precipitating factors associated with delirium

Introduction

From reference:

• surgical factor
  • type of surgery
  • intraoperative blood loss or transfusion
  • intraoperative hemodynamics
  • duration of surgery
  • postoperative complication, atrial fibrillation or shock
  • prolonged time to surgery
  • anestheasia type & depth of anesthesia
  • number of surgeries
  • intraoperative fluids
• systemic illness or organ dysfunction
  • neurological injury
  • anemia
  • organ dysfunction of high illness severity
  • infection
  • mechanical ventilation
  • kidney injury
  • pain
  • hypoxemia
  • leukocytosis
  • fever or hypothermia
  • stroke
  • respiratory disease
  • liver disfunction
  • hypotension
  • tachypnea
  • stress, anxiety or depression
  • high serum TSH
  • clinical dehydration
  • urinary retention
  • thrombocytopenia
  • cardiac arrest or cardiogenice shock
  • unsafe swallow on admisssion
• metabolic abnormality
  • serum glucose
  • serum albumin
  • electrolyte imbalance
  • metabolic acidosis
  • other metabolic disturbances
  • serum sodium
  • serum calcium
  • hyperamylasemia
  • serum potassium
  • fluid level: hypervolemia, hypovolemia
  • serum magnesium
  • hyperoxia
• pharmaceuticals
  • benzodiazepines
  • opioids
  • sedatives or analgesics
  • neuroleptics
  • anticholingergic agents
  • multiple medications
  • patient-controlled analgesia
  • statin discontinuation
  • mannitol
  • psychoactive drugs
  • steroids
  • nicotine withdrawal
  • acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
  • nonsteroid anti-inflammatory drug
• iatrogenic or environmental factors
  • urinary catheter
  • physical restraint
  • longer length of hospital stay
  • ICU admission
  • neurosurgical drainage tube
  • sleep disturbance
  • falls in the elderly
  • bed or ward change
  • immobilization
  • nasogastric tube
  • administration of therapy during the night
  • any iatrogenic event
• trauma
• biomarkers
  • high serum C-reactive protein
  • high serum IL-6
  • high serum neopterin
  • high serum NT-proBNP
  • high serum IL-8
  • high serum S100B
  • high serum cortisol
  • low ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase
  • low cerebral oxygen saturation
  • high micro-RNA-210
  • low serum IGF-1
  • high TNF-alpha
  • low serum IL-10
  • high CSF p-tau
  • change in exosomal alpha-synuclein
  • high serum procalcitonin
  • endothelial dysfunction
  • high CSF sTREM2
  • burst suppression
  • high sTNFR11
  • low MMP-9
  • low plasma protein C
  • high plasma plasminogen activator inhibitor
  • high E-selectin
  • high reactive hyperemia index (endothelial activation)
  • high CSF total tau
  • autoregulation function
  • high serum IL-2
  • altered energy metabolism & amino acid synthesis
  • high Lp-PLA2
• neurotransmitters
  • high CSF tryptophan or serum tryptophan
  • low CSF BuChE or serum BuChE
  • low CSF AcChE or serum AcChE
  • high CSF ChAT or serum ChAT
  • high CSF phenylalanine or serum phenylalanine
  • low plasma leptin
  • high serum homovanillic acid
  • low serum acetylcholine
  • low plasma esterase
  • high CSF tyrosine or serum tyrosine
  • high CSF methionine
  • high CSF 5-HIAA

Additional terms

• delirium (acute confusional state)