causes of nephrotic syndrome

Etiology

• primary glomerular disease
  • minimal change disease*
  • mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (includes IgA nephropathy {Berger's disease})
  • focal segmental glomerulosclerosis*
  • membranous glomerulonephritis*
  • membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis*
    • type 1
    • type 2
    • other variants
  • crescentic (rapidly progressive) glomerulonephritis
  • uncommon disorders
    • focal & segmental proliferative glomerulonephritis
    • fibrillary &/or immunotactoid glomerulonephritis
• secondary to non-glomerular disease
  • infections
    • poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis*
    • endocarditis
    • shunt nephritis
    • secondary syphilis
    • leprosy
    • hepatitis B*
    • HIV infection (AIDS)
    • infectious mononucleosis
    • malaria
    • schistosomiasis
    • filariasis
  • pharmaceutical agents
    • organic gold
    • mercury (inorganic, organic, elemental)
    • penicillamine
    • street heroin
    • non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs)*
    • probenecid
    • captopril
    • trimethadione (Tridione)
    • mesantoin
    • perchlorate
    • antivenom
    • antitoxins
    • contrast media
  • neoplasms
    • Hodgkin's disease
    • lymphoma
    • leukemia
    • carcinomas
    • melanomas
    • Wilm's tumor
  • multisystem disorders
    • systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)*
    • Henoch-Schonlein purpura*
    • vasculitis
    • Goodpasteur's disease
    • dermatomyositis
    • dermatitis herpeteformis
    • amyloidosis*
    • sarcoidosis
    • Sjogren's syndrome
    • rheumatoid arthritis
    • mixed connective tissue disease
  • familial & hereditary disorders
    • diabetes mellitus*
    • Alport's syndrome
    • sickle cell disease
    • Fabry's disease
    • nail-patella syndrome
    • lipodystrophy
    • lecithin-cholesterol acyltransferase deficiency
    • congenital nephrotic syndrome
  • others
    • pre-eclampsia
    • thyroiditis
    • myxedema
    • morbid obesity
    • renovascular hypertension
    • chronic interstitial nephritis with vesicoureteric reflux
    • chronic allograft rejection*
    • hymenoptera sting
• rare causes
  • fibrillary glomerulopathy
  • amyloidosis
  • light chain disease
  • pre-eclampsia
  • infectious disease
    • bacterial
      • post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis
      • endocarditis
      • syphilis
    • viral
      • hepatitis B & hepatitis C
      • HIV
    • protozoan - quartan malaria
    • helminth
      • schistosomiasis
      • filariasis
      • toxoplasmosis
  • cancer (minimal change & membranous glomerulonephritis)
  • systemic lupus erythematosus
  • familial syndromes
    • Alport's syndrome
    • nail-patella syndrome
  • immune reactions
    • drugs
      • gold
      • penicillamine
      • NSAIDs
      • captopril
      • interferon-alpha
      • heroin
    • environmental antigens
      • poison ivy
      • inhalation antigens
      • bee-sting

* most common

Additional terms

• nephrotic syndrome