oxalate
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Introduction
Precipitates with Ca+2 to which it binds tightly.
Calcium oxalate crystals form urinary calculi (see calcium stone).
Dietary sources (mg/100 grams unless otherwise specified)
- nuts, especially almonds, almond milk[3]
- almonds (roasted) 469 mg[4]; 430 mg[17]
- cashews (roasted) 262 mg[4]; 164 mg[9]; 173 mg[17]
- hazelnuts (raw) 222 mg
- pine nuts (raw) 198 mg
- peanuts (roasted 140 mg[4]; 114 mg[9]; 95 mg[17]
- walnuts (raw) 74 mg
- pecans (raw) 64 mg[4]; 24 mg[9]; 35 mg[17]
- macadamia nuts (raw) 42 mg[4]; 22 mg[9]
- pistachio (roasted) 40 mg[4]; 16 mg[9], 49 mg[17]
- legumes
- black beans 72 mg
- Navy beans 57 mg; 152 mg per cup[17]
- soy beans 56 mg, 7 mg per cup[17]
- pinto beans 27 mg
- Azuki beans 25 mg
- green beans 16 mg[9]
- snap beans 360 mg[11]
- string beans 18 mg per cup[17]
- Garbanzo beans 9 mg
- Fava beans 40 mg per cup[17]
- Mung beans 8 mg; 6 mg per cup[17]
- Lentils 8 mg
- Peas 4-6 mg[4]; 50 mg[11]; snow peas 31 mg[9]
- grains
- amaranth 1090 mg[11]
- wheat bran 457 mg[8]; 130 mg[9]
- buckwheat 269 mg[4]
- rice bran 225 mg[9]
- whole wheat (Triticum durum) 77 mg[8]; 67 mg[4]
- barley 56 mg
- cassava (Tapioca) 1260 mg[11]; low in oxalate[11]
- corn 2 mg per cup[17]
- corn meal 54 mg, corn flour 3 mg per cup[17]
- millet high[11]; 62 mg per cup (cooked)[17]
- oats allegedly high in oxalate, no numbers given[11]
- oat brain little or none[17]
- rye 51 mg
- semolina 48 mg
- white rice 49 mg
- brown rice 37 mg; 24 mg cup (cooked)[17]
- brown rice flour 65 mg per cup
- rice bran 281 mg per cup
- quinoa allegedly high in oxalate, no numbers given[12]
- seeds
- pumpkin seeds 17 mg per cup cooked[17]
- pumpkin seeds diminish calcium-oxalate crystal formation[15]
- sunflower seeds 12 mg per cup[17]
- flaxseed (none)[17]
- sesame seeds 100 mg per 100 g[18]
- pumpkin seeds 17 mg per cup cooked[17]
- vegetables
- spinach 970 mg[6][11]; 793 mg[9]; 1550 mg per cup (cooked)[17]
- beet greans 953 mg[9]; 610[11]; beets (raw) 81 mg[9]
- rhubarb 451 mg[9]
- swiss chard 187 mg
- bok choy 1 mg per cup (raw)[17]
- asparagus 130 mg[11]
- artichoke 5 mg 1 small bud[17]
- okra 62 mg; 50 mg[11]
- sweet potato 29 mg; 240 mg[11]; 28 mg per cup[17]
- yams 80 mg per cup[17]
- kale 20 mg[6][11]; 2 mg[9], 2 mg per cup[17]
- potato 20 mg; 50 mg[11]; 97 mg per potato, 29 mg per cup (mashed)[17]
- celery 12 mg; 190 mg[11], 3 mg per 1 stalk[17]
- carrot 7 mg; 500 mg[11], 14 mg per cup (sliced/cooked)[17]
- tomato 6 mg; 50 mg[11]; 7 mg per tomato, tomato sauce 34 mg per cup[17]
- lettuce 360 mg[11]
- cabbage 100 mg[11], 2 mg per cup[17]
- collards 5 mg; 450 mg[11]; 10 mg per cup[17]
- chicory 210 mg[11]
- onion 3 mg; 50 mg[11], little or none[17]
- chives little or none[17]
- mustard greens 3 mg; 4 mg per cup[17]
- radish 480 mg[11]
- broccoli 3-12 mg; 190 mg[11], 2 mg per cup (chopped)[17]
- cauliflower 150 mg[11], 2 mg per cup cooked[17]
- squash 20 mg[11], yellow squash 2 mg per cup[17]
- eggplant 190 mg[11]
- brussel sprouts 360 mg[11], 4 mg per cup[17]
- cucumber 20 mg[11]
- zucchini 2 mg per cup[17]
- scallions 2 mg per cup[17]
- peas 2 mg per cup[17]
- mushrooms little or none[17]
- chili peppers 10 mg per cup[17]
- green pepper 1 mg per ring[17]
- bamboo shoots 25 mg per cup[17]
- seeta corn 10 mg[11]
- spices & flavorings
- fruits & berries
- cranberries
- black olive 27 mg
- cherries 3 mg
- banana 3 mg
- orange 2 mg
- apple < 1 mg
- pear < 1 mg
- blueberries 2 mg per 1/2 cup[17]
- blackberries 2 mg per 1/2 cup[17]
- avocado is low in oxalate[16]
- dairy (low) < 2 mg
- meats (low)
- other
Pharmaceutical/toxin-induced causes of oxalate calculi
Physiology
- oxalate is absorbed primarily from the colon, but can be absorbed directly anywhere in the intestine
- enteric calcium binding to oxalate inhibits oxalate absorbtion
- oxalate is also produced endogenously in the liver as part of glycolate metabolism
- in the kidney, oxalate is secreted in the proximal tubule via 2 separate carriers involving sodium & chloride exchange.
- solubility of oxalate at body temperature is ~5 mg/L at a pH of 7.0[7]
Laboratory
- oxalate in specimen
Notes
- an equivalent amount of ingested calcium (mass/mass) minimizes urinary oxalate[5]
- pumpkin seeds may reduce urinary calcium oxalate crystal formation[15]
More general terms
More specific terms
Additional terms
References
- ↑ Prescriber's Letter 9(3):18 2002
- ↑ Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 15, American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2009
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Ellis D, Lieb J. Hyperoxaluria and genitourinary disorders in children ingesting almond milk products. J Pediatr 2015 Sep 14 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26382627
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Chai W, Liebman M Oxalate content of legumes, nuts, and grain-based flours. Journal of Food Composition and Analysis 18 (2005) 723-729 http://www.2ndchance.info/oxalate-dogChai2005oxalatecontentfoods.pdf
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Liebman M1, Chai W. Effect of dietary calcium on urinary oxalate excretion after oxalate loads. Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 May;65(5):1453-9. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9129476
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Oxalates in Kale vs. Spinach http://www.healwithfood.org/articles/oxalates-kale-spinach.php
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Shekarriz B, Schwartz BF Medsacpe: Hyperoxaluria http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/444683-overview
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Siener R1, Honow R, Voss S, Seidler A, Hesse A. Oxalate content of cereals and cereal products. J Agric Food Chem. 2006 Apr 19;54(8):3008-11. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16608223
- ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 Oxalate content of Foods Wake Forest Baptist Health. http://www.wakehealth.edu/Urology/Kidney-Stones/Oxalate-Content-of-Foods.htm
- ↑ Oxalate content of Foods The Children's Medical Center of Dayton. http://www.childrensdayton.org/cms/resource_library/nephrology_files/5f5dec8807c77c52/lithiasis__oxalate_and_diet.pdf
- ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 11.10 11.11 11.12 11.13 11.14 11.15 11.16 11.17 11.18 11.19 11.20 11.21 11.22 11.23 11.24 11.25 11.26 11.27 11.28 11.29 11.30 11.31 11.32 11.33 11.34 Oxalic Acid Content of Selected Vegetables http://www.petsnails.co.uk/documents/oxalates.html
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 The Low-Oxalate, Gluten and Lactose Free Diet. http://unusual-ingredients.blogspot.com/p/low-oxalate-gluten-and-lactose-free.html (no numbers given to back claims)
- ↑ Attalla K, De S, Monga M. Oxalate content of food: a tangled web. Urology. 2014 Sep;84(3):555-60. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25168533
- ↑ Massey LK Food Oxalate: Factors affecting measurement, biological variation, and bioavailability. J Am Diet Assoc. 2007 Jul;107(7):1191-4 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17604750
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Suphakarn VS, Yarnnon C, Ngunboonsri P. The effect of pumpkin seeds on oxalcrystalluria and urinary compositions of children in hyperendemic area. Am J Clin Nutr. 1987 Jan;45(1):115-21. PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3799495
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Campbell M High-Alkaline, Low-Oxalate Foods Feb 10, 2014 http://www.livestrong.com/article/497527-high-alkaline-low-oxalate-foods/
- ↑ 17.00 17.01 17.02 17.03 17.04 17.05 17.06 17.07 17.08 17.09 17.10 17.11 17.12 17.13 17.14 17.15 17.16 17.17 17.18 17.19 17.20 17.21 17.22 17.23 17.24 17.25 17.26 17.27 17.28 17.29 17.30 17.31 17.32 17.33 17.34 17.35 17.36 17.37 17.38 17.39 17.40 17.41 17.42 17.43 17.44 17.45 17.46 17.47 Harvard.edu - Oxalate content of foods https://regepi.bwh.harvard.edu/health/Oxalate/files/Oxalate%20Content%20of%20Foods.xls
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Foods High in Calcium Oxalate https://www.livestrong.com/article/155502-foods-high-in-calcium-oxalate/