causes of pericarditis
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Etiology
- infectious
- viral (20%)
- bacterial (7%)
- Streptococcus pneumonia
- Streptococcus, not pneumococcus
- Staphylococcus aureus
- Neisseria meningitidis
- Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Enteric gram negative rods
- Salmonella
- Campylobacter
- Brucella
- Actinomyces
- Nocardia
- Listeria monocytogenes
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Legionella pneumophila
- Chlamydia
- Borrelia burgdorferi
- Mycobacterium tuberculosis
- Mycobacterium avium-intracellulare
- Treponema pallidum (syphilis)
- fungal
- parasitic
- non infectious
- idiopathic (40%) although most presumed to be infectious
- uremia (chronic renal failure) (6%)
- neoplasia, primary & metastatic (7%)
- radiation therapy (thorax)
- 20% if entire pericardium is in field of radiation
- shielding of heart reduces incidence to < 3%
- may occur immediately or months later
- up to 15-20 years later
- pericarditis that occurs during radiation therapy generally does not preclude completion of therapy
- post cardiac injury
- trauma (penetrating or blunt trauma)
- myocardial infarction
- inflammation from healing myocardium (1-3 days)
- Dressler's syndrome (weeks- months post MI)
- post pericardiotomy
- radiofrequency catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation
- aortic disease
- dissecting thoracic aortic aneurysm with leakage into the pericardial sac
- thoracic aorta penetrating ulcer (rare)[3]
- sarcoidosis
- connective tissue disease & other autoimmune disease (20%)
- inflammatory bowel disease
- pharmacologic agents
- myxedema
- amyloidosis
- associated with severe anemia
- associated with atrial septal defect
- familial Mediterranean fever
- autoimmune reaction weeks to months post surgery or MI
- Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, recovery phase[4]
References
- ↑ Contributions from Robert Libke MD, Dept of Medicine, UCSF Fresno
- ↑ Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 13th ed. Isselbacher et al (eds), McGraw-Hill Inc. NY, 1994, pg 1095
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Medical Knowledge Self Assessment Program (MKSAP) 16 American College of Physicians, Philadelphia 2012
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Maruyama T, Hanaoka T, Nakajima H. Acute pericarditis in the recovery phase of transient left ventricular apical ballooning syndrome (takotsubo cardiomyopathy). Intern Med. 2007;46(22):1857-60. Epub 2007 Nov 16 PMID: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18025768