.org/record/6291628#.Yhzta9-IZB0
- ↑ 155.0 155.1 Pickering B, Lung O, Maguire F et al Highly divergent white-tailed deer SARS-CoV-2 with potential deer-to-human transmission. bioRxiv. 2022. Feb 25. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.02.22.481551v1
- ↑ 156.0 156.1 Reuters. Pandemic's Death Toll Likely Vastly Underestimated. Medscape. March 14, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/970178
COVID-19 Excess Mortality Collaborators Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020-2021 Lancet. 2022;S0140-6736(21)02796-3. March 10 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35279232 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)02796-3/fulltext - ↑ 157.0 157.1 Monaco K COVID Was Third Leading Cause of U.S. Deaths in 2021, Says CDC. But agency sees racial disparities shrink versus 2020. MedPage Today April 22, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/98375
Truman BI, Chang M, Moonesinghe R. Provisional COVID-19 Age-Adjusted Death Rates, by Race and Ethnicity - United States, 2020-2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 22 April 2022 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7117e2.htm - ↑ 158.0 158.1 Walker M Over 50% of U.S. Population Has Contracted COVID-19, CDC Says. But prior infection does not guarantee protection against reinfection, officials caution. MedPage Today April 26, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/98414
Clarke KE, Jones JM, Deng Y, et al. Seroprevalence of Infection-Induced SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies - United States, September 2021-February 2022. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2022;71 https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/71/wr/mm7117e3.htm - ↑ 159.0 159.1 Matthews S Mortality Comparison of COVID-19, Influenza Among Hospitalized Older Adults. Annals of Long-Term Care. April 28, 2022 https://www.hmpgloballearningnetwork.com/site/altc/news/mortality-comparison-covid-19-influenza-among-hospitalized-older-adults
Seligman B, Charest B, Ho YL et al. 30-day mortality following COVID-19 and influenza hospitalization among US veterans aged 65 and older. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2022. April 26. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35474510 - ↑ 160.0 160.1 160.2 160.3 Rubin R SARS-CoV-2 RNA Can Persist in Stool Months After Respiratory Tract Clears Virus. JAMA. Published online May 18, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35583898 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2792688
Natarajan A et al. Gastrointestinal symptoms and fecal shedding of SARS-CoV-2 RNA suggest prolonged gastrointestinal infection. Med (N Y) 2022 Apr 12; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35434682 PMCID: PMC9005383 Free PMC article https://www.cell.com/med/fulltext/S2666-6340(22)00167-2 - ↑ 161.0 161.1 161.2 Buitrago-Garcia D, Egli-Gany D, Counotte MJ et al Occurrence and transmission potential of asymptomatic and presymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections: Update of a living systematic review and meta-analysis. PLOS. 2022. May 26 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32960881 PMCID: PMC7508369 Free PMC article https://journals.plos.org/plosmedicine/article?id=10.1371/journal.pmed.1003987
- ↑ 162.0 162.1 Jung J, Kin JY, Park H et al Transmission and Infectious SARS-CoV-2 Shedding Kinetics in Vaccinated and Unvaccinated Individuals. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(5):e2213606. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35608859 Free Article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2792598
- ↑ 163.0 163.1 163.2 163.3 Goldberg Y et al Protection and Waning of Natural and Hybrid Immunity to SARS-CoV-2. N Engl J Med 2022. May 25 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35613036 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2118946
- ↑ 164.0 164.1 164.2 Duval D, Palmer JC, Tudge I et al. Long distance airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Rapid systematic review. BMJ 2022 Jun 29; 377:e068743. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35768139 PMCID: PMC9240778 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/377/bmj-2021-068743
Dancer SJ. Airborne SARS-CoV-2. BMJ 2022 Jun 29; 377:o1408 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35768134 https://www.bmj.com/content/377/bmj.o1408 - ↑ 165.0 165.1 165.2 Madhusoodanan J Animal Reservoirs - Where the Next SARS-CoV-2 Variant Could Arise. JAMA. Published online August 3, 2022 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35921126 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2795140
- ↑ 166.0 166.1 Joung SY, Ebinger JE, Sun N et al Awareness of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Infection Among Adults With Recent COVID-19 Seropositivity. JAMA Netw Open. 2022;5(8):e2227241 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/35976645 PMCID: PMC9386542 Free PMC article https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2795246
- ↑ 167.0 167.1 Seitz A Biden administration extends COVID public health emergency. ABC News. Oct 13, 2022 https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/biden-administration-extends-covid-public-health-emergency-91471846
- ↑ 168.0 168.1 Ellis R Man With COVID Finally Tests Negative After 411 Days. Medscape. Nov 4, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/983557
- ↑ 169.0 169.1 169.2 Bilinski A, Thompson K, Emanuel E. COVID-19 and Excess All-Cause Mortality in the US and 20 Comparison Countries, June 2021-March 2022. JAMA. Published online November 18, 2022. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36399335 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2798990
- ↑ 170.0 170.1 Klaassen F, Chitwood MH, Cohen T et al Changes in population immunity against infection and severe disease from SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants in the United States between December 2021 and November 2022. medRxiv. Nov 20, 2022 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2022.11.19.22282525v1
- ↑ 171.0 171.1 171.2 Pan Y, Wang L, Feng Z et al Characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 variants in Beijing during 2022: an epidemiological and phylogenetic analysis. Lancet. 2023. Feb 8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3677361 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(23)00129-0/fulltext
- ↑ 172.0 172.1 Fralick M et al. Detection of Covid-19 outbreaks using built environment testing for SARS-CoV-2. NEJM Evid 2023 Feb 17; [e-pub]. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/38320044 https://evidence.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/EVIDoa2200203
- ↑ 173.0 173.1 Wu KJ The Strongest Evidence Yet That an Animal Started the Pandemic. A new analysis of genetic samples from China appears to link the pandemic's origin to raccoon dogs. The Atlantic. March 16, 2023 https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2023/03/covid-origins-research-raccoon-dogs-wuhan-market-lab-leak/673390/
Mueller B New Data Links Pandemic's Origins to Raccoon Dogs at Wuhan Market. New York Times. March 14, 2023 https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/new-data-links-pandemic-s-origins-to-raccoon-dogs-at-wuhan-market/ar-AA18JJ2A - ↑ 174.0 174.1 174.2 McGarry BE et al. Covid-19 surveillance testing and resident outcomes in nursing homes. N Engl J Med 2023 Mar 23; 388:1101. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36947467
- ↑ 175.0 175.1 Lewis D, Kozlov M, Lenharo M. COVID-origins data from Wuhan market published: what scientists think. First peer-reviewed analysis of the Chinese swabs confirms animal DNA was present in samples that tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. Nature News. 2023. April 5. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00998-y
Liu WJ, Liu P, Lei W et al Surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 at the Huanan Seafood Market. Nature. 2023. Feb 17 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37019149 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-023-06043-2.epdf - ↑ 176.0 176.1 Harris E WHO Declares End of COVID-19 Global Health Emergency. JAMA. Published online May 17, 2023. doi:10.1001/jama.2023.8656 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37195734 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2805298
Wise J. Covid-19: WHO declares end of global health emergency. BMJ. 2023. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37160309 - ↑ 177.0 177.1 177.2 Ingram I Nose-Picking Health Workers Had Higher COVID Risk. "Deserves more consideration as a potential health hazard," researchers say MedPage Today August 3, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/105754
Lavell AHA, et al. Why not to pick your nose: Association between nose picking and SARS-CoV-2 incidence, a cohort study in hospital health care workers. PLoS One. 2023. August 2. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37531335 PMCID: PMC10395815 Free PMC article. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0288352 - ↑ Ahmad FB, Cisewski JA, Xu J, Anderson RN. COVID-19 Mortality Update - United States, 2022 Morbidity & Mortality Weekly Report. 2023;72(18):493-496 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37141157 PMCID: PMC10168601 Free PMC article
- ↑ 179.0 179.1 Moniuszko S. Gualtieri AE New COVID vaccine for 2024, isolation guidelines, free tests and more questions, answered. CBS News. Sept 4, 2024 https://www.cbsnews.com/news/covid-2024-guidelines-isolation-tests-vaccine/
- ↑ 180.0 180.1 180.2 180.3 Mallapaty S COVID pandemic started in Wuhan market animals after all, suggests latest study. The finding comes from a reanalysis of genomic data. Nature News. Sept 20, 2924
- ↑ 181.0 181.1 181.2 181.3 181.4 181.5 181.6 Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Covid Data Tracker https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#datatracker-home