severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; SARS-CoV2; Wuhan coronavirus

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Introduction

  • Covariants is a free & open source resource that provides an overview of SARS-CoV2 variants & mutations[21]

Epidemiology

Pathology

Genetics

alpha

  • mutation VUI-202012/01 (B.1.1.7 dubbed 'alpha') discovered in the United Kingdom[9][33]
    • has been found in Australia, Denmark, Iceland, Italy. the Netherlands, Japan, Australia, & Lebanon
    • first case in U.S. found in Colorado[10]
    • does not appear to cause more severe disease than other variants[9][24]
    • English variant B.1.1.7 may be associated with higher risk of mortality than wild type SAS CoV2 (RR=1.6)[11][18][21]
    • both vaccines being used in the U.K. are effective against the variant.
    • appears to be a more transmissible (contagious) variant[9][10]
      • 43-90% higher transmissibility than earlier strains[17]
    • affects higher proportion of younger persons < 20 years of age[10]
    • predicted to become most prevalent strain of virus in U.S. by March[12]

beta

gamma

  • variant 20J/501Y.V3 or P.1 variant dubbed gamma discovered in Brazil
    • P.1 variant is related to South African B.1.351[5][20]
    • found in U.S. & is more transmissible[14][28]
    • neutralizing antibodies from Moderna & Pfizer vaccines 5- to 6-fold less effective against the variants discovered in Brazil[20]
    • breakthrough infections in fully vaccinated in French Guiana (87% symptomatic, no severe infections) 56% had received Pfizer vaccine[47]
    • rapid spread of Gamma variant in Brazil, replaced other variants in < 3 months[59]

delta

epsilon

Eris

  • Eris named for a dwarf planet in the solar system between Neptune & Pluto[118]
  • EG.5 accounts for 17% of all U.S. COVID infections Aug 7, 2023
    • up 12% from previous week[118]
  • the most prevalent COVID-19 variants globally one August 23, 2023 were XBB.1.16 & EG.5 each comprising 25% of total[121]
  • EG.5 is a descendant of the XBB strains
  • no indication so far that EG.5 is more contagious or severe than other variants
  • current vaccines protect against the variant (CDC)[118]

iota

  • B.1.526 (dubbed 'iota'): reduced efficacy of some antibody treatments
    • found in New York Feb 2021[16]
    • most common mutations L5F, T95I, D253G, E484K or S477N, D614G, & A701V[16]

eta

zeta

  • P.2 (dubbed 'zeta'): decreased response to some antibody treatments.
  • B.1.617.1 (dubbed 'kappa'): decreased response to some antibody treatments
  • B.1.617.3 (no designation): decreased response to some antibody treatments

mu

Omicron variant

  • variant, called B.1.1.529 1st identified in Botswana
  • data suggest Omicron may be less severe variant than Delta[71]
  • Omicron variant accountd for almost 100% of COVID-19 cases in the United States Feb 2022
  • the 7-day average of daily COVID-related deaths hit 2,600 in Feb 2022, the highest rate in about a year
    • Omicron appears to be less severe than Delta, but is not 'mild' (WHO)[76]
  • Omicron ~1/2 as likely as Delta to cause long Covid-19 (~5%)[96]
  • Omicron variant could make it more likely that people will need a 4th Covid-19 vaccine earlier than expected[67]
  • prior SARS-CoV-2 infection less effective at preventing reinfection with Omicron vs prior variants; 56% for Omicron, 90% for Alpha, 86% for Beta, 92% for Delta[82]
    • however, no reinfections resulted in death
    • prior Omicron infection 88% effective at preventing severe/critical reinfection[82]
  • Regen-Cov less effective against Omicron variant in preliminary tests[65]
  • Pfizer CEO thinks it unlikely Paxlovid will be less effective against Omicron[66]
  • Moderna 50 ug booster increases antibodies to Omicron by 37-fold within 1 month[70]
  • a 3rd dose of Pfizer or Moderna mRNA vaccine increases cross-reactive antibody responses sufficient to neutralize Omicron[77]
  • majority of T cell response, induced by vaccination or natural infection, cross-recognises the Omicron variant[72]
  • new, highly contagious subvariant of Omicron has emerged BA.2, or 'son of Omicron'[78]
    • Omicron BA.1 is the original Omicron[86]
    • Omicron subvariant BA.2 1.5-fold more contagious than BA.1[80]
    • Omicron subvariant BA.2 23% of SARS-CoV2 variants in U.S. March 16, 2022[87], 55% of COVID variants in the U.S. March 26, 2022 according to CDC estimates
    • BA.5 Omicron subvariant makes up ~80% of COVID-19 cases July 21, 2022[102]
      • BA.5 Omicron subvariant makes up ~68% of COVID-19 cases Oct 17, 2022[107]
    • BA.2 may cause more severe disease than BA.1[84]
    • BA.2 causes less severe disease than BA.1[89]
    • BA.2 known as stealth variant because it is more difficult to detect[86]
    • BA.2.12.1 accounts for 26% of sequenced genomes in North America May 2022[94]
    • no real-world evidence that BA.2 causes more severe disease than BA.1[85]
    • BA.2.75 first detected in India in May 2022, by July 2022 found in least 10 countries in Asia, Europe, North America, & Australia[100]
      • more worrisome BA.2.75.2[107]
    • BA.2.86 is a highly mutated variant
      • detected in the United States, Denmark & Israel[119]
      • may be more more capable than older variants in causing infection in previously infected or vaccinated persons[120]
      • too soon to know if BA.2.86 causes more severe illness than previous variants[120]
    • Omicron variants BA.3 & BA.4 identified[86]
    • Omicron variants BA.4 & BA.5 identified in U.S.[95]
      • prior Omicron infection provides some protection against BA.4 & BA.5 variants[103]
      • recovery from Omicron BA.2 or BA.2.12.1 probably does not confer protection against Omicron BA.4 or BA.5[95][101]
    • BA.5=83%, BA.4.6=12%, BF.7=2.3%, BA.4 & BA.2.76 each=1.4% of circulating strains in U.S. Sept 18-24 2022[106]
    • Omicron BA.2.12.1, BA.4,& BA.5 subvariants escape neutralizing antibodies induced by both vaccination & infection[97][104]
    • similar protection against severe, critical, or fatal Omicron infection conferred by previous infection, vaccination, or a combination of both[99]
    • a third vaccine dose results in recall & expansion of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein- specific memory B cells, leading to neutralizing antibodies with enhanced potency & breadth against variants[104]
    • night sweats associated with Omicron infection, especially BA.5[98]
  • Omicron XE a combination of the original Omicron strain & subvariant Omicron BA.2 identified in the United Kingdom[92]
  • BQ.1.1, BA.2.3.20, & XBB variants of concern[107]
    • BQ.1 & BQ.1.1 make up ~20% of COVID-19 cases in the New York & New Jersey region, as of Oct 17, 2022 & 12% of strains in U.S.[108]
    • BQ.1 is a BA.5 sub-lineage, thus some cross protection anticipated for the current (October 2022) Pfizer & Moderna bivalent vaccines[107]
    • Omicron BQ & XBB subvariants may be resistant to Pfizer & Moderna bivalent vaccines[112]
    • XBB is 17% of strains in Singpore with 92% vaccination rate Oct 18 2022[108]
    • XBB was estimated to account for 18.3% of the COVID-19 cases in the United States & 50% of cases in the Northeast in the week ended Dec. 24, 2022[113]
    • XBB.1.5 40%, BQ.1.1 27%, BQ.1 18% of US cases in week ending Dec. 31, 2022[114][115]
    • XBB.1.5 (Kraken variant) may be most infectious SARS CoV2 variant yet[115]
    • XBB.1.5 is so transmissible that everyone is at risk of infection, even if prior infection & fully vaccinated[115]
    • XBB.1.16 Arcturus (formally, Omicron subvariant XBB.1.16)
  • Omicron BN.1 linked to ~4.3% of cases in U.S. Nov. 2022[109]
  • during Omicron predominance, COVID-19 hospitalization rates in Los Angeles County among unvaccinated persons were 23.0 times those of fully vaccinated persons with a booster, & 5.3 times those among fully vaccinated persons without a booster[81]
  • Omicron survives ~ as long as Alpha on plastic (193 hours average) & 21 hours on skin[79]
  • Omicron variant CH.1.1 'Orthrus' named after a monster canine in Greek mythology has a mutation, L452R, present in the Delta variant & Omicron variants BA.4 & BA.5
    • CH.1.1 emerged in Southeast Asia in November 2022, now accounts for ~ 1/4 of cases in Feb 2023 in the U.K. & New Zealand[116]
  • Omicron variant HV.1 major circulating strain in U.S. Fall of 2023
    • sublineage of omicron XBB.1.9.2 & a direct descendent of EG.5,
    • subvariants XBB.1.5, EG.5 & FL.1.5.1 on the rise in U.S. Fall of 2023[122]
    • JN.1 declared variant of interest by WHO in Dec 2023[123]
  • new variant FLiRT identified in U.S. 2024[124]
    • KP.3 & KP.3.1.1 account for almost 1/2 of all COVID-19 cases in the U.S. in August 2024[125]
    • KP.3.1.1 variant accounts for 53% of positive Covid-19 cases Sept 20, 2024[126]
    • XEC is s recombinant or hybrid of the strains KS.1.1 & KP.3.3.
      • it is allegedly more contagious but not more virulent than previous strains[127]

C.1.2

  • new variant, known as C.1.2[55]
    • first detected in South Africa in May 2021
    • now spread to most South African provinces & to 7 other countries in Africa, Europe, Asia & Oceania
    • contains many mutations associated in other variants with increased transmissibility & reduced sensitivity to neutralising antibodies, but in a different mix
    • most distant variant from the original Wuhan coronavirus, with 44-59 mutations[55]

lambda

R.1 variant 1st reported in Japan

outlook

  • viruses have only been sequenced from ~51,000 of 17 million U.S. cases in Dec 2020[15]
  • $1.7 billion national network to identify & track coronavirus mutations in the U.S. is in the works[25]
  • Covid-19 is likely here to stay as SARS-CoV2 continues to mutate in unvaccinated countries across the world & previous hopes of eradicating it diminish (WHO)[56]

early reports

human genetic factors

other issues

Can SARS CoV2 RNA genes insert into human DNA?[31]

Clinical manifestations

Laboratory

Diagnostic procedures

Radiology

Complications

Management

Comparative biology

More general terms

More specific terms

Additional terms

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Lu R, Zhao X, Li J et al Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet. 2020. Jan 30. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32007145 https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30251-8/fulltext
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Universita di Bologna The six strains of SARS-CoV-2 Science News. Aug 3, 2020 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/08/200803105246.htm
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Walsh NK CNN Exclusive: WHO Wuhan mission finds possible signs of wider original outbreak in 2019. CNN Health. Feb 14, 2021 https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/14/health/who-mission-china-intl/index.html
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Zimmer C New California Variant May Be Driving Virus Surge There, Study Suggest New York Times. Jan 19, 2021 https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/19/health/coronavirus-variant-california.html
    By City News Service, Jan 18, 2021 New Coronavirus Strain Found in More Than One-Third of Cases in Cedars-Sinai Study. https://www.nbclosangeles.com/news/local/new-coronavirus-strain-cedars-sinai-los-angeles-covid-19-surge/2508635/
    Zhang W, Davis BD, Chen SS et al Emergence of a Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant in Southern California. JAMA. Published online February 11, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33571356 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2776543
    Mascola ER, Graham BS, Fauci AS SARS-CoV-2 Viral Variants - Tackling a Moving Target. JAMA. Published online February 11, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33571363 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2776542
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 More JP, Offit PA SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines and the Growing Threat of Viral Variants. JAMA. Published online January 28, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33507218 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2776039
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kaplan S, Achenbach J This coronavirus mutation has taken over the world. Scientists are trying to understand why. Washington Post. June 29 https://www.washingtonpost.com/science/2020/06/29/coronavirus-mutation-science/
    Carey B Did a Mutation Help the Coronavirus Spread? More Evidence, but Lingering Questions. New York Times. July 2, 2020 https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/health-news/did-a-mutation-help-the-coronavirus-spread-more-evidence-but-lingering-questions/ar-BB16gfDe?li=BBnb7Kz
    Korber B et al Spike mutation pipeline reveals the emergence of a more transmissible form of SARS-CoV-2. bioRxiv. May 05, 2020 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.04.29.069054v2
    Zhang L et al The D614G mutation in the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein reduces S1 shedding and increases infectivity. bioRxiv. June 12, 2020 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.06.12.148726v1
    Olena A SARS-CoV-2 Genetic Variant May Be More Transmissible. The Scientist. Nove 25, 2020 https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/sars-cov-2-genetic-variant-may-be-more-transmissible-68201
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Young BE, Fong SW, Chan YH et al Effects of a major deletion in the SARS-CoV-2 genome on the severity of infection and the inflammatory response: an observational cohort study. Lancet. August 18, 2020 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32822564 PMCID: PMC7434477 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)31757-8/fulltext
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Smith C Another coronavirus mutation was discovered - and this one might be more dangerous. BGR. Dec 19, 2020 https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/another-coronavirus-mutation-was-discovered-%e2%80%93-and-this-one-might-be-more-dangerous/ar-BB1c4hoW
    Reuters Staff South Africa identifies new coronavirus strain causing surge in cases. Reuters Health & Pharma. Dec 18, 2020 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-safrica/south-africa-identifies-new-coronavirus-strain-causing-surge-in-cases-idUSKBN28S2HH
    Liu M, Stobbe M Virus Variant From South Africa Detected in US for First Time. Medscape - Jan 28, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/944867
    World Health Organization (WHO) New COVID-19 variants fuelling Africa's second wave. WHO News Release. Jan 28, 2021 https://www.afro.who.int/news/new-covid-19-variants-fuelling-africas-second-wave
    Money L First infections with South Africa coronavirus strain found in California. Los Angeles Times. Feb 10, 2021 https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2021-02-10/first-cases-of-south-african-coronavirus-strain-found-in-california
    Mwenda M, Saasa N, Sinyange N, et al. Detection of B.1.351 SARS-CoV-2 Variant Strain - Zambia, December 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 17 February 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33630820 Free article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7008e2.htm
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 Zitser J Alarm over a new COVID-19 variant in the UK. Boris Johnson calls an emergency meeting to combat the mutating coronavirus. Business Insider, Dec 19, 2020 https://www.businessinsider.com/boris-johnson-holds-emergency-meeting-discuss-new-covid-19-strain-2020-12
    Berger M U.K. variant of coronavirus continues global spread, despite containment efforts. Washington Post. Dec 26, 2020 https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/uk-variant-of-coronavirus-continues-global-spread-despite-containment-efforts/ar-BB1cfzQm
    Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) Implications of the Emerging SARS-CoV-2 Variant VOC 202012/01. COVID-19 (Coronavirua Disease) Dec. 22, 2020 https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/more/scientific-brief-emerging-variant.html
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Achenbach J, Guarino B, Sun LH, Stanley-Becker I First case of highly infectious coronavirus variant detected in Colorado. Washington Post. Dec 29, 2020 https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/medical/first-case-of-highly-infectious-coronavirus-variant-detected-in-colorado/ar-BB1cktU6
    Walker M Just How Much More Transmissible Is the New Coronavirus Variant? MedPage Today January 2, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/90499
    Volz E, Mishra S, Chand M et al Report 42 - Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B.1.1.7 in England: insights from linking epidemiological and genetic data. MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis. Dec 31, 2020
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Bruce A, Smout A British PM Says New Variant May Carry Higher Risk of Death. Medscape - Jan 22, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/944558
    Horby P, Huntley C, Davies N NERVTAG note on B.1.1.7 severity SAGE meeting paper. Jan 21, 2021 https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/955239/NERVTAG_paper_on_variant_of_concern__VOC__B.1.1.7.pdf
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Galloway SE, Paul P, MacCannell DR, et al. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 Lineage - United States, December 29, 2020 - January 12, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. ePub: 15 January 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33476315 Free article https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/70/wr/mm7003e2.htm
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Hodcroft EB, Domman DB, Snyder DJ et al Emergence in late 2020 of multiple lineages of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein variants affecting amino acid position 677. MedRxiv. Feb 14, 2021 Not indexed in PubMed https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.12.21251658v2
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 AMA Morning News. January 26, 2021 American Medical Association
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 AMA Morning News. Dec 23, 2020 American Medical Association
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 West AP Jr., Barnes CO, Yang Z et al SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.526 emerging in the New York region detected by software utility created to query the spike mutational landscape. bioRxiv. 2021. Feb 23 Not indexed in PubMed https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.14.431043v2.full
    Annavajhala MK, Mohri H, Zucker JE A Novel SARS-CoV-2 Variant of Concern, B.1.526, Identified in New York. MedRxiv. 2021. Feb 25 Not indexed in PubMed https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.02.23.21252259v1
    Mandavilli A A New Coronavirus Variant Is Spreading in New York, Researchers Report. New York Times. Feb 25, 2021 https://www.nytimes.com/2021/02/24/health/coronavirus-variant-nyc.html
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Davies NG, Abbott S, Barnard RC et al Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England. Science 2021: March 3 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33658326 https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/03/03/science.abg3055
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Challen R, Brooks-Pollock E, Read JM et al Risk of mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/1: matched cohort study. BMJ 2021;372:n579 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33687922 PMCID: PMC7941603 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n579
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 Madhi SA, Baillie V, Cutland CL et al Efficacy of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 Covid-19 Vaccine against the B.1.351 Variant. N Engl J Med 2021. March 16 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33725432 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2102214
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 20.3 Reuters Staff Multiple Variants Can 'Escape' Vaccines Medscape - Mar 17, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/947660
    Garcia-Beltran WF, Lam EC, St. Denis K et al Multiple SARS-CoV-2 variants escape neutralization by vaccine-induced humoral immunity. Cell 2021. March 12 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33412089 PMCID: PMC7837114 Free PMC article https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(21)00298-1
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 21.2 Challen R et al. Risk of mortality in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern 202012/1: Matched cohort study. BMJ 2021 Mar 9; 372:n579 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33687922 PMCID: PMC7941603 Free PMC article https://www.bmj.com/content/372/bmj.n579
    Davies NG et al. Increased mortality in community-tested cases of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7. Nature 2021. March 15 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3372341 https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03426-1
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Washington NL, Gangavarapu K, Zeller M et al Emergence and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 in the United States. Cell (2021) April PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33861950 https://www.cell.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0092-8674(21)00383-4
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Moyo-Gwete T, Madzivhandila M, Makhado Z et al Cross-Reactive Neutralizing Antibody Responses Elicited by SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 (B.1.351. N Engl J Med April 7, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33826816 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2104192
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Frampton D, Rampling T, Cross A et al Genomic characteristics and clinical effect of the emergent SARS-CoV-2 B.1.1.7 lineage in London, UK: a whole-genome sequencing and hospital- based cohort study. The Lancet Infectious Diseases. April 12, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33857406 PMCID: PMC8041359 Free PMC article https://www.thelancet.com/journals/laninf/article/PIIS1473-3099(21)00170-5/fulltext
    Graham MS, Sudre CH, May A et al Changes in symptomatology, reinfection, and transmissibility associated with the SARS-CoV-2 variant B.1.1.7: an ecological study. The Lancet Public Health. April 12,2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33857453 Free PMC article. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lanpub/article/PIIS2468-2667(21)00055-4/fulltext
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 American Medical Association (AMA) U.S. to set up $1.7B national network to identify, track coronavirus variants. AMA Morning News. April 19, 2021
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 26.2 Smith-Schoenwalder C CDC Details First Known Clusters of South African Variant in U.S. Without Travel Link. U.S. News & World Report. April 29, 2021 https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/cdc-details-first-known-clusters-of-south-african-variant-in-us-without-travel-link/ar-BB1gbLcy
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Hackethal V India's COVID-19 Variant: What We Know So Far. Not yet clear how much the current surge is driven by this new variant. MedPage Today April 29, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/92345
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Ellis R Study: Brazilian Variant May Be More Transmissible. Medscape - Apr 30, 2021. https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/950280
    Faria NR, Mellan TA, Whittaker C et al Genomics and epidemiology of the P.1 SARS-CoV-2 lineage in Manaus, Brazil. Science 2021. April 14 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33688664 Free PMC article https://science.sciencemag.org/content/early/2021/04/13/science.abh2644
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Associated Press Virus Variant First Identified in India Found in Nebraska Medscape. May 14, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/951172
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Reuters mRNA Vaccines Likely Effective Against India Variant. Medscape. May 14, 2021 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/951107
    Edara VV, Lai L, Sahoo MK et al Infection and vaccine-induced neutralizing antibody responses to the SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.1 variant. bioRxiv. May 10, 2021 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2021.05.09.443299v1
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 Hackethal V Can COVID-19 Genes Integrate Into Human DNA? Debate rages over whether SARS-CoV-2 can insert bits of its RNA into the human genome. MedPage Today May 17, 2021 https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/exclusives/92632
    Zhang L, Richards S, Kahil A et al SARS-CoV-2 RNA reverse-transcribed and integrated into the human genome. bioTxiv. Dec 11, 2020 https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.12.12.422516v1
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    Yan B, Chakravorty S, Mirabelli S et al Host-virus chimeric eventsin SARS-CoV2 infected cells are infrequent and artifactual. J Virol. Online May 12, 2021 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33980601 https://jvi.asm.org/content/jvi/early/2021/05/07/JVI.00294-21.full.pdf
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  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 COVID Data Tracker https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/
  107. ↑ 107.0 107.1 107.2 107.3 107.4 AMA Morning Rounds. Oct 3, 2022 American Medical Association
    Prater E BQ.1.1 is among the most immune-evasive COVID variants yet. It's coming in hot in the U.S. MSN. Oct 15, 2022 https://www.msn.com/en-us/health/other/bq-1-1-is-among-the-most-immune-evasive-covid-variants-yet-it-s-coming-in-hot-in-the-u-s/ar-AA12Zzhh?
    O'Mary L New COVID Variant Gaining Traction in US. Medscape. Oct 17, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/982557
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  109. ↑ 109.0 109.1 D'Ambrosio A BN.1 Variant Rising; CA Sees First RSV Child Death; Sperm Counts Down Worldwide. Health news and commentary from around the Web gathered by MedPage Today staff. MedPage Today November 15, 2022 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/generalinfectiousdisease/101747
  110. ↑ CoVariants Home https://covariants.org/
    CoVariants Shared mutations https://covariants.org/shared-mutations
  111. ↑ Centers for Disease Control & Prevention (CDC) SARS-CoV-2 Variants https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variant-surveillance/variant-info.html
    SARS-CoV-2 Variant Classifications and Definitions https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-info.html
    Variant Proportions in the U.S https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/variant-proportions.html Variant Map: US COVID-19 Cases Caused by Variants https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/transmission/variant-cases.html
    US COVID-19 Cases Caused by Variants https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/variants/variant-cases.html
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 Wang Q, Iketani S, Li Z et al Alarming antibody evasion properties of rising SARS-CoV-2 BQ and XBB subvariants. Cell 2022. Dec 14;S0092-8674(22)01531-8. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36580913 PMCID: PMC9747694 Free PMC article
  113. ↑ 113.0 113.1 Reuters staff Omicron Subvariant XBB Jumps to 18% of US COVID Cases: CDC. Medscape. 2022. Dec 27 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986094
  114. ↑ 114.0 114.1 Fiore K Here's What to Know About XBB.1.5. Its immune evasiveness didn't come at a cost in transmissibility, virologist says. MedPage Today January 4, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/features/102496
  115. ↑ 115.0 115.1 115.2 115.3 Putka S XBB.1.5 Is Extra Infectious; Oldest Person in U.S. Dies; Vaccines for Honeybees? Health news and commentary from around the Web gathered by MedPage Today staff. MedPage Today January 9, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/102550
    Ellis R New Omicron Subvariant Is 'Crazy Infectious,' COVID Expert Warns. Medscape. Jan 10, 2022 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/986759
  116. ↑ 116.0 116.1 Henderson J Is Orthrus the Next Top-Dog COVID Variant? CH.1.1 now accounts for about a quarter of cases in the U.K. MedPage Today February 7, 2023 https://www.medpagetoday.com/special-reports/features/103002
    Qu P, Faraone Evans JP et al Extraordinary Evasion of Neutralizing Antibody Response by Omicron XBB.1.5, CH.1.1 and CA.3.1 Variants. BioRxiv. January 17, 2023. https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2023.01.16.524244v1.full
  117. ↑ 117.0 117.1 O'Mary L New COVID Variant on WHO's Radar Causing Itchy Eyes in Kids. Medscsape. April 12, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/990671
  118. ↑ 118.0 118.1 118.2 118.3 118.4 O'Mary L US Has New Dominant COVID Variant Called EG.5. Medscape. August 7, 2023 https://www.medscape.com/s/viewarticle/995247
    Schnirring L WHO adds Omicron EG.5 to variant monitoring as global COVID markers decline further. University of Minnesta, CIDRAP, July 20, 2023 https://www.cidrap.umn.edu/covid-19/who-adds-omicron-eg5-variant-monitoring-global-covid-markers-decline-further
    Wikipedia: Eris (dwarf planet) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eris_%28dwarf_planet%29
    Abbasi J What to Know About EG.5, the Latest SARS-CoV-2 "Variant of Interest". JAMA. Published online August 18, 2023. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/37594886 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2808762
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  120. ↑ 120.0 120.1 120.2 AMA Morning Rounds. August 24, 2023 American Medical Association
  121. ↑ 121.0 121.1 121.2 Harris E CDC Assesses Risk From BA.2.86, Highly Mutated COVID-19 Variant. JAMA. Published online August 30, 2023 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2809132
  122. ↑ 122.0 122.1 AMA Morning Rounds. Dec 17, 2023 American Medical Association
    Berg S What doctors wish patients knew about COVID-19 oral antivirals. American Medical Association. Nov 23, 2023 https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/what-doctors-wish-patients-knew-about-covid-19-oral-antivirals
  123. ↑ 123.0 123.1 AMA Morning Rounds. Dec 20, 2023 American Medical Association
    Roy S WHO says JN.1 COVID strain a 'variant of interest', poses low risk. Reuters. Dec 19, 2023 https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/who-classifies-jn1-covid-19-variant-interest-2023-12-19/
  124. ↑ 124.0 124.1 Lin II RG Early signs of rising COVID in California as new FLiRT subvariants dominate. Los Angeles Times. May 25, 2024
  125. ↑ 125.0 125.1 Dewan P COVID Warning as New KP.3.1.1 Variant Rises to US Dominance: 'Buckle Up' Newsweek. August 5, 2024 https://www.newsweek.com/covid-variant-rises-us-dominance-flirt-1934583
  126. ↑ 126.0 126.1 AMA Morning Rounds. Sept 20, 2024 American Medical Association
  127. ↑ 127.0 127.1 O'Mary L Just as COVID Levels Start to Dip, a New Variant Emerges. Medscape. Sept 26, 2024 https://www.medscape.com/s/viewarticle/just-covid-levels-start-dip-new-variant-emerges-2024a1000hh5
  128. ↑ Centers for Disease Control & Prevention COVID Data Tracker. https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#variant-proportions
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