aquatic fish

^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]^[5]^[6]

Introduction

gill-bearing aquatic craniate animals without limbs with digits^[3]

mercury content of fish
- highest levels in mackerel, marlin, orange roughy, shark, swordfish, Gulf of Mexico tilefish, bigeye tuna
- intermediate levels in yellowfin & albacore tuna, grouper, halibut, mahi mahi
- lowest levels in canned light tuna, cod, crab, haddock, lobster, shrimp, salmon, tilapia)
intestinal perforation or tonsillar perforation from fish bones^[4]

Recommendations:

dietary fish intake beneficial.
- recommended intake:
  - 6 oz of oily fish (salmon) weekly, enough to supply 1500-2000 mg of DHA/EPA weekly^[1]
2-3 servings weekly from lowest mercury group or 1 serving weekly from intermediate mercury group (adults)
- limit albacore tuna (intermediate group) to 6 ounces/week
avoid eating fish from highest level group
- large predatory fish (swordfish, shark)
serving size 4 oz of uncooked fish
women of childbearing age
- 2-3 servings of fish from lowest mercury group every week
children
- 1-2 servings of fish from lowest mercury group every week
- serving size 2 oz of uncooked fish^[2]
fish consumption lowers cardiovascular risk only in patients with preexisting cardiovascular disease^[5]
higher frequency of fish intake associated with lower cerebrovascular disease burden^[6]

↑ ^1.0 ^1.1 Mozaffarian D and Rimm EB Fish intake, contaminants, and human health: Evaluating the risks and the benefits. JAMA 2006, 296:1885 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17047219
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 FDA News Release. Jan 18, 2017 FDA and EPA issue final fish consumption advice. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm537362.htm
FDA chart categorizing 62 types of fish Eating Fish: What Pregnant Women and Parents Should Know http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/Metals/ucm393070.htm
↑ ^3.0 ^3.1 Wikipedia: Fish https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fish
↑ ^4.0 ^4.1 Taguchi T, Kitagawa H. Fish Bone Perforation. N Engl J Med 2019; 381:762. August 22, 2019 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31433923 https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMicm1900442
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Mohan D, Mente A, Dehghan M et al. Associations of fish consumption with risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality among individuals with or without vascular disease from 58 countries. JAMA Intern Med 2021 Mar 8; [e-pub] PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/33683310 https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/article-abstract/2777338
↑ ^6.0 ^6.1 Thomas A, Crivello F, Mazoyer B et al Fish Intake and MRI Burden of Cerebrovascular Disease in Older Adults. Neurology. 2021. Nov 3 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/34732545 https://n.neurology.org/content/early/2021/11/03/WNL.0000000000012916